- Complex bases promoted arynic cyclisations of halogenated imines or enamines: A regiochemical synthesis of indole derivatives
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The complex base NaNH2-tBuONa allows expeditious synthesis of indole derivatives by arynic cyclization of imines or enamines of chloroanilines. Unstable imines may be used without purification, complex bases being unsensitive to impurities.
- Caubere,Caubere,Renard,Bizot-Espiart,Jamart-Gregoire
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Read Online
- Cobalt-Catalyzed Dearomatization of Indoles via Transfer Hydrogenation to Afford Polycyclic Indolines
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A cobalt-catalyzed dearomatization of indoles via transfer hydrogenation with HBpin and H2O has been developed. This reaction offered a straightforward platform to access hexahydropyrido[1,2-a]indoles in high regio- and chemoselectivity. A preliminary reaction mechanism was proposed on the basis of deuterium-labeling experiments, and a cobalt hydride species was involved in the reaction.
- Chen, Siwei,Cai, Min,Huang, Junru,Yao, Hequan,Lin, Aijun
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supporting information
p. 2212 - 2216
(2021/04/05)
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- Process for preparing 5-methoxy-2-methylindole
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The invention discloses a process for preparing 5-methoxy-2-methylindole. The process comprises the following step: with p-methoxyaniline as a raw material, reacting p-methoxyaniline with hydroxyacetone under the action of a catalyst to obtain the 5-methoxy-2-methylindole. According to the invention, reaction yield is high, and product purity is high.
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Paragraph 0035-0041; 0049-0054; 0062-0067
(2020/07/02)
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- Synthesis method for preparing 2-substituted indole derivative
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The invention relates to a synthesis method for preparing a 2-substituted indole derivative. The method includes the following steps: mixing aromatic amine compounds (I), ketone compounds (II) and a drying agent in an organic solvent; adding a palladium catalyst; and reacting in an aerobic weak acid environment to prepare the indole compounds (III). (I), (II) and (III) are as shown in the specification, wherein R1 is selected from hydrogen, C1-C6 alkyl, C1-C6 alkoxy, C1-C6 alkanoyl, C2-C6 alkenyl, C2-C6 alkynyl, halogen, hydroxyl, substituted or unsubstituted amino, substituted or unsubstituted phenyl, pyridyl and heterocyclic aryl; (I) can be pyridylamine, pyrimidylamine, pyridazinam or pyrazinamide which may further be substituted or unsubstituted; and the substituents are selected fromone or more C1-C6 alkyl, C1-C6 alkoxy, C1-C6 alkanoyl, C2-C6 alkenyl, C2-C6 alkynyl, halogen, hydroxyl, amino; and R2 is selected from C1-C6 alkyl, formate groups or C1-C6 alkylamide groups.
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Paragraph 0235-0241
(2019/05/28)
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- Synthesis of Functionalized Indoles via Palladium-Catalyzed Aerobic Cycloisomerization of o-Allylanilines Using Organic Redox Cocatalyst
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A scalable and practical synthesis of functionalized indoles via Pd-tBuONO cocatalyzed aerobic cycloisomerization of o-allylanilines is reported. Using molecular oxygen as a terminal oxidant, a series of substituted indoles were prepared in moderate to good yields. The avoidance of hazardous oxidants, heavy-metal cocatalysts, and high boiling point solvents such as DMF and DMSO enables this method to be applied in pharmaceutical synthesis. A practical gram-scale synthesis of indomethacin demonstrates its application potential.
- Ning, Xiao-Shan,Wang, Mei-Mei,Qu, Jian-Ping,Kang, Yan-Biao
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p. 13523 - 13529
(2018/10/25)
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- Tandem Wittig – Reductive annulation decarboxylation approach for the synthesis of indole and 2-substituted indoles
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A simple tandem Wittig reaction-reductive decarboxylation route is established for the synthesis of indoles from commercially available o-nitrobenzaldehydes and a stable phosphorane. The method allows access to indoles in a very fast manner without involving any metal or expensive reagents or inert atmosphere. Also 2-substituted indoles are obtained which forms an important core of many biological active compounds.
