- ENANTIOSELECTIVE CATALYTIC BORANE REDUCTIONS OF ACHIRAL KETONES: SYNTHESIS AND APPLICATION OF NEW CHIRAL β-AMINO ALCOHOLS FROM L-METHIONINE
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The in situ formed chiral axazaborolidine catalysts from optically active β-amino alcohols 1-3 from L-methionine ethyl carboxylate 4 have been used successfully in the enantioselective catalytic homogenous borane reductions of various aromatic ketones.The corresponding optically active alcohols are obtained in high optical purity (up to 100percent ee).
- Mehler, Thomas,Martens, Juergen
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- First example of high asymmetric induction at the 'pseudo-micellar' interface of a chiral amphiphilic dendrimer
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Sodium borohydride reduced, at the chiral interface of an amphiphilic dendrimer, prochiral ketones to the corresponding chiral alcohols in high yields (>90%) with enantioselectivities over 95% in THF (ex: ee of 99.4% was obtained in reduction of acetophen
- Schmitzer,Perez,Rico-Lattes,Lattes
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- Upcycling a plastic cup: One-pot synthesis of lactate containing metal organic frameworks from polylactic acid
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Waste PLA can be upcycled to metal organic frameworks of potential high value in a one-pot synthesis scheme, where PLA depolymerisation occurs in situ. Three homochiral lactate based frameworks were successfully synthesised and characterised from PLA as a feed source, including ZnBLD. The chiral separation ability of ZnBLD was maintained.
- Slater, Benjamin,Wong, So-On,Duckworth, Andrew,White, Andrew J. P.,Hill, Matthew R.,Ladewig, Bradley P.
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- Enantioselective rhodium catalyzed hydroboration of olefins using chiral bis(aminophosphine) ligands
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The synthesis of new chiral bis(aminophosphine) ligands 1-5 was achieved and assessed in the enantioselective rhodium catalyzed hydroboration of various olefins with catecholborane. Enantioselectivities up to 77% were obtained.
- Brunel, Jean-Michel,Buono, Gerard
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- Enantioselective resolution of (±)-1-phenylethyl acetate by extracellular proteases from deep-sea bacterium Bacillus sp. DL-2
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Chiral 1-phenylethanol and its ester derivative are important chiral chemicals in diverse industries and the preparation of those optically pure enantiomers is of great importance. One bacterium, Bacillus sp. DL-2, whose extracellular proteases could efficiently asymmetrically hydrolyse (±)-1-phenylethyl acetate, was isolated from the deep sea of the Western Pacific. After the immobilization of extracellular proteases and the optimization of enzymatic reactions, (R)-1-phenylethanol was prepared with the enantiomeric excess (e.e.) being 97% and the yield being 41%, respectively. The optimal resolution reaction condition for the preparation of (R)-1-phenylethanol using immobilized extracellular proteases was found to be 5-mM (±)-1-phenylethyl acetate, 360 mg/mL immobilized extracellular proteases, pH 6.5, and 20 °C for 2 h. (S)-1-phenylethyl acetate was generated through enzymatic kinetic resolution with the e.e. being as high as 99% and the yield being 71%, respectively. The optimal resolution reaction condition for the preparation of (S)-1-phenylethyl acetate was found to be 2.5-mM (±)-1-phenylethyl acetate, 440 mg/mL immobilized extracellular proteases, pH 7.5, and 35 °C for 10 h. Our report is the first report about the kinetic resolution of (±)-1-phenylethyl acetate using proteases and the enantio-preference of the proteases was found to be the same as those of most other esterases/lipases. Also notably, the optical purity of (S)-1-phenylethyl acetate generated through kinetic resolution using the proteases of Bacillus sp. DL-2 was the highest report so far. Proteases from deep-sea Bacillus sp. DL-2 are new contributions to the biocatalyst library for the preparation of valuable chiral alcohols and chiral esters through kinetic resolution.
- Dong, Lu,Xu, Yongkai,Zhang, Yun,Sun, Aijun,Hu, Yunfeng
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- Enantioselective recognition and separation of racemic 1-phenylethanol by a pair of 2D chiral coordination polymers
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A pair of 2D chiral coordination polymers were constructed through the self-assembly of a chiral metal-camphor-10-sulfonate salt and a bidentate linker, which show selective inclusion of S and R enantiomers of 1-phenylethanol respectively with an enantioselectivity of 9:1.
- Li, Zi-Jian,Yao, Jia,Tao, Qian,Jiang, Long,Lu, Tong-Bu
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- Asymmetric Borane Reduction of Achiral Ketones Mediated by A Chiral Oxazaborolidine Derived from (-)-Ephedrine
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Asymmetric borane reduction of achiral ketones in the presence of a chiral oxazaborolidine derived from (-)-ephedrine yielded the corresponding alcohols in optical yields of 41 - 83percent ee.
- Cho, Buyng Tae,Chun, Yu Sung
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- Integration of rigid and flexible organic parts for the construction of a homochiral metal-organic framework with high porosity
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Presented is a pair of homochiral metal-organic frameworks built from mixed ligands integrating rigid and flexible organic parts, and each compound shows high porosity and can be used for enantioselective separation of racemic 1-phenethylalcohol and methyl lactate. This journal is
- Xu, Zhong-Xuan,Tan, Yan-Xi,Fu, Hong-Ru,Kang, Yao,Zhang, Jian
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- Ionic liquids incorporating camphorsulfonamide units for the Ti-promoted asymmetric diethylzinc addition to benzaldehyde
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New hydrophobic ionic liquids containing camphorsulfonamide units were used as chiral auxiliaries in the titanium catalyzed asymmetric addition of diethylzinc to benzaldehyde. New hydrophobic ionic liquids containing chiral camphorsulfonamide units were used as chiral auxiliaries in the titanium catalyzed asymmetric diethylzinc addition to benzaldehyde. The ionic catalyst system shows catalytic properties similar to those of related nonionic counterparts in terms of activity and enantioselectivity. Interestingly, the ionic ligands can easily be recycled and re-used without loss of activity or selectivity.
- Gadenne, Beno?t,Hesemann, Peter,Moreau, Jo?l J.E.
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- Asymmetric oxazaborolidine-catalyzed reduction of prochiral ketones with N-tert-butyl-N-trimethylsilylamine-borane
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Employing N-tert-butyl-N-trimethylsilylamine-borane (1) as the borane source and 5-10% (R)-Me-CBS (2), the oxazaborolidine-catalyzed reduction of representative aryl and aliphatic ketones was carried out obtaining the corresponding alcohols (3) in 83-89% isolated yields and 69-98% ee.
