- Water Content of Phospholipid Bilayers
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13C N.m.r. data show that static water is absent at five locations along bilayer chains, in sharp contrast to the situation with micelles.
- Menger, F. M.,Aikens, P.,Wood M.
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Read Online
- Ni-Catalyzed β-Alkylation of Cyclopropanol-Derived Homoenolates
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Metal homoenolates are valuable synthetic intermediates which provide access to β-functionalized ketones. In this report, we disclose a Ni-catalyzed β-alkylation reaction of cyclopropanol-derived homoenolates using redox-active N-hydroxyphthalimide (NHPI) esters as the alkylating reagents. The reaction is compatible with 1°, 2°, and 3° NHPI esters. Mechanistic studies imply radical activation of the NHPI ester and 2e β-carbon elimination occurring on the cyclopropanol.
- Mills, L. Reginald,Zhou, Cuihan,Fung, Emily,Rousseaux, Sophie A. L.
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supporting information
p. 8805 - 8809
(2019/11/03)
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- Hetero-aromatic compound and its use in medicine
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The invention provides a hetero-aromatic compound or a stereisomer, geometric isomer, tautomer, despinner, nitrogen oxide, hydrate, solvate, metabolite, metabolism precursor and pharmaceutically acceptable salt or prodrug thereof, which is used for treating proliferative diseases. The invention also discloses a pharmaceutical composition containing the compound and an application of the compound or pharmaceutical composition thereof in preparation of a medicine for treating proliferative diseases.
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Paragraph 1416; 1437-1440
(2019/07/04)
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- Validating Eaton's Hypothesis: Cubane as a Benzene Bioisostere
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Pharmaceutical and agrochemical discovery programs are under considerable pressure to meet increasing global demand and thus require constant innovation. Classical hydrocarbon scaffolds have long assisted in bringing new molecules to the market place, but an obvious omission is that of the Platonic solid cubane. Eaton, however, suggested that this molecule has the potential to act as a benzene bioisostere. Herein, we report the validation of Eaton's hypothesis with cubane derivatives of five molecules that are used clinically or as agrochemicals. Two cubane analogues showed increased bioactivity compared to their benzene counterparts whereas two further analogues displayed equal bioactivity, and the fifth one demonstrated only partial efficacy. Ramifications from this study are best realized by reflecting on the number of bioactive molecules that contain a benzene ring. Substitution with the cubane scaffold where possible could revitalize these systems, and thus expedite much needed lead candidate identification.
- Chalmers, Benjamin A.,Xing, Hui,Houston, Sevan,Clark, Charlotte,Ghassabian, Sussan,Kuo, Andy,Cao, Benjamin,Reitsma, Andrea,Murray, Cody-Ellen P.,Stok, Jeanette E.,Boyle, Glen M.,Pierce, Carly J.,Littler, Stuart W.,Winkler, David A.,Bernhardt, Paul V.,Pasay, Cielo,De Voss, James J.,McCarthy, James,Parsons, Peter G.,Walter, Gimme H.,Smith, Maree T.,Cooper, Helen M.,Nilsson, Susan K.,Tsanaktsidis, John,Savage, G. Paul,Williams, Craig M.
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supporting information
p. 3580 - 3585
(2016/03/23)
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- Ni-catalyzed carboxylation of unactivated primary alkyl bromides and sulfonates with CO2
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A Ni-catalyzed carboxylation of unactivated primary alkyl bromides and sulfonates with CO2 at atmospheric pressure is described. The method is characterized by its mild conditions and remarkably wide scope without the need for air- or moisture-sensitive reagents, which make it a user-friendly and operationally simple protocol en route to carboxylic acids.