- Volvoikar, Prajesh S.,Tilve
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supporting information
p. 1851 - 1854
(2018/04/14)
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- Pd-tBuONO Cocatalyzed Aerobic Indole Synthesis
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A Pd-tBuONO co-catalyzed scalable and practical synthesis of indoles with molecular oxygen as terminal oxidant is developed. Either terminal or internal 2-vinylanilines could be smoothly converted to desired indoles under one general condition. This method has been evaluated in the large scale synthesis of indomethacin and a potential anti-breast cancer drug candidate 1. (Figure presented.).
- Ning, Xiao-Shan,Liang, Xin,Hu, Kang-Fei,Yao, Chuan-Zhi,Qu, Jian-Ping,Kang, Yan-Biao
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supporting information
p. 1590 - 1594
(2018/04/30)
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- Carboxylic Acid-Promoted Single-Step Indole Construction from Simple Anilines and Ketones via Aerobic Cross-Dehydrogenative Coupling
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The cross-dehydrogenative coupling (CDC) reaction is an efficient strategy for indole synthesis. However, most CDC methods require special substrates, and the presence of inherent groups limits the versatility for further transformation. A carboxylic acid-promoted aerobic catalytic system is developed herein for a single-step synthesis of indoles from simple anilines and ketones. This versatile system is featured by the broad substrate scope and the use of ambient oxygen as an oxidant and is convenient and economical for both laboratory and industry applications. The existence of the labile hydrogen at C-3 and the highly transformable carbonyl at C-2 makes the indoles versatile building blocks for organic synthesis in different contexts. Computational studies based on the density functional theory (DFT) suggest that the rate-determining step is carboxylic acid-assisted condensation of the substrates, rather than the functionalization of aryl C-H. Accordingly, a pathway via imine intermediates is deemed to be the preferred mechanism. In contrast to the general deduction, the in situ formed imine, instead of its enamine isomer, is believed to be involved in the first ligand exchange and later carbopalladation of the α-Me, which shed new light on this indolization mechanism.
- Ren, Long,Nan, Guanglei,Wang, Yongcheng,Xiao, Zhiyan
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p. 14472 - 14488
(2018/11/23)
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- Palladium-Catalyzed Oxidation-Hydroxylation and Oxidation-Methoxylation of N -Boc Indoles for the Synthesis of 3-Oxoindolines
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The palladium-catalyzed oxidation-hydroxylation and oxidation-methoxylation of N -Boc indoles for the synthesis of tert -butyl 2-hydroxy(methoxy)-3-oxoindoline-1-carboxylates and their derivatives is developed. The process occurs readily using PdCl 2 as the catalyst and acetonitrile as the solvent to afford 3-oxoindolines in moderate to high yields. A mechanism for this Pd-catalyzed oxidation-hydroxylation and oxidation-methoxylation of N -Boc indoles is proposed.
- Zhou, Xiao-Yu,Chen, Xia,Wang, Liang-Guang,Yang, Dan,Li, Zhi
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supporting information
p. 3662 - 3669
(2017/08/15)
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- Well-Defined Noble Metal Single Sites in Zeolites as an Alternative to Catalysis by Insoluble Metal Salts
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Insoluble precious metal chlorides in polymeric form (i.e., PtCl2, PdCl2, AuCl, RhCl3) are commonly used as catalysts for a plethora of organic reactions in solution. Here we show that only the minor soluble fraction of these precious metal chlorides (typically 5-30%) is catalytically active for the hydroamination, hydroalkoxylation, hydrosilylation, and cycloisomerization of alkynes and alkenes, and that the resting insoluble metal is catalytically useless. To circumvent this waste of precious metal and follow a rational design, we generate here well-dispersed Pt(II) and Pd(II) single sites on zeolite Y, with an exquisite control of the Lewis acidity, to catalyze different hydroaddition reactions to alkynes and alkenes with up to 104 catalytic cycles (at least 2 orders of magnitude superior to precious metal chlorides) and with high isolated yields (82-99%, >15 examples).