- Huertas, Ramón E.,Corella, Joseph A.,Soderquist, John A.
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- Enantioselective catalytic borane reductions of achiral ketones: Synthesis and application of new rigid catalysts prepared from (R)-phenylglycine and (S)-phenylalanine
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Enantiocontrolled reduction of prochiral ketones with borane in the presence of homochiral amino alcohols 1-4 as enantioselective catalysts afforded the chiral corresponding secondary alcohols in moderate to high (55 to 88%) optical yields.
- Dauelsberg,Martens
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- N,N-Dimesylimides and N,N-dinosylimides as new leaving groups for the stereoselective nucleophilic substitution of amines
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The enantiospecific transformation of the optically active amines 1 and 2 via the nucleophilic substitution of the N,N-dimesylimides (1Ms, 2Ms) and the N,N-dinosylimides (1Ns, 2Ns) to the corresponding alcohols 3 and 4 is reported. Different oxygen nucleophiles were used and the alcohol products were enriched with 74-95% of the enantiomer formed by inversion of configuration.
- Heggvik, Lindis R.,Fiksdahl, Anne
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- RATIONAL DESIGNING OF EFFICIENT CHIRAL REDUCING AGENTS. HIGHLY ENANTIOSELECTIVE REDUCTION OF AROMATIC KETONES BY BINAPHTHOL-MODIFIED LITHIUM ALUMINUM HYDRIDE REAGENTS.
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A new chiral hydride reagent, BINAL-H, has been devised by the modification of lithium aluminum hydride with equimolar amounts of (R)- or (S)-2,2 prime -dihydroxy-1,1 prime -binaphthyl and a simple alcohol. This reducing agent exhibits exceptionally high enantioface-differentiating ability in the reduction of prochiral alkyl phenyl ketones in tetrahydrofuran. The phenyl and alkyl groups attached to the carbonyl function are differentiated primarily by the difference in electronic properties rather than the relative bulkiness. A six-membered-ring transition-state model is proposed to account for the stereochemical consequences. This mechanism is consistent with the phenomena observed with other unsaturated carbonyl substrates.
- Noyori,Tomino,Tanimoto,Nishizawa
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- Plants in organic synthesis: An alternative to baker's yeast
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The reduction of acetophenone 1 and the hydrolysis of 1-acetoxy-2-methylcyclohexene 3 with various commercially available plants to the corresponding S-carbinol 2 and S-ketone 4 are described. The further incubation of 2-methylcyclohexanone 4 with some pl
- Bruni, Renato,Fantin, Giancarlo,Medici, Alessandro,Pedrini, Paola,Sacchetti, Gianni
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- Highly active lipase immobilized on biogenous iron oxide via an organic bridging group: The dramatic effect of the immobilization support on enzymatic function
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Iron-oxidizing bacteria, Leptothrix ochracea, produce biogenous iron oxide (BIO), while the heat treatment of BIO gives its magnetized material (m-BIO). In this study, they were chemically modified with silane coupling agents to give organic-inorganic hybrid materials, which were then used as immobilization supports for enzymes. BIO-M, which was prepared by modifying BIO with 3-methacryloxypropyltrimethoxysilane, was found to be the best immobilization support. The immobilized lipases showed remarkably high catalytic activity; for example, Burkholderia cepacia lipase (BCL) immobilized on BIO-M showed a turnover frequency of 33000 h-1 for 1-phenylethanol (1a). m-BIO-M, which was prepared by modifying m-BIO with 3-methacryloxypropyltrimethoxysilane, was also used as an immobilization support. Although the lipases immobilized on m-BIO-M showed lower catalytic activity than those immobilized on BIO-M, the former could be separated and reused easily by using a magnet. These immobilized enzymes could be recycled at least five times and are environmentally benign biocatalysts. The Royal Society of Chemistry.
- Ema, Tadashi,Miyazaki, Yuki,Kozuki, Izumi,Sakai, Takashi,Hashimoto, Hideki,Takada, Jun
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- Enantioselective catalytic reduction of ketones using C2-symmetric diamines as chiral ligands
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The catalytic enantioselective reduction of various prochiral ketones is reported using C2-symmetric diamines as ligands. Up to 99% e.e. at 100% conversion are obtained.
- Gamez,Fache,Mangeney,Lemaire
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- Catalytic assymetric hydrosilylation of ketones with new chiral ferrocenylphosphine-imine ligands
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New chiral ferrocenylphosphines containing an imino group on the side chain, (S)-N-alkylidene-1-[(R)-2-diphenylphosphinoferrocenyl]ethylamines, were prepared by condensation of (S)-1-[(R)-2-diphenylphosphinoferrocenyl]ethylamine with aromatic aldehydes. T
- Hayashi,Hayashi,Uozumi
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- Incorporation of Homochirality into a Zeolitic Imidazolate Framework Membrane for Efficient Chiral Separation
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Homochiral metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) have gained much attention because of their chiral properties and disposition for chiral separation. However, the fabrication of high-quality homochiral MOF membranes remains challenging because of the difficulty in controlling growth of MOF membranes with chiral functionalities. A homochiral zeolitic imidazolate framework-8 (ZIF-8) membrane is reported for efficient chiral separation. The membrane is synthesized by incorporating a natural amino acid, l-histidine (l-His), into the framework of ZIF-8. The homochiral l-His-ZIF-8 membrane exhibits a good selectivity for the R-enantiomer of 1-phenylethanol over the S-enantiomer, showing a high enantiomeric excess value up to 76 %.
- Chan, Jun Yong,Zhang, Huacheng,Nolvachai, Yada,Hu, Yaoxin,Zhu, Haijin,Forsyth, Maria,Gu, Qinfen,Hoke, David E.,Zhang, Xiwang,Marriot, Philip J.,Wang, Huanting
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- Planar - Chiral ferrocenes in asymmetric catalysis: The impact of stereochemically inhomogeneous ligands
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(Formula presented) The catalytic properties of stereochemically inhomogeneous mixtures of chiral ferrocenes in dimethylzinc additions to benzaldehyde have been investigated. With planar chiral ferrocene (Rp)-4 a linear correlation between the enantiomeric excess of the ferrocene and that of the product was found. In contrast, a significant departure from linearity was revealed when mixtures of diastereomeric ferrocenes (S,Rp)-1 and (S,Sp)-3 were employed. Thus, even in the reaction with a catalyst obtained from a 1:1 ratio of diastereomers 1 and 3, formation of a product with an enantioselectivity of 95% ee was achieved.
- Bolm, Carsten,Muniz, Kilian,Hildebrand, Jens P.