- Liu, Yu,Cornella, Josep,Martin, Ruben
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supporting information
p. 11212 - 11215
(2014/09/30)
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- PYRIDIN-2YL SULFANYL ACID ESTERS AND PROCESS FOR THE PREPARATION THEREOF
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The present invention relates to Pyridin-2-yl sulfanyl acid ester compounds having antiinflammatory properties. The present invention particularly relates to novel anti-inflammatory heterocyclic acid esters of Pyridin-2-yl sulfanyl having the structure of general formula 1 which have been screened for their antiinflammatory activity with respect to inhibition of adhesion of neutrophils, isolated from human peripheral blood, onto the surface of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HU-VEC) as a result of inhibition of the cytokine-stimulated expression of cell adhesion molecule ICAM-1. The compound RS—Z, 3-(Pyridin-2-yl sulfanyl)-propionic acid pentyl ester (structure 1a, R1=H, R2=H, R3=CH2-COOC5H11) was found to be most effective for ICAM-1 and neutrophil adhesion inhibition and was found to effectively alleviate inflammation mediated by excessive leukocyte infiltration leading to inflammatory disorders or like conditions, such as acute lung injury and acute respiratory distress syndrome in mice.
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Paragraph 0091; 0127; 0128; 0129; 0130; 0131
(2013/06/04)
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- Influence of positional isomers on the macroscale and nanoscale architectures of aggregates of racemic hydroxyoctadecanoic acids in their molecular gel, dispersion, and solid states
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Inter/intramolecular hydrogen bonding of a series of hydroxystearic acids (HSAs) are investigated. Self-assembly of molecular gels obtained from these fatty acids with isomeric hydroxyl groups is influenced by the position of the secondary hydroxyl group. 2-Hydroxystearic acid (2HSA) does not form a molecular dimer, as indicated by FT-IR, and growth along the secondary axis is inhibited because the secondary hydroxyl group is unable to form intermolecular H-bonds. As well, the XRD long spacing is shorter than the dimer length of hydroxystearic acid. 3-Hydroxystearic acid (3HSA) forms an acyclic dimer, and the hydroxyl groups are unable to hydrogen bond, preventing the crystal structure from growing along the secondary axis. Finally, isomers 6HSA, 8HSA, 10HSA, 12HSA, and 14HSA have similar XRD and FT-IR patterns, suggesting that these molecules all self-assemble in a similar fashion. The monomers form a carboxylic cyclic dimer, and the secondary hydroxyl group promotes growth along the secondary axis.
- Abraham, Shibu,Lan, Yaqi,Lam, Ricky S. H.,Grahame, Douglas A. S.,Kim, Jennifer Jae Hee,Weiss, Richard G.,Rogers, Michael A.
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experimental part
p. 4955 - 4964
(2012/07/13)
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- PYRIDIN- 2 - YL SULFANYL ACID ESTERS AND PROCESS FOR THE PREPARATION THEREOF
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The present invention relates to Pyridin-2-yl sulfanyl acid ester compounds having antiinflammatory properties. The present invention particularly relates to novel anti-inflammatory heterocyclic acid esters of Pyridin-2-yl sulfanyl having the structure of general formula 1 which have been screened for their antiinflammatory activity with respect to inhibition of adhesion of neutrophils, isolated from human peripheral blood, onto the surface of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) as a result of inhibition of the cytokine-stimulated expression of cell adhesion molecule ICAM-1. The compound RS-Z, 3-(Pyridin-2-yl sulfanyl)-propionic acid pentyl ester (structure la, R1 = H, R2 = H, R3 = CH2COOC5H11) was found to be most effective for ICAM-1 and neutrophil adhesion inhibition and was found to effectively alleviate inflammation mediated by excessive leukocyte infiltration leading to inflammatory disorders or like conditions, such as acute lung injury and acute respiratory distress syndrome in mice.