- Rubio-Marqués, Paula,Rivero-Crespo, Miguel A.,Leyva-Pérez, Antonio,Corma, Avelino
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supporting information
p. 11832 - 11837
(2015/09/28)
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- Discovery of a First-in-Class, Potent, Selective, and Orally Bioavailable Inhibitor of the p97 AAA ATPase (CB-5083)
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The AAA-ATPase p97 plays vital roles in mechanisms of protein homeostasis, including ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) mediated protein degradation, endoplasmic reticulum-associated degradation (ERAD), and autophagy. Herein we describe our lead optimization efforts focused on in vitro potency, ADME, and pharmaceutical properties that led to the discovery of a potent, ATP-competitive, D2-selective, and orally bioavailable p97 inhibitor 71, CB-5083. Treatment of tumor cells with 71 leads to significant accumulation of markers associated with inhibition of UPS and ERAD functions, which induces irresolvable proteotoxic stress and cell death. In tumor bearing mice, oral administration of 71 causes rapid accumulation of markers of the unfolded protein response (UPR) and subsequently induces apoptosis leading to sustained antitumor activity in in vivo xenograft models of both solid and hematological tumors. 71 has been taken into phase 1 clinical trials in patients with multiple myeloma and solid tumors.
- Zhou, Han-Jie,Wang, Jinhai,Yao, Bing,Wong, Steve,Djakovic, Stevan,Kumar, Brajesh,Rice, Julie,Valle, Eduardo,Soriano, Ferdie,Menon, Mary-Kamala,Madriaga, Antonett,Kiss Von Soly, Szerenke,Kumar, Abhinav,Parlati, Francesco,Yakes, F. Michael,Shawver, Laura,Le Moigne, Ronan,Anderson, Daniel J.,Rolfe, Mark,Wustrow, David
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p. 9480 - 9497
(2016/01/12)
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- Synthesis of indoles through Rh(III)-catalyzed C-H cross-coupling with allyl carbonates
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A practical Rh-catalyzed reaction was developed to achieve 2-alkyl-substituted indole synthesis. The reaction can tolerate a variety of synthetically important functional groups. The indole products can also be transformed into other important skeletons. Two bioactive compounds, that is indomethacin and pravadoline were prepared using the new method.
- Gong, Tian-Jun,Cheng, Wan-Min,Su, Wei,Xiao, Bin,Fu, Yao
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p. 1859 - 1862
(2014/03/21)
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- Palladium-catalyzed aerobic oxidative cyclization of N-aryl imines: Indole synthesis from anilines and ketones
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We report here an operationally simple, palladium-catalyzed cyclization reaction of N-aryl imines, affording indoles via the oxidative linkage of two C-H bonds under mild conditions using molecular oxygen as the sole oxidant. The process allows quick and atom-economical assembly of indole rings from inexpensive and readily available anilines and ketones and tolerates a broad range of functional groups.
- Wei, Ye,Deb, Indubhusan,Yoshikai, Naohiko
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supporting information; experimental part
p. 9098 - 9101
(2012/07/14)
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- Indomethacin analogues that enhance doxorubicin cytotoxicity in multidrug resistant cells without cox inhibitory activity
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Conformationally restricted indomethacin analogues were designed and prepared from the corresponding 2-substituted indoles, which were synthesized by a one-pot isomerization/enamide-ene metathesis as the key reaction. Conformational analysis by calculations, NMR studies, and X-ray crystallography suggested that these analogues were conformationally restricted in the s-cis or the s-trans form due to the 2-substituent as expected. Their biological activities on cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1) inhibition, cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibition, and modulation of MRP-1-mediated multidrug resistance (MDR) are described. Some of these indomethacin analogues enhanced doxorubicin cytotoxicity, although they do not have any COX inhibitory activity, which suggests that the MDR-modulating effect of an NSAID can be unassociated with its COX-inhibitory activity. This may be an entry into the combination chemotherapy of doxorubicin with a MDR modulator.
- Arisawa, Mitsuhiro,Kasaya, Yayoi,Obata, Tohru,Sasaki, Takuma,Ito, Mika,Abe, Hiroshi,Ito, Yoshihiro,Yamano, Akihito,Shuto, Satoshi
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scheme or table
p. 353 - 357
(2011/07/09)
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- Manufacturing synthesis of 5-hydroxy-2-methyl-1H-indole
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The manufacturing synthesis of 5-hydroxy-2-methyl-1H-indole is described and two synthetic methods were used and the results discussed. Two small and three large runs with Nenitzescu's method were analyzed and results reported with different reaction conditions. Manufacturing issues encountered were discussed. Production scale of more than 60 kg of the 5-hydroxy-2-methyl-1H- indole-3-carboxylic acid ethyl ester and over 20 kg of the 5-hydroxy-2-methyl- 1H-indole were achieved. Based on these results, larger scale manufacturing of this product or similar products based on the optimized conditions is feasible.