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- Modification of chiral monodentate phosphine (MOP) ligands for palladium-catalyzed asymmetric hydrosilylation of styrenes
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In the palladium-catalyzed asymmetric hydrosilylation of styrene with trichlorosilane, several chiral monophosphine ligands, (R)-2-diarylphosphino-1,1′-binaphthyls (2), were examined for their enantioselectivity. The highest enantioselectivity was observed in the reaction with (R)-2-bis[3,5-bis-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]phosphino-1,1′-binaphthyl (2g) , which gave (S)-1-phenylethanol of 98% ee after oxidation of the hydrosilylation product.
- Hayashi, Tamio,Hirate, Seiji,Kitayama, Kenji,Tsuji, Hayato,Torii, Akira,Uozumi, Yasuhiro
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- Enzyme catalysis in ionic liquids: Lipase catalysed kinetic resolution of 1-phenylethanol with improved enantioselectivity
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Lipases show good activity and, in some cases, improved enantioselectivity when employed in pure ionic liquids for dynamic kinetic resolution of 1-phenylethanol by trans-esterification.
- Schoefer,Kaftzik,Wasserscheid,Kragl
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- Enantioselective reduction of acetophenone with 1,3,2-oxazaborolidines derived from ephedrine, pseudoephedrine, and phenylglycine
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The performance of several 1,3,2-oxazaborolidines as chiral catalysts in the reduction of acetophenone has been compared, to gain insight into the more relevant structural factors as far as yield and enantioselectivity are concerned. B-Alkyl-4,5,5-triphen
- Berenguer,Garcia,Gonzalez,Vilarrasa
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- Immobilization of lipase on aminopropyl-grafted mesoporous silica nanotubes for the resolution of (R, S)-1-phenylethanol
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Mesoporous silica nanotubes and aminopropyl-grafted mesoporous silica nanotubes were prepared as supports to immobilize lipase from Candida sp. 99-125(ClLip) by physical adsorption. The immobilization conditions were investigated. Moreover, immobilized lipases on both kinds of supports were employed to catalyze olive oil hydrolization and resolution of 1-phenylethanol by esterification. The results showed that the hydrolization activity of the lipase immobilized on aminopropyl-grafted mesoporous silica nanotubes was almost twice of that on mesoporous silica nanotubes. In addition, the resolution of 1-phenylethanol catalyzed by the former catalyst also increased 22%. Circular dichroism spectra revealed a reduction of α-helix and an increase of β-sheet when lipase was adsorbed on aminopropyl-grafted mesoporous silica nanotubes, which suggested that parts of α-helix were extended and reformed to be β-sheet.
- Bai, Wei,Yang, Yun-Jie,Tao, Xia,Chen, Jian-Feng,Tan, Tian-Wei
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- A general protein purification and immobilization method on controlled porosity glass: Biocatalytic applications
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A general combined purification and immobilization method to facilitate biocatalytic process development is presented. The support material, EziG, is based on controlled porosity glass (CPG) or polymer-coated versions thereof (HybCPG) and binds protein affinity tags. Biocatalytic reactions in aqueous and organic media with seven enzymes of biocatalytic interest are shown. This journal is the Partner Organisations 2014.
- Engelmark Cassimjee,Kadow,Wikmark,Svedendahl Humble,Rothstein,Rothstein,B?ckvall
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- Chiral η6-arene/N-tosylethylenediamine-ruthenium(II) complexes: Solution behavior and catalytic activity for asymmetric hydrogenation
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Aromatic ketones are enantioseletively hydrogenated in alcohols containing [RuX{(S, S)-Tsdpen}(η6-pcymene)] (Tsdpen = TsNCH(C 6H5)CH-(C6H5)NH2; X = TfO, C1) as precatalysts. The correspondi
- Sandoval, Christian A.,Bie, Fusheng,Matsuoka, Aki,Yamaguchi, Yoshiki,Naka, Hiroshi,Li, Yuehui,Kato, Koichi,Utsumi, Noriyuki,Tsutsumi, Kunihiko,Ohkuma, Takeshi,Murata, Kunihiko,Noyori, Ryoji
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- Quantitative analysis of the chiral amplification in the amino alcohol- promoted asymmetric alkylation of aldehydes with dialkylzincs
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Asymmetric reaction of dimethylzinc and benzaldehyde in the presence of (2S)-3-exo-(dimethyl-amino)isoborneol [(2S)-DAIB] exhibits unusual nonlinear phenomena. The enantiomeric purity of the product is much higher than that of the chiral source, DAIB, while the rate of the enantioselective catalysis decreases considerably as the enantiomeric excess (ee) of DAIB is lowered. Such effects originate from the reversible homochiral and heterochiral interaction of the coexistent enantiomeric zinc amino alkoxide catalysts which are formed from dimethylzinc and (2S)- and (2R)-DAIB. The thermodynamics of the five-component equilibration between the two monomers and three dimers, when coupled with the kinetics of the alkylation, strongly affects the extent of enantioselectivity and the reaction rate of the alkylation reaction. The overall profile of the nonlinear effects has been clarified mathematically using experimentally available parameters, viz., the equilibrium constants of the dimer/monomer conversion and the association of the monomeric catalyst with the organozinc and aldehyde, the rate constant of alkyl transfer from the catalyst/dimethylzinc/aldehyde mixed complex, the ee of DAIB, and the concentrations of DAIB, dimethylzinc, and aldehyde. 3D graphics are presented for the correlation of the enantiomeric purity of the product with DAIB ee and the concentrations of dimethylzinc and aldehyde and for the relationship between the reaction rate, DAIB ee, and the concentrations of the organozinc and aldehyde. The computer simulation is in good agreement with the experimental results, confirming thai the nonlinear effects result from the competition of two enantiomorphic catalytic cycles involving the monomeric chiral zinc catalysts rather than the diastereomorphic catalytic cycles with dinuclear zinc catalysts. Furthermore, this study indicates that the degree of nonlinear effects in asymmetric catalysis could be affected not only by the catalyst ee but also by various reaction parameters, particularly the concentrations of the catalyst, reagent, and substrate as well as the extent of conversion.
- Kitamura, Masato,Suga, Seiji,Oka, Hiromasa,Noyori, Ryoji
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- Conversion of α,β-unsaturated aldehydes into saturated esters: An umpolung reaction catalyzed by nucleophilic carbenes
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(Chemical Equation Presented) N-Heterocyclic carbenes derived from benzimidazolium salts are effective catalysts for generating homoenolate species from α,β-unsaturated aldehydes. These nucleophilic intermediates can be protonated, and the resulting activated carbonyl unit is trapped with an alcohol nucleophile, thereby promoting a highly efficient conversion of an α,β-unsaturated aldehyde into a saturated ester. A kinetic resolution of secondary alcohols can be achieved using chiral imidazoylidene catalysts.
