- A Scalable Synthesis of 2-(1,2,4-Oxadiazol-3-yl)propan-2-amine Hydrobromide Using a Process Safety-Driven Protecting Group Strategy
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A safe and scalable synthesis of 2-(1,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)propan-2-amine hydrobromide is described. A process safety-driven synthetic strategy was employed for the selection of thermally stable compounds en route to the target 1,2,4-oxadiazole. Application
- Likhite, Nachiket,Lakshminarasimhan, Thirumalai,Rao, Mallem H. V. Ramana,Shekarappa, Vijaykumar,Sidar, Somprabha,Subramanian, Varadharajan,Fraunhoffer, Kenneth J.,Leung, Simon,Vaidyanathan, Rajappa
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- Trimethyl-substituted carbamate as a versatile self-immolative linker for fluorescence detection of enzyme reactions
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Self-immolative linker is a useful building block of molecular probes, with broad applications in the fields of enzyme activity analysis, stimuli-responsive material science, and drug delivery. This manuscript presents N-methyl dimethyl methyl (i.e., trimethyl) carbamate as a new class of self-immolative linker for the fluorescence detection of enzyme reactions. The trimethyl carbamate was shown to spontaneously undergo intramolecular cyclization upon formation of a carboxylate group, to liberate a fluorophore with the second time rapid reaction kinetics. Interestingly, the auto-cleavage reaction of trimethyl carbamate was also induced by the formation of hydroxyl and amino groups. Fluorescent probes with a trimethyl carbamate could be applicable for fluorescence monitoring of the enzyme reactions catalyzed by esterase, ketoreductase, and aminotransferase, and for fluorescence imaging of intracellular esterase activity in living cells, hence demonstrating the utility of this new class of self-immolative linker.
- Inoue, Kazuya,Nakamura, Noriaki,Ojida, Akio,Uchinomiya, Shohei
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supporting information
(2020/05/25)
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- The Synthesis of Ketone-Derived Enamides by Elimination of HCN from Cyanoamides
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Treatment of easily available ketone-derived cyanoamides with NaOtBu leads to enamides in a simple, scalable, and inexpensive one-step operation in good yield. Enamides not stabilized by conjugation or by inclusion in a ring can also be prepared. An E1cB mechanism consistent with all results and observations, is proposed. The Z geometry of the product enamide is highly favoured, and the regioselectivity can be directed by one′s choice of protecting group.
- Coussanes, Guilhem,Gaus, Katharina,O'Sullivan, Anthony C.
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p. 4176 - 4188
(2016/08/26)
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- Hydroxyl may not be indispensable for raltegravir: Design, synthesis and SAR Studies of raltegravir derivatives as HIV-1 inhibitors
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A series of raltegravir derivatives 20-42 were prepared and systematically evaluated for their anti-HIV activity. The bioassay results showed that most of the compounds possess good to excellent anti-HIV activity. Especially, compounds 25 and 35 with subpicomole IC50 values seemed to be the most potent anti-HIV agents among all of the reported synthesized compounds. These compounds may therefore be considered as new potent anti-HIV agents. The 5-hydroxyl modification of raltegravir derivatives significantly increased the anti-HIV activity, which indicates that the hydroxyl may not be indispensable for raltegravir. The introducing of acyl at 5-position of raltegravir derivatives is favorable for antiviral activity. In addition, a high-throughput cell-based assay method with pseudotyped virus stocks was developed and used to identify HIV inhibitors.
- Wang, Ziwen,Wang, Mingxiao,Yao, Xue,Li, Yue,Qiao, Wentao,Geng, Yunqi,Liu, Yuxiu,Wang, Qingmin
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experimental part
p. 361 - 369
(2012/06/30)
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- Structural modifications of 5,6-dihydroxypyrimidines with anti-HIV activity
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A series of 5,6-dihydroxypyrimidine analogs were synthesized and evaluated for their anti-HIV activity in vitro. Among all of the analogs, several compounds exhibited significant anti-HIV activity, especially 1b and 1e, which showed the most potent anti-HIV activity with EC50 values of 0.14 and 0.15 μM, and TI (therapeutic index) values of >300 and >900, respectively. Further docking studies revealed that the representative compounds 1e and 3a could meet the HIV-1 integrase inhibition minimal requirements of a chelating domain (two metal ions) and an aromatic domain (π-π stacking interactions).