- Huang, Yun-Sheng,Zhang, Wen-Qing,Zhang, Xu,Wang, Jian-Zhong
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p. 975 - 983
(2011/12/03)
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- Novel benzofuran-3-one indole inhibitors of PI3 kinase-α and the mammalian target of rapamycin: Hit to lead studies
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A series of benzofuran-3-one indole phosphatidylinositol-3-kinases (PI3K) inhibitors identified via HTS has been prepared. The optimized inhibitors possess single digit nanomolar activity against p110α (PI3K-α), good pharmaceutical properties, selectivity versus p110γ (PI3K-γ), and tunable selectivity versus the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR). Modeling of compounds 9 and 32 in homology models of PI3K-α and mTOR supports the proposed rationale for selectivity. Compounds show activity in multiple cellular proliferation assays with signaling through the PI3K pathway confirmed via phospho-Akt inhibition in PC-3 cells.
- Bursavich, Matthew G.,Brooijmans, Natasja,Feldberg, Lawrence,Hollander, Irwin,Kim, Stephen,Lombardi, Sabrina,Park, Kaapjoo,Mallon, Robert,Gilbert, Adam M.
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scheme or table
p. 2586 - 2590
(2010/06/19)
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- Aromatic enamide/ene metathesis toward substituted indoles and its application to the synthesis of indomethacins
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A. steric and electronic effect: on enamide/ene metathesis, a novel preparation of 2-substituted indoles and 3-substituted indoles using enamide-ene metathesis as a key reaction, and its application to the synthesis of indoniethacin are described. Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA.
- Kasaya, Yayoi,Hoshi, Kosuke,Terada, Yukiyoshi,Nishida, Atsushi,Shuto, Satoshi,Arisawa, Mitsuhiro
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experimental part
p. 4606 - 4613
(2009/12/27)
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- Inhibition of cytosolic phospholipase A2α: Hit to lead optimization
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Compound 1 was previously reported to be a potent inhibitor of cPLA 2α in both artificial monomeric substrate and cell-based assays. However, 1 was inactive in whole blood assays previously used to characterize cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase inhibitors. The IC50 of 1 increased dramatically with cell number or lipid/detergent concentration. In an attempt to insert an electrophilic ketone between the indole and benzole acid moieties, we discovered that increasing the distance between the two moieties gave a compound with activity in the GLU (7-hydroxycoumarinyl-γ- linolenate) micelle assay, which contains lipid and detergent. Extensive structure-activity relationship work around this lead identified a potent pharmacophore for cPLA2α inhibition. The IC50s between the GLU micelle and rat whole blood assays correlated highly. No correlation was found for other parameters, including lipophilicity or acidity of the required acid functionality. Compounds 25, 39, and 94 emerged as potent, selective inhibitors of cPLA2α and represent well-validated starting points for further optimization.
- McKew, John C.,Foley, Megan A.,Thakker, Paresh,Behnke, Mark L.,Lovering, Frank E.,Sum, Fuk-Wah,Tam, Steve,Wu, Kun,Shen, Marina W. H.,Zhang, Wen,Gonzalez, Mario,Liu, Shanghao,Mahadevan, Anu,Sard, Howard,Khor, Soo Peang,Clark, James D.
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p. 135 - 158
(2007/10/03)
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- Ruthenium-catalyzed heteroannulation of anilines with alkanolammonium chlorides leading to indoles
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Anilines react with alkanolammonium chlorides in an aqueous medium (H2O-dioxane) at 180°C in the presence of a catalytic amount of a ruthenium catalyst together with SnCl2·2H2O to afford the corresponding indoles in moderate to good yields. Especially, when triisopropanolammonium chloride is employed to react with anilines, 2-methylindoles are formed regioselectively. The presence of SnCl2·2H2O is necessary for the effective formation of indoles. A reaction pathway involving alkanol group transfer from alkanolamines to anilines, N-alkylation of anilines by anilinoalkanols and heteroannulation of 1,2-dianilinoalkanes is proposed for this catalytic process.