- Chan, Audrey,Scheidt, Karl A.
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- Chiral α-branched mono phosphine auxiliaries, reversal of sense of asymmetric induction upon substitution
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A group of 10 (mono- or bis-) α-chiral mono phosphine ligands was synthesized from enantiopure phosphepine sulfide 3 by one or two subsequential highly diastereoselective α-deprotonation/alkylation steps, followed by desulfuration with Raney nickel. Their relative configuration was determined by X-ray crystal structure analysis. The new monophosphine ligands were tested in asymmetric hydrogenation, hydroboration, and Suzuki-Miyaura coupling showing asymmetric inductions up to 91% ee. In the case of hydrogenation, clear evidence was found that enantioselectivity is substantially controlled through α-C chirality rather than through biaryl chirality, which was demonstrated by a change of the sense of asymmetric induction upon change of substituents.
- Kasak, Peter,Mereiter, Kurt,Widhalm, Michael
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- The acceleration of the catalytic asymmetric borane reduction of ketones by organoaluminium compounds
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The rates of the asymmetric borane reduction of prochiral ketones catalyzed by oxazaborolidines were found to substantially accelerate in the presence of organoaluminum compounds. The enantioselectivities of the reactions were relatively unaffected. Copyr
- Zhang, Fu-Yao,Yip, Chiu-Wing,Chan, Albert S.C.
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- BINOL-linked 1,2,3-triazoles: An unexpected fluorescent sensor with anion-π interaction for iodide ions
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A new family of cyclic and acyclic BINOL-derived triazoles has been prepared for the organocatalytic silylation and subsequent use of fluorescent sensors, in which this type of receptor can unexpectedly recognize I- with good selectivity. The spectral analysis, including UV and NMR titrations, demonstrated that the anion-π interaction of I- to the triazole ring was responsible for the formation of a weak charge-transfer complex. This journal is
- Wang, Cai-Yun,Zou, Jin-Feng,Zheng, Zhan-Jiang,Huang, Wei-Sheng,Li, Li,Xu, Li-Wen
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- Synthesis, characterization, and application in asymmetric catalysis of dendrimers containing chiral ferrocenyl diphosphines
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Starting from the functionalized Josiphos derivatives (R)-1-[(S)-2-(diphenylphosphino)-1′-(dimethyl-3″- aminopropylsilyl)-ferrocenyl]ethyldicyclohexylphosphine ((R)-(S)-3), (R)-1-[(S)-2-(diphenylphosphino)-1′-(hydroxymethyl) ferrocenyl]ethyldicyclohexylphosphine ((R)-(S)-4), and (R)-1-[(S)-2-(diphenylphosphino)-1′-(3″-hydroxypropyl) ferrocenyl]ethyldicyclohexylphosphine ((R)-(S)-5), a series of dendrimers containing up to sixteen ferrocenyl diphosphine units were prepared. Dendrimer cores are based on benzene 1,3,5-tricarboxylic acid and 1,3,5,7-adamantanetetracarboxylic acid, with 5-substituted isophthalic acid derivatives constituting the branching units. The dendrimers have been used in three different asymmetric catalytic reactions: Rh-catalyzed hydrogenation of dimethyl itaconate, Pd- catalyzed allylic substitution, and Rh-catalyzed hydroboration of styrene with catecholborane. In all three reactions the selectivity obtained with the dendrimers was very similar to the one obtained with the parent ligand Josiphos.
- Koellner, Christoph,Togni, Antonio
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- Enzyme entrapped in polymer-modified nanopores: The effects of macromolecular crowding and surface hydrophobicity
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Macromolecular crowding is an ubiquitous phenomenon in living cells that significantly affects the function of enzymes in vivo. However, this effect has not been paid much attention in the research of the immobilization of enzymes onto mesoporous silica. Herein, we report the combined effects of macromolecular crowding and surface hydrophobicity on the performance of an immobilized enzyme by accommodating lipase molecules into a series of mesoporous silicas with different amounts of inert poly(methacrylate) (PMA) covalently anchored inside the nanopores. The incorporation of the PMA polymer into the nanopores of mesoporous silica enables the fabrication of a crowded and hydrophobic microenvironment for the immobilized enzyme and the variation in polymer content facilitates an adjustment of the degree of crowding and surface properties of this environment. Based on this system, the catalytic features of immobilized lipase were investigated as a function of polymer content in nanopores and the results indicated that the catalytic efficiency, thermostability, and reusability of immobilized lipase could all be improved by taking advantage of the macromolecular crowding effect and surface hydrophobicity. These findings provide insight into the possible functions of the macromolecular crowding effect, which should be considered and integrated into the fabrication of suitable mesoporous silicas to improve enzyme immobilization.
- Liu, Jia,Peng, Juan,Shen, Shuai,Jin, Qianru,Li, Can,Yang, Qihua
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- Highly enantioselective palladium-catalyzed hydrosilylation of norbornene with trichlorosilane using ferrocenyl ligands
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The Pd-catalyzed hydrosilylation of norbornene with trichlorosilane using different chiral ferrocenyl ligands containing a phosphine and a pyrazole as donors was studied. Both steric and electronic factors affect stereoselectivity in this system. The combination of a sterically bulky pyrazole substituent with a Π-acidic phosphine leads to an enantioselectivity of >99.5% ee. Important substrate electronic effects on stereoselectivity were observed using para-substituted styrenes.
- Pioda, Giorgio,Togni, Antonio
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- BAKER'S YEAST REDUCTION OF α-HALOACETOPHENONES
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The fermenting baker's yeast reductions of α-haloacetophenones were carried out by three different procedures.While the α-fluoro-, α-chloro- and α-bromoacetophenones gave the correspondent (-)-halohydrins, the reduction of α-iodoacetophenone gave acetophenone and (-)-1-phenylethanol.
- Carvalho, Marcia de,Okamoto, Marina T.,Moran, Paulo Jose Samenho,Rodrigues, J. Augusto R.