- Guo, Di-Liang,Zhang, Xing-Jie,Wang, Rui-Rui,Zhou, Yu,Li, Zeng,Xu, Jin-Yi,Chen, Kai-Xian,Zheng, Yong-Tang,Liu, Hong
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supporting information
p. 7114 - 7118
(2013/01/15)
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- Identification, synthesis, and strategy for minimization of potential impurities observed in raltegravir potassium drug substance
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Multiple sources of anticipated degradation and process impurities of raltegravir potassium drug substance observed during the laboratory optimization and later during its bulk synthesis are described in this article. The impurities were monitored by UPLC, and their structures are tentatively assigned on the basis of fragmentation patterns in LC-MS and NMR spectroscopy. Most of the impurities are synthesized, and their assigned constitutions were confirmed by co-injection in UPLC. In addition to the formation, synthesis, and characterization, strategy for minimizing these impurities to the level accepted by ICH is also described. We feel that our study will be helpful to the generic industry for obtaining chemically pure raltegravir potassium.
- Patil, Gulabrao D.,Kshirsagar, Siddheshwar W.,Shinde, Shivnath B.,Patil, Pankaj S.,Deshpande, Mangesh S.,Chaudhari, Ashok T.,Sonawane, Swapnil P.,Maikap, Golak C.,Gurjar, Mukund K.
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p. 1422 - 1429
(2012/10/29)
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- Development of a second-generation, highly efficient manufacturing route for the HIV integrase inhibitor raltegravir potassium
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A manufacturing route for the synthesis of raltegravir potassium 1 was developed via a thermal rearrangement of amidoxime DMAD adducts 6 to construct the key, highly functionalized hydroxypyrimidinone core 7. Utilizing this route 1 was prepared in nine linear chemical steps with 22% overall yield. A second-generation synthesis was subsequently developed that solved the key chemical, productivity, and environmental impact issues of the initial synthesis. Highlights of the new synthesis include a highly selective methylation, 3-4-fold higher productivity, and a 65% reduction of combined organic and aqueous waste produced. The efficient second-generation manufacturing route provides raltegravir potassium 1 in 35% overall yield.
- Humphrey, Guy R.,Pye, Philip J.,Zhong, Yong-Li,Angelaud, Remy,Belyk, Kevin M.,Maligres, Peter E.,Miller, Ross A.,Reamer, Robert A.,Askin, David,Mancheno, Danny E.,Weissman, Steven A.
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experimental part
p. 73 - 83
(2011/09/16)
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- Discovery of raltegravir, a potent, selective orally bioavailable HIV-integrase inhibitor for the treatment of HIV-AIDS infection
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Human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV-1) integrase is one of the three virally encoded enzymes required for replication and therefore a rational target for chemotherapeutic intervention in the treatment of HIV-1 infection. We report here the discovery of Raltegravir, the first HIV-integrase inhibitor approved by FDA for the treatment of HIV infection. It derives from the evolution of 5,6-dihydroxypyrimidine-4-carboxamides and N-methyl-4- hydroxypyrimidinone-carboxamides, which exhibited potent inhibition of the HIV-integrase catalyzed strand transfer process. Structural modifications on these molecules were made in order to maximize potency as HIV-integrase inhibitors against the wild type virus, a selection of mutants, and optimize the selectivity, pharmacokinetic, and metabolic profiles in preclinical species. The good profile of Raltegravir has enabled its progression toward the end of phase III clinical trials for the treatment of HIV-1 infection and culminated with the FDA approval as the first HIV-integrase inhibitor for the treatment of HIV-1 infection.