- Cho, Chan Sik,Kim, Jin Hwang,Kim, Tae-Jeong,Shim, Sang Chul
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p. 3321 - 3329
(2007/10/03)
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- Ruthenium-catalysed synthesis of indoles from anilines and trialkanolamines in the presence of tin(II) chloride dihydrate
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Anilines react with trialkanolamines in dioxane in the presence of a catalytic amount of a ruthenium catalyst together with tin(II) chloride dihydrate to give the corresponding indoles in moderate to good yields.
- Cho, Chan Sik,Lim, Hyo Kyun,Shim, Sang Chul,Kim, Tae Jeong,Choi, Heung-Jin
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p. 995 - 996
(2007/10/03)
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- Substituted N-aryl alk-1-enesulfinamides: Preparation, properties and conversion into the corresponding indole compounds [1]
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Reaction of vinylic organometallic derivatives with N-sulfinyl arenamines 2 affords the title sulfinamides 3. On heating their solutions in selected solvents to 80-124 °C, these sulfinamides are converted into the corresponding indoles 6, probably via a [3.3]-sigmatropic rearrangement to intermediates VIII which undergo an intramolecular carbophilic reaction of the nitrogen atom with the neighboring sulfine group, followed by elimination of HSOH. The triethyloxonium tetrafluoroborate- or boron trifluoride etherate catalyzed conversion 3 → 6 can be carried out at a much lower temperature. Elsevier,.
- Baudin, Jean-Bernard,Commenil, Marie-Gabrielle,Julia, Sylvestre A.,Lorne, Robert,Mauclaire, Laurent
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p. 329 - 350
(2007/10/03)
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- Nonreductive Desulfenylation of 3-Indolyl Sulfides. Improved Syntheses of 2-Substituted Indoles and 2-Indolyl Sulfides
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Desulfenylation of 3-indolyl sulfides to the corresponding 3-unsubstituted indoles is usually carried out under reductive conditions, thus accommodating only substituents which are resistant to reduction.We have developed a nonreductive procedure for removal of a sulfide at the 3-position of indoles, using trifluoroacetic acid in the presence of a thiol as trapping agent, which is compatible with a large array of functionalities on the indole ring.In addition, the desulfenylation occurs selectively at the 3-position of the indole, and sulfide groups at other positions of the molecule remain untouched.Thus, indole 2,3-bis-sulfides are selectively desulfenylated at the 3-position, affording 3-unsubstituted 2-indolyl sulfides.This methodology broadens the use of sulfide as a protecting group for the 3-position of indoles.
- Hamel, Pierre,Zajac, Nicolas,Atkinson, Joseph G.,Girard, Yves
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p. 6372 - 6377
(2007/10/02)
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- Electrophilic Heteroaromatic Substitutions: Reactions of 5-X-Substituted Indoles with 4,6-Dinitrobenzofuroxan
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The SEAr substitutions of a number of 5-X-substituted indoles (1a-f), 5-X-substituted 2-methylindoles (1g-j) and N-methylindole (1k) by 4,6-dinitrobenzofuroxan (DNBF) have been kinetically studied in 70-30 (v/v) H2O-Me2SO, 50-50 (v/v) H2O-Me2SO, methanol and acetonitrile.The absence of a significant dependence of the rates of reactions on the hydrogen or deuterium labelling at C-3 of the indole ring indicates that electrophilic attack (k1DNBF) by DNBF at this position is the rate-limiting step of the substitutions.However, the k1DNBF rate constants are strongly sensitive to the solvent polarity, the observed reactivity sequence being 70-30 H2O-Me2SO > 50-50 H2O-Me2SO > methanol > acetonitrile.This trend is consistent with a highly dipolar transition state where the development of negative charge in the DNBF moiety is concomitant with that of a partial positive charge on the indole nitrogen.The finding of relatively large negative ρ values (-3.85) for the Hammett plots log k1DNBF = f(?px supports this idea.An interesting result is that the effect of the X substituent on the rates (k1DNBF) is the same in the four solvents studied and does not depend upon the substitution at C-2 of the indole ring.However, the Broensted or Hammett lines for the 5-X-2-methylindoles are located about 1.5 log k unit below those for the 5-X-indoles in a given solvent, showing that the 2-methyl group causes significant steric hindrance to the approach of DNBF from the adiacent C-3 position.Rates of protiodetritiation of a large number of indoles have also been measured in aqueous solution.The data define a unique Broensted line (βlnH = 0.65), implying that the 2-substituents do not exert any steric effect on the rates of the exchange process and suggesting that the correlation can be used to estimate unknown pKa values of indoles with a free 3-position.Comparison of the rates of coupling of indoles with 4,6-dinitrobenzofuroxan with similar data for coupling of these heterocycles with p-nitrobenzenediazonium cation reveals that, despite its neutral character, DNBF is the most electrophilic species.DNBF also appears to be a much stronger electrophile than the proton.