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- Highly enantioselective undirected catalytic hydroxylation of benzylic CH2 groups with H2O2
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Chiral bis-amine-bis-pyridine Mn complexes of the type [LMnII(OTf)2] (L is 2,2?-bipyrrolidine derived chiral ligand, bearing trifluoroethoxy and methyl substituents), efficiently catalyze the enantioselective hydroxylation of organic substrates at benzylic CH2 positions with H2O2. The use of β-polyfluorinated alcohols instead of CH3CN as the reaction solvents enhances the yield of chiral secondary alcohol from 5–6percent up to 50–70percent. The enantiomeric purity of the alcohol can be further increased (up to 97percent ee) by diluting the mixture with CH3CN at late stage, which facilitates stereoconvergent oxidative kinetic resolution of the alcohol formed. Using this one-pot sequential asymmetric hydroxylation/oxidative kinetic resolution approach, the oxidation of a series of 3,4-dihydrocoumarin derivatives and 3,4-dihydroquinolinone has been realized, affording the target 4-hydroxo compounds in 40–60percent isolated yield and in up to 93percent ee. Besides the 4-hydroxo derivatives, formation of 3,4-epoxidation and 3,4-desaturation byproducts has been observed in some cases, thus providing evidence for unprecedented substrate-dependent hydroxylase/desaturase/epoxidase reactivity of bis-amine-bis-pyridine Mn complexes.
- Bryliakov, Konstantin P.,Ottenbacher, Roman V.,Talsi, Evgenii P.
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- Plants-mediated reduction in the synthesis of homochiral secondary alcohols
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The reduction of 5-hexen-2-one 1, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one 2, acetophenone 3, cis-bicyclo[3.2.0]hept-2-en-6-one 4 and 2-methylcyclohexanone 5 with various commercially available plants (i.e., Brassica oleracea botrytis, Cucurbita maxima, Cucurbita pepo, Cynara scolimus, Daucus carota, Foeniculum vulgare and Musa sapientum) is reported. In the reduction of ketones 1-3, both (S)- and (R)-enantiomers 6-8 were obtained in good yields and with appreciable enantiomeric excesses. With racemic ketones 4 and 5, both the diastereomeric endo/exo 9 and 10 and cis/trans 11 and 12 are produced with variable yields and enantiomeric excesses depending on the various plants used.
- Bruni, Renato,Fantin, Giancarlo,Maietti, Silvia,Medici, Alessandro,Pedrini, Paola,Sacchetti, Gianni
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- Chiral Mitsunobu reactions with (1S)-(+)-ketopinic acid: Kinetic resolutions of secondary alcohols
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Several secondary alcohols undergo the Mitsunobu reaction with triphenylphosphine, diethyl azodicarboxylate and (1S)-(+)-ketopinic acid (0.5 equiv. each relative to alcohol) in CH2Cl2 solution at -23°C, to furnish the chiral secondar
- Chandrasekhar, Sosale,Kulkarni, Guruprasad
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- Highly enantioselective recombinant thermoalkalophilic lipases from Geobacillus and Bacillus sp
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Thermoalkalophilic lipases from Geobacillus and Bacillus strains have been cloned and characterised, several of which show excellent activity and enantioselectivity towards various substrates. The hydrolysis of methyl 2-methyldecanoate proceeds to give (R)-2-methyldecanoic acid in good yield and >99% enantiomeric excess (E>200). Crown Copyright
- Hutchins, Lauren M.,Hunter, Luke,Ehya, Noosha,Gibbs, Moreland D.,Bergquist, Peter L.,Hutton, Craig A.
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- Immobilization and characterization of a new regioselective and enantioselective lipase obtained from a metagenomic library
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In previous work, a new lipase and its cognate foldase were identified and isolated from a metagenomic library constructed from soil samples contaminated with fat. This new lipase, called LipG9, is a true lipase that shows specific activities that are comparable to those of well-known industrially-used lipases with high activity against long-chain triglycerides. In the present work, LipG9 was co-expressed and co-immobilized with its foldase, on an inert hydrophobic support (Accurel MP1000). We studied the performance of this immobilized LipG9 (Im-LipG9) in organic media, in order to evaluate its potential for use in biocatalysis. Im-LipG9 showed good stability, maintaining a residual activity of more than 70% at 50°C after incubation in n-heptane (log P 4.0) for 8 h. It was also stable in polar organic solvents such as ethanol (log P -0.23) and acetone (log P -0.31), maintaining more than 80% of its original activity after 8 h incubation at 30°C. The synthesis of ethyl esters was tested with fatty acids of different chain lengths in n-heptane at 30°C. The best conversions (90% in 3 h) were obtained for medium and long chain saturated fatty acids (C8, C14 and C16), with the maximum specific activity, 29 U per gram of immobilized preparation, being obtained with palmitic acid (C16). Im-LipG9 was sn-1,3-specific. In the transesterification of the alcohol (R,S)-1-phenylethanol with vinyl acetate and the hydrolysis of the analogous ester, (R, S)-1-phenylethyl acetate, Im-LipG9 showed excellent enantioselectivity for the R-isomer of both substrates (E> 200), giving an enantiomeric excess (ee) of higher than 95% for the products at 49% conversion. The results obtained in this work provide the basis for the development of applications of LipG9 in biocatalysis.
- Alnoch, Robson Carlos,Martini, Viviane Paula,Glogauer, Arnaldo,Costa, Allen Carolina Dos Santos,Piovan, Leandro,Muller-Santos, Marcelo,De Souza, Emanuel Maltempi,Pedrosa, Fábio De Oliveira,Mitchell, David Alexander,Krieger, Nadia
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- Increase in catalytic activity of Pseudomonas fluorescens lipase upon its coprecipitation with hexadecane-1,2-diol suspension
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A simple method for the noncovalent modification of Pseudomonas fluorescens lipase resulting in an increase in its catalytic activity in aqueous and nonaqueous media was suggested.
- Gorokhova,Ivanov,Zubov
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- Synthesis and application of arylmonophosphinoferrocene ligands: ultrafast asymmetric hydrosilylation of styrene.
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A short and efficient synthetic route to a novel class of atropisomeric and planar chiral 2-aryl-1-diphenylphosphanylferrocene ligands is presented. The modular design of the ligands allows a synthetic approach in which both the aromatic moiety and the phosphino substituent can be varied easily. This permits fine-tuning of steric and electronic properties. The ligands have been tested in the asymmetric hydrosilylation of styrene where enantioselectivities up to 90% are obtained. Optimization of the palladium-to-ligand ratio resulted in hitherto unparalleled turnover frequencies (TOF) exceeding 180 000 h(-1). The absolute stereochemistry of the ligands was determined from an X-ray structure. 2D NMR experiments in combination with ab initio calculations were used to assign the conformation of the atropisomeric biarylic scaffold.