- Summa, Vincenzo,Petrocchi, Alessia,Bonelli, Fabio,Crescenzi, Benedetta,Donghi, Monica,Ferrara, Marco,Fiore, Fabrizio,Gardelli, Cristina,Paz, Odalys Gonzalez,Hazuda, Daria J.,Jones, Philip,Kinzel, Olaf,Laufer, Ralph,Monteagudo, Edith,Muraglia, Ester,Nizi, Emanuela,Orvieto, Federica,Pace, Paola,Pescatore, Giovanna,Scarpelli, Rita,Stillmock, Kara,Witmer, Marc V.,Rowley, Michael
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experimental part
p. 5843 - 5855
(2009/09/25)
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- Dihydroxypyrimidine-4-carboxamides as novel potent and selective HIV integrase inhibitors
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Human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV-1) integrase, one of the three constitutive viral enzymes required for replication, is a rational target for chemotherapeutic intervention in the treatment of AIDS that has also recently been confirmed in the clinical setting. We report here on the design and synthesis of N-benzyl-5,6-dihydroxypyrimidine-4-carboxamides as a class of agents which exhibits potent inhibition of the HIV-integrase-catalyzed strand transfer process. In the current study, structural modifications on these molecules were made in order to examine effects on HIV-integrase inhibitory potencies. One of the most interesting compounds for this series is 2-[1-(dimethylamino)-1-methylethyl]-N-(4-fluorobenzyl)-5,6-dihydroxypyrimidine- 4-carboxamide 38, with a CIC95 of 78 nM in the cell-based assay in the presence of serum proteins. The compound has favorable pharmacokinetic properties in preclinical species (rats, dogs, and monkeys) and shows no liabilities in several counterscreening assays, highlighting its potential as a clinically useful antiviral agent.
- Pace, Paola,Di Francesco, M. Emilia,Gardelli, Cristina,Harper, Steven,Muraglia, Ester,Nizi, Emanuela,Orvieto, Federica,Petrocchi, Alessia,Poma, Marco,Rowley, Michael,Scarpelli, Rita,Laufer, Ralph,Paz, Odalys Gonzalez,Monteagudo, Edith,Bonelli, Fabio,Hazuda, Daria,Stillmock, Kara A.,Summa, Vincenzo
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p. 2225 - 2239
(2007/10/03)
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- TASTE-MASKED TABLETS AND GRANULES
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Orally administered, taste-masked tablets and granules contain (a) a hydroxypyrimidinone carboxamide, a hydroxy-tetrahydropyridopyrimidinone carboxamide, or a related carboxamide compound, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, (b) a taste-masking polymer, (c) a superdisintegrant, and optionally other excipients. The carboxamide compound is an HIV integrase inhibitor, and the tablets and granules are suitable for use in the inhibition of HIV integrase, the treatment or prophylaxis of HIV infection, and the treatment or prophylaxis or delay in the onset of AIDS.
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Page/Page column 30-31
(2008/06/13)
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- Potassium salt of an HIV integrase inhibitor
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Potassium salts of Compound A and methods for their preparation are disclosed, wherein Compound A is of formula: Compound A is an HIV integrase inhibitor useful for treating or prophylaxis of HIV infection, for delaying the onset of AIDS, and for treating or prophylaxis of AIDS.
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Page/Page column 21-22
(2010/11/08)
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- PHARMACEUTICAL COMPOSITION CONTAINING AN ANTI-NUCLEATING AGENT
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Pharmaceutical compositions suitable for oral administration in solid dosage forms are described. The compositions comprise an effective amount of a drug compound in the form of a salt, wherein the drug salt is characterized by conversion to a less soluble form of the drug compound under certain pH conditions, and an anti-nucleating agent.
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Page/Page column 28
(2010/11/08)
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- PHARMACEUTICAL FORMULATION CONTAINING A RELEASE RATE CONTROLLING COMPOSITION
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Pharmaceutical formulations suitable for oral administration in solid dosage forms are described. The compositions comprise an effective amount of a base salt of a compound of Formula (I) and a release rate controlling composition comprising a solubilizing agent, a gelling agent, and a water soluble filler; wherein R1, R2, R3 and R4 are defined herein. The formulations are suitable for use in the inhibition of HIV integrase, the treatment and prophylaxis of HIV infection, and the treatment, prophylaxis and delay in the onset of AIDS.
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Page/Page column 23-24
(2010/11/08)
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- USE OF ATAZANAVIR FOR IMPROVING THE PHARMACOKINETICS OF DRUGS METABOLIZED BY UGT1A1
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A method for improving the pharmacokinetics of an orally administered drug that is directly metabolized by UGT1A1 comprises orally administering to a mammal in need of treatment with the drug a combination of the drug or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof and atazanavir or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
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Page/Page column 28-29
(2010/11/08)
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