- Terrier, Francois,Pouet, Marie-Jose,Halle, Jean-Claude,Hunt, Stephen,Jones, John R.,Buncel, Erwin
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p. 1665 - 1672
(2007/10/02)
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- Substituent Effects on the Spectral, Acid-Base, and Redox Properties of Indolyl Radicals: A Pulse Radiolysis Study
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Spectral and acid-base properties and reduction potentials of various substituted indolyl radicals were studied by pulse radiolysis in aqueous solutions at 20 deg C.Except for the 5-methoxyindolyl and 5-carboxyindolyl radicals, the spectra of the substituted indolyl radicals resemble the previously published 320- and 520-nm spectra of the neutral and 330- and 580-nm spectra of the cation indolyl and tryptophan radicals.The substitution of indolyl radical cation by electron-attracting groups (positive ?+) results in a blue shift of the 580-nm band by ca. 30 nm,, whereas the spectra of methylindolyl (?+ = -0.31) are similar to those of unsubstituted indolyl radicals.The 430- and 455-nm bands appearing in the spectra of the 5-carboxyindolyl and 5-methoxyindolyl radical cations, respectively, indicate even stronger interaction of the unpaired electron with the 5-substituent.The radical cations of various indole-3-acetic acids decarboxylate at pH values below their pKa to produce allyl radicals.The 5-bromoindolyl radical undergoes solvolysis to 5-hydroxyindolyl radical in acidic and alkaline media.The dissociation constants and reduction potentials of the substituted indolyl radicals correlate with the Brown substituent constants: pKr = 4.14 - 2.13Σ?+, correlation coefficient 0.987, and E0/0.059 = 22.29 + 3.5Σ?+, correlation coefficient 0.980.The ρ values from these correlations (-2.13 and 3.5) are similar to that of the Hammett correlation of the dissociation constants of the protonated indole nitrogen in various substituted indoles, ρ = -2.49, but smaller than the ρ value of the dependence on the substituent of the reduction potentials of phenoxyl radicals, ρ = 5.4.
- Jovanovic, Slobodan V.,Steenken, Steen
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p. 6674 - 6679
(2007/10/02)
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- A new approach to the synthesis of 2-substituted indoles: Reaction of dimetallated ortho-trimethylsilylmethylanilides with esters
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The reaction of 2-trimethylsilylmethylanilides and esters in basic medium provides a new general method for the synthesis of indoles. The advantages of this method are the mild reaction conditions (-10-0°C), the ready availability of the starting materials and the use of a non-nucleophilic base (lithium 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidide) to promote cyclisation.
- Bartoli, Giuseppe,Palmieri, Gianni,Petrini, Marino
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p. 1379 - 1384
(2007/10/02)
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- UNE NOUVELLE VOIE D'ACCES AUX INDOLES PAR CONDENSATION YLURE-AMIDE
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o-Acylaminobenzylidenephosphoranes lead to indoles in good yield by an intramolecular Wittig reaction with the amide carbonyl group.Mechanistic aspects are discussed.A general method is described for the synthesis of indoles from o-nitrobenzyl bromides and o-aminobenzyl alcohols.
- Corre, M. Le,Hercouet, A.,Stanc, Y. Le,Baron, H. Le
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p. 5313 - 5320
(2007/10/02)
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- Process for preparing azasulfonium halide salts
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Preparing azasulfonium halide salt derivatives of an aniline by reacting a halogen with a non-carbonylic dihydrocarbon sulfide, a beta-carbonylic hydrocarbon sulfide, or a β-thio ester or amide to form a halogen: sulfur compound complex and then reacting the complex with an aniline to form the azasulfonium halide salts. The azasulfonium halide salts are useful as intermediates in processes for making ortho-alkylated anilines, indoles, and 2-oxindoles which have a variety of known uses.
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