- Pedersen, Henriette Lodberg,Johannsen, Mogens
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- Homo- vs. heterometallic organoaluminum fencholates: Structures and selectivities
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Homo (Al)- and heterometallic (Al, Li)-fencholates and TADDOLates (5-12) yield in methylations of benzaldehyde 1-phenylethanol with up to 90% ee. Surprisingly, the new BISFOL-based (Al, Li)-heterometallic fencholate (11) shows an strong increase and a change of the sense of enantioselectivity from 19% ee (S) to 62% ee (R) in comparison to its (Al)-homometallic fencholate (7). Despite of the presence of nucleophilic methylide groups, the O-BIFOL-based (Al, Li)-heterometallic fencholate (10) yields a stable complex with benzaldehyde, a lithium ion binds the carbonyl group.
- Soki, Francis,Neud?rfl, J?rg-Martin,Goldfuss, Bernd
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- Size-Dependent Enantioselective Adsorption of Racemic Molecules through Homochiral Metal-Organic Frameworks Embedding Helicity
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Homochiral metal-organic frameworks (HMOFs) are efficient materials for enantioselective adsorption. However, the combination of size selectivity and enantioselectivity is still a major challenge in the field of HMOFs. Herein, two enantiomorphic HMOFs built from predesigned proline-derived ligands are presented. Both of them show multiple homochiral features: they contain four different helical chains and three types of helical channels. Due to the size effect of the helical channels, each HMOF can enantioselectively adsorb methyl lactate with high ee. The results reveal a new approach toward size-dependent enantioselective separation of racemic compounds by using HMOFs built from inexpensive proline derivatives.
- Xu, Zhong-Xuan,Fu, Hong-Ru,Wu, Xin,Kang, Yao,Zhang, Jian
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- Enantiocontrolled Reduction of Prochiral Aromatic Ketones with Borane using Diastereoisomeric Secondary Aminoalcohols as Chiral Catalysts
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Exo- and endo-2-hydroxy-3-(1-methyl-2-pyrrolyl)methylaminobornanes were found to be efficient catalysts for enantioselective borane reduction of prochiral aromatic ketones with predictable absolute stereochemistry.
- Tanaka, Kazuhiko,Matsui, Junichi,Suzuki, Hitomi
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- Enantioselective borane reduction of ketones catalyzed by tricyclic 1,3,2-oxazaborolidines
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Two novel tricyclic 1,3,2-oxazaborolidines were synthesized in seven steps from methyl Boc-l-pyroglutamate. They are characterized by an ortho- and peri-fused 5/5/6-ring system with the B-N bond forming one ring junction. In the asymmetric borane reduction of ketones, the B-alkoxy bridged derivative permits excellent enantioselectivities of up to 98% ee and its activity is comparable to that of the standard CBS catalyst. The closely related, B-alkyl bridged derivative is less enantioselective and less active, as determined by competition experiments.
- Kaldun, Johannes,Krimalowski, Alexander,Breuning, Matthias
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- Enantioselective sorption of alcohols in a homochiral metal-organic framework
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Single-crystal X-ray diffraction study reveals the host-guest interactions between a homochiral metal-organic framework and two enantiomers of a chiral alcohol providing the key driving force for the enantioselective sorption of alcohols in the framework.
- Suh, Kyungwon,Yutkin, Maxim P.,Dybtsev, Danil N.,Fedin, Vladimir P.,Kim, Kimoon
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- Enhancement of activity and reusability of lipase immobilized on magnetic mesoporous silica for the resolution of racemic secondary alcohols
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Magnetic mesoporous silica (MMS) composites with an average mesopore size (~2.98 nm), large surface area (404–442 m2/g), and high saturated magnetization (17.7–33.5 emu/g) were successfully prepared by hydrothermal crystallization in the presence of monodisperse Fe3O4 microspheres. The as-synthesized composites served as supports for lipase from Burkholderia cepacia (BCL) immobilization in isooctane via interfacial activation and were then employed as biocatalysts for the transesterification resolution of racemic aromatic secondary alcohols to synthesize chiral intermediates. The catalytic performance of the immobilized BCL (BCL/MMS) was notably improved compared to that of the non-immobilized BCL, with the total conversion and enantiomeric excess reaching 50 and 99% of the maximum theoretical values, respectively. Furthermore, the magnetic BCL/MMS possessing the same textural properties and enzyme loading exhibited decreasing catalytic capability as their saturated magnetization value increased. Moreover, BCL/MMS could also be readily recycled from the reaction system by applying an external magnetic field so as to facilitate its reuse up to five cycles with retaining up to 90% of the initial activity. Its high activity, easy recovery, and excellent operational stability make the BCL/MMS a potential green catalyst for the synthesis of optically active intermediates.
- Xue, Ping,Hu, Chun-Miao,Yan, Xiang-Hui,Fang, Guo-Li,Shen, Hong-Fang
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- Cinchona-Alkaloid-Derived NNP Ligand for Iridium-Catalyzed Asymmetric Hydrogenation of Ketones
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Most ligands applied for asymmetric hydrogenation are synthesized via multistep reactions with expensive chemical reagents. Herein, a series of novel and easily accessed cinchona-alkaloid-based NNP ligands have been developed in two steps. By combining [Ir(COD)Cl]2, 39 ketones including aromatic, heteroaryl, and alkyl ketones have been hydrogenated, all affording valuable chiral alcohols with 96.0-99.9% ee. A plausible reaction mechanism was discussed by NMR, HRMS, and DFT, and an activating model involving trihydride was verified.