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Page/Page column 11-12; 14
(2012/02/05)
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- Synthesis, biological evaluation, and molecular docking of Ugi products containing a zinc-chelating moiety as novel inhibitors of histone deacetylases
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HDAC inhibitors show great promise for the treatment of cancer. As part of a broader effort to explore the SAR of HDAC inhibitors, synthesis, biological evaluation, and molecular docking of novel Ugi products containing a zinc-chelating moiety are presented. One compound shows improved inhibitory potencies compared to SAHA, demonstrating that hindered lipophilic residues grafted on the peptide scaffold of the α-aminoacylamides can be favorable in the interaction with the enzyme.
- Grolla, Ambra A.,Podestà, Valeria,Chini, Maria Giovanna,Di Micco, Simone,Vallario, Antonella,Genazzani, Armando A.,Canonico, Pier Luigi,Bifulco, Giuseppe,Tron, Gian Cesare,Sorba, Giovanni,Pirali, Tracey
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experimental part
p. 2776 - 2785
(2010/02/28)
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- Sodium ion internalized within phospholipid membranes
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Seven phospholipids, modified with ester groups in their hydrophobic chains, were synthesized and examined for their ability to promote sodium ion flux across vesicular membranes. It was found by 23Na NMR that only the phospholipids having short chain segments beyond their terminal ester groups catalyze sodium ion transfer by up to 2 orders of magnitude relative to a conventional phospholipid, POPC. The rates increase with the concentration of the ester-phospholipid admixed with POPC in the bilayer. More surprisingly, the rates increase with the time allowed for the vesicles to age. This was attributed to ester-phospholipid migrating in the bilayers to form domains that solubilize the sodium ion within the hydrocarbon interior of the membrane. Such membrane domains explain why shift reagent-modified NMR spectra display three 23Na signals representing sodium outside the vesicles, sodium within the vesicular water pools, and sodium within the membranes themselves. Copyright
- Menger, Fredric M.,Galloway, Ashley L.,Chlebowski, Mary E.,Wu, Shaoxing
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p. 14034 - 14035
(2007/10/03)
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- A mild and selective method for the hydrolysis of esters with trimethyltin hydroxide
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Mild, selective, and efficient: A new method that involves the use of trimethyltin hydroxide for the hydrolysis of specific ester groups allows chemists to steer clear of unwanted elimination reactions and epimerizations. For example, the conversion of ester 1 into carboxylic acid 2 takes place under mild conditions, with nearly complete retention of stereochemical integrity. 1,2-DCE = 1,2-dichloroethane.
- Nicolaou,Estrada, Anthony A.,Zak, Mark,Lee, Sang Hyup,Safina, Brian S.
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p. 1378 - 1382
(2007/10/03)
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- Contiguous versus segmented hydrophobicity in micellar systems
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This paper addresses a question not yet posed systematically in surfactant chemistry: How do the colloidal properties of surfactants respond to insertion of non-hydrocarbon functionalities (i.e., ester groups) within chains that are normally entirely hydrocarbon? In answering this question, two classes of such chain-modified surfactants were discovered. One class forms only small aggregates with noncooperative self-assembly, low foaming, high areas of occupancy at the air/water interface, and weak solid-adsorption and solubilization properties. The other class is much more normal with regard to these properties and, in fact, can even exceed conventional surfactants in mesitylene solubilization. Differences between the two categories of chain-modified surfactants originate from the degree of segmentation of the hydrocarbon and, in particular, upon the location of the longest segment. Segmented hydrophobicity, having in principle a "hydrophobic potential" similar to that of a contiguous hydrophobicity of equal length, can induce aggregation but, concurrently, alters the mode of assembly into films and micelles.
- Menger, Fredric M.,Galloway, Ashley L.