- Zhang, Lin,Zhang, Ling,Chen, Qian,Li, Linlin,Jiang, Jian,Sun, Hao,Zhao, Chong,Yang, Yuanyong,Li, Chun
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supporting information
p. 415 - 419
(2022/01/12)
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- Designer Outer Membrane Protein Facilitates Uptake of Decoy Molecules into a Cytochrome P450BM3-Based Whole-Cell Biocatalyst
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We report an OmpF loop deletion mutant, which improves the cellular uptake of external additives into an Escherichia coli whole-cell biocatalyst. Through co-expression of the OmpF mutant with wild-type P450BM3 in the presence of decoy molecules, the yield
- Karasawa, Masayuki,Shoji, Osami,Stanfield, Joshua Kyle,Suzuki, Kazuto,Yonemura, Kai
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supporting information
(2021/12/16)
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- Novel highly efficient absolute optical resolution method by serial combination of two asymmetric reactions from acetylene monomers having racemic substituents
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For general optical resolution, an optical resolution agent is necessary, and the best agent should be selected for each racemic compound. In this study, we will report that a novel optical resolution method by circularly polarized light (CPL) without any
- Aoki, Toshiki,Kaneko, Takashi,Liu, Lijia,Suzuki, Junpei,Tang, Yanan,Teraguchi, Masahiro
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supporting information
p. 450 - 461
(2022/01/15)
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- Discovery and Redesign of a Family VIII Carboxylesterase with High (S)-Selectivity toward Chiral sec-Alcohols
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Highly enantioselective lipase has been widely utilized in the preparation of versatile enantiopure chiral sec-alcohols through kinetic or dynamic kinetic resolution. Lipase is intrinsically (R)-selective, and it is difficult to obtain (S)-selective lipase. Recent crystal structures of a family VIII carboxylesterase have revealed that the spatial array of its catalytic triad is the mirror image of that of lipase but with a catalytic triad that is distinct from lipase. We, therefore, hypothesized that the family VIII carboxylesterase may exhibit (S)-enantioselectivity toward sec-alcohols similar to (S)-selective serine protease, whose catalytic triad is also spatially arrayed as its mirror image. In this study, a homologous enzyme (carboxylesterase from Proteobacteria bacterium SG_bin9, PBE) of a known family VIII carboxylesterase (pdb code: 4IVK) was prepared, which showed not only moderate (S)-selectivity toward sec-alcohols such as 3-butyn-2-ol and 1-phenylethyl alcohol but also (R)-selectivity toward particular sec-alcohols among the substrates explored. Furthermore, the (S)-selectivity of PBE has been significantly improved by rational redesign based on molecular modeling. Molecular modeling identified a binding pocket composed of Ser381, Ala383, and Arg408 for the methyl substituent of (R)-1-phenylethyl acetate and suggested that larger residues may increase the enantioselectivity by interfering with the binding of the slow-reacting enantiomer. As predicted, substituting Ser381with larger residues (Phe, Tyr, and Trp) significantly improved the (S)-selectivity of PBE toward all sec-alcohols explored, even the substrates toward which the wild-type PBE exhibits (R)-selectivity. For instance, the enantioselectivity toward 3-butyn-2-ol and 1-phenylethyl alcohol was improved from E = 5.5 and 36.1 to E = 2001 and 882, respectively, by single mutagenesis (S381F).
- Park, Areum,Park, Seongsoon
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p. 2397 - 2402
(2022/02/17)
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- Epoxide Hydrogenolysis Catalyzed by Ruthenium PNN and PNP Pincer Complexes
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The metal-catalyzed hydrogenolysis of epoxides to give alcohols has advanced rapidly in the past several years, with some catalysts selectively giving linear (anti-Markovnikov) products and other catalysts providing branched (Markovnikov) products. The currently known branched-selective catalyst systems require catalyst loadings of 1% or higher and typically require a strong base additive. We report herein that PNN- and PNP-ruthenium pincer complexes containing N-H functional groups are highly active for branched-selective hydrogenolysis of epoxides. When isopropyl alcohol is used as the solvent, excellent yields of the branched alcohol products are obtained without strongly basic additives, using catalyst loadings as low as 0.03%. Epoxides with a directly attached secondary carbon give a very high (>99:1) selectivity for the branched products. Aryl-substituted epoxides give branched:linear ratios ranging from 2.7 to 19.0. For aryl epoxides, a PNP-Ru catalyst showed a greater preference for the branched product than a PNN-Ru catalyst, and substrates with electron-rich aryl substituents showed a lower preference for the branched product.
- Borden, Olivia J.,Chianese, Anthony R.,Head, Marianna C.,Kelly, Sophie E.,Kirlin, Fallyn L.
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supporting information
p. 1025 - 1033
(2022/04/25)
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- Homogeneous Palladium-Catalyzed Selective Reduction of 2,2′-Biphenols Using HCO 2H as Hydrogen Source
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An efficient homogeneous palladium-catalyzed selective deoxygenation of 2,2′-biphenols by reduction of aryl triflates with HCO 2H as the hydrogen source is reported. This protocol complements the current method based on heterogeneous Pd/C-catalyzed hydrogenation with hydrogen gas. This process provided the reduction products in good to excellent yields, which could be readily converted to various synthetically useful molecules, especially ligands for catalytic synthesis.
- Li, Ruoling,Li, Chenchen,Yang, Wen,Zhao, Wanxiang
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p. 1605 - 1618
(2021/02/01)
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- Lipase from pseudomonas cepacia immobilized into ZIF-8 as bio-catalyst for enantioselective hydrolysis and transesterification
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Enzyme immobilization in MOFs offers retained enzyme integrity and activity, enhanced stability, and reduced leaching. In this work, Pseudomonas cepacia lipase (PCL) was successfully immobilized into the Zeolitic imidazolate framework-8 (ZIF-8) by physical adsorption. The amounts of PCL in the immobilized enzyme (PCL?ZIF-8) was determined to be 16.7 % (200.5 mg PCL/g ZIF-8). Furthermore, the immobilized enzyme was applied as efficient bio-catalyst for enantioselective hydrolysis of 2-phenylpropionic acid (2-PPA) ester enantiomers and enantioselective transesterification of 1-phenylethanol enantiomers. The enzymatic activity of the immobilized enzyme was three times more than that of free PCL in enantioselective hydrolysis system, and the enantiomeric excess was maintained above 99 %. There was no significant difference in enzyme activity between immobilized PCL and free PCL in transesterification system. In addition, the immobilized enzyme showed good reusability in both hydrolysis (30.57 % of initial activity, 4 cycle) and transesterification reaction systems (64.38 % of initial activity, 6 cycle).
- Liu, Yu,Ou, Jian,Tang, Kewen,Xu, Weifeng,Yuan, Xin,Zhang, Panliang
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p. 132 - 140
(2021/01/06)
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- Pickering-Droplet-Derived MOF Microreactors for Continuous-Flow Biocatalysis with Size Selectivity
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Enzymatic microarchitectures with spatially controlled reactivity, engineered molecular sieving ability, favorable interior environment, and industrial productivity show great potential in synthetic protocellular systems and practical biotechnology, but their construction remains a significant challenge. Here, we proposed a Pickering emulsion interface-directed synthesis method to fabricate such a microreactor, in which a robust and defect-free MOF layer was grown around silica emulsifier stabilized droplet surfaces. The compartmentalized interior droplets can provide a biomimetic microenvironment to host free enzymes, while the outer MOF layer secludes active species from the surroundings and endows the microreactor with size-selective permeability. Impressively, the thus-designed enzymatic microreactor exhibited excellent size selectivity and long-term stability, as demonstrated by a 1000 h continuous-flow reaction, while affording completely equal enantioselectivities to the free enzyme counterpart. Moreover, the catalytic efficiency of such enzymatic microreactors was conveniently regulated through engineering of the type or thickness of the outer MOF layer or interior environments for the enzymes, highlighting their superior customized specialties. This study provides new opportunities in designing MOF-based artificial cellular microreactors for practical applications.