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p. 15883 - 15889
(2007/10/03)
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- Effects of molecular structures on the olfactory responses of phospholipid membranes to four alcohols
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In order to understand the relationship between phospholipid molecular structures and their olfactory responses to odorants, we designed and synthesized four phosphatidylcholine analogues with different long hydrocarbon (CH) chains and selected three natural phospholipids with different head-groups. By using interdigital electrodes (IEs) as olfactory sensors (OSs), we measured the responses of the IEs coated with these seven different lipid membranes to four alcohol vapors in a gas flow system. The IEs voltage changes were recorded and the voltage-relative saturate vapor pressure (V-P/P°) curves were also plotted. It was found that with a methyl (-CH3) placed at the C-8 position in the 18-carbon chain, the olfactory responses could be improved about ten times and with conjugated double bonds (C=C) in the long chains, the sensitivity could be increased by 3~4 orders of magnitude. As to head-groups, choline is preferred over ethanolamine and serine in phospholipid structures in terms of high olfactory sensitivity. These results are expected to be useful in further designing and manufacturing lipid-mimicking OSs. Copyright (C) 1998 Elsevier Science Ireland Ltd.
- Zhou, Qingzhong,Yang, Yanan,Chen, Zhikuan,Sun, Anna
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- Synthesis of Linoleic Acid with Chiral Isotopic Labelling at a Flanking and a Medial Allylic Methylene: the (8R,9Z,12Z)- and (11R,9Z,12Z)--Stereoisomers, and (Z)-Non-3-enal
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-Oct-2-ynal is converted by fermenting bakers' yeast into (1S)-oct-2-yn-1-ol with an enantiomeric purity of >96percent as measured by Mosher's MTPA method.The alcohol, as its tosyl ester, was then converted by copper-catalysed coupling with the di-Grignard of dec-9-ynoic acid and catalytic semi-hydrogenation, into (11R)-linoleic acid having less than 2percent E-material and >95 atom percentD.Provision for (11S)-linoleic acid was made by configurational inversion of (1R)-oct-2-yn-1-ol using Mitsunobu chemistry.(8R)-Linoleic acid is made by a similar approach, the labelled chiral centre being formed on (8S)-8-hydroxy-octanoic acid (>96percent ee).Reaction of the corresponding tosate with lithium acetylide-ethylenediamine complex gave, with configurational inversion, (8R)-dec-9-ynoic acid, built into (8R)-linoleic acid.A degradative circuit is applied to estimate the extent of configurational inversion in the displacement.Mitsunobu inversion of the (8S)-8-hydroxy compound provides access to (8S)-linoleic acid. (Z)-Non-3-enal, a labile aldehyde from the enzymic degradation of linoleic acid, is made in -labelled form by a synthesis which uses, as a key step, the reaction between triheptynylborane and deuteriodiazoacetic ester.
- Crombie, Leslie,Heavers, Andrew D.
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p. 1929 - 1938
(2007/10/02)
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- Chain-Substituted Lipids in Monolayer Films. A Study of Molecular Packing
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A series of highly purified fatty acids and phospholipids, each possessing a chain substituent of varying size (methyl, n-butyl, or phenyl) at varying locations (carbon 4, 8, 12, or 16 of an 18-carbon chain) were synthesized.Pressure-area isotherms, obtained with the aid of a film balance, revealed how these molecules, either individually or admixed, pack in monomolecular films.Two examples will illustrate here the type of information secured by the method. (a) The presence of a methyl at carbon 16 of a single phospholipid chain has a negligible effect on the molecular packing within a "liquid" film.A methyl on carbon 16 of both chains, on the other hand, is highly expansive.Even a single methyl at position 8 perturbs the film packing appreciably, thus indicating less available space near the center of the chain. (b) Deviation from ideality in mixed fatty acid films can be explained by interdigitation that reduces steric repulsion among the substituents.It is also possible to observe by means of film balance techniques the extrusion of 8-butylstearic acid when it contaminates a film composed largely of stearic acid.Approximate SHADOW calculations could, in many cases, provide film areas in reasonable agreement with experiment.
- Menger, F. M.,Wood, M. G.,Richardson, S.,Zhou, Q.,Elrington, A. R.,Sherrod, M. J.
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p. 6797 - 6803
(2007/10/02)
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