- Liang, Linfeng,Shi, Hu,Tian, Danping,Wang, Jun-Hao,Xue, Nan,Yang, Hengquan,Zhang, Xiaoming
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supporting information
p. 16641 - 16652
(2021/10/20)
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- Tridentate nitrogen phosphine ligand containing arylamine NH as well as preparation method and application thereof
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The invention discloses a tridentate nitrogen phosphine ligand containing arylamine NH as well as a preparation method and application thereof, and belongs to the technical field of organic synthesis. The tridentate nitrogen phosphine ligand disclosed by the invention is the first case of tridentate nitrogen phosphine ligand containing not only a quinoline amine structure but also chiral ferrocene at present, a noble metal complex of the type of ligand shows good selectivity and extremely high catalytic activity in an asymmetric hydrogenation reaction, meanwhile, a cheap metal complex of the ligand can also show good selectivity and catalytic activity in the asymmetric hydrogenation reaction, and is very easy to modify in the aspects of electronic effect and space structure, so that the ligand has huge potential application value. A catalyst formed by the ligand and a transition metal complex can be used for catalyzing various reactions, can be used for synthesizing various drugs, and has important industrial application value.
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Paragraph 0095-0102; 0105-0109
(2021/06/26)
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- Enantioselective oxidation of secondary alcohols by the flavoprotein alcohol oxidase from Phanerochaete chrysosporium
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The enantioselective oxidation of secondary alcohols represents a valuable approach for the synthesis of optically pure compounds. Flavoprotein oxidases can catalyse such selective transformations by merely using oxygen as electron acceptor. While many flavoprotein oxidases preferably act on primary alcohols, the FAD-containing alcohol oxidase from Phanerochaete chrysosporium was found to be able to perform kinetic resolutions of several secondary alcohols. By selective oxidation of the (S)-alcohols, the (R)-alcohols were obtained in high enantiopurity. In silico docking studies were carried out in order to substantiate the observed (S)-selectivity. Several hydrophobic and aromatic residues in the substrate binding site create a cavity in which the substrates can comfortably undergo van der Waals and pi-stacking interactions. Consequently, oxidation of the secondary alcohols is restricted to one of the two enantiomers. This study has uncovered the ability of an FAD-containing alcohol oxidase, that is known for oxidizing small primary alcohols, to perform enantioselective oxidations of various secondary alcohols.
- Tjallinks, Gwen,Martin, Caterina,Fraaije, Marco W.
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- Chiral Yolk-Shell MOF as an Efficient Nanoreactor for Asymmetric Catalysis in Organic-Aqueous Two-Phase System
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It remains a great challenge to introduce large and efficient homogeneous asymmetric catalysts into MOFs and other microporous materials as well as retain their degrees of freedom. Herein, a new heterogeneous strategy of homogeneous chiral catalysts is proposed, that is, to construct a yolk-shell MOFs-confined, large-size, and highly efficient homogeneous chiral catalyst, which can be used as a nanoreactor for asymmetric catalytic reactions.
- Shi, Shunli,Zhong, Yicheng,Hu, Zhuo,Wang, Lei,Yuan, Mingwei,Ding, Shunmin,Wang, Shuhua,Chen, Chao
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supporting information
p. 12714 - 12718
(2021/09/11)
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- Chitosan as a chiral ligand and organocatalyst: Preparation conditions-property-catalytic performance relationships
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Chitosan is an abundant and renewable chirality source of natural origin. The effect of the preparation conditions by alkaline hydrolysis of chitin on the properties of chitosan was studied. The materials obtained were used as ligands in the ruthenium-catalysed asymmetric transfer hydrogenation of aromatic prochiral ketones and oxidative kinetic resolution of benzylic alcohols as well as organocatalysts in the Michael addition of isobutyraldehyde to N-substituted maleimides. The degrees of deacetylation of the prepared materials were determined by 1H NMR, FT-IR and UV-vis spectroscopy, the molecular weights by viscosity measurements, their crystallinity by WAXRD, and their morphology by SEM and TEM investigations. The materials were also characterized by Raman spectroscopy. The biopolymers which have molecular weights in a narrow (200-230 kDa) range and appropriate (80-95%) degrees of deacetylation were the most efficient ligands in the enantioselective transfer hydrogenation, whereas in the oxidative kinetic resolution the activity of the complexes and the stereoselectivity increased with the degree of deacetylation. The chirality of the chitosan was sufficient to obtain enantioselection in the Michael addition of isobutyraldehyde to maleimides in the aqueous phase. Interestingly, the biopolymer afforded the opposite enantiomer in excess compared to the monomer, d-glucosamine. In this reaction, good correlation between the degree of deacetylation and the catalytic activity was found. These results are novel steps in the application of this natural, biocompatible and biodegradable polymer in developing environmentally benign methods for the production of optically pure fine chemicals.
- Kolcsár, Vanessza Judit,Sz?ll?si, Gy?rgy
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p. 7652 - 7666
(2021/12/13)
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- A NEW TEMPLATE of MITSUNOBU ACYLATE CLEAVABLE in NONALKALINE CONDITIONS
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The Mitsunobu inversion is one of the reliable methods for stereospecific substitution of chiral alcohols, but its deacylation step has limited the substrate scope. Here, we propose a new template of the Mitsunobu acylate that can be deacylated in non-alkaline treatments. The 3,4-dihydroxy-2-methylenebutanoate was selected as a template structure, and its acetonide- or bisTBS derivatives were synthesized. The latter especially showed excellent inversion efficiency (up to >99% ee) and good elimination performance for a series of secondary alcohols in near-neutral conditions. The results demonstrated the applicability of the new template for the substrates labile in alkaline conditions, such as a-hydroxyesters.
- Sai, Yusuke,Sakakibara, Yoshimichi,Shigetomi, Kengo,Ubukata, Makoto,Uraki, Yasumitsu
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p. 140 - 158
(2022/01/08)
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- Two Approaches for CAL-B-Catalyzed Enantioselective Deacylation of a Set of α-Phenyl Ethyl Esters: Organic Solvent with Sodium Carbonate and Micro-aqueous Medium
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Herein, we report an efficient enantioselective cleavage of the acyl- moiety of a set of α- phenyl ethyl esters with different chain-lengths catalyzed by lipase B from Candida antarctica (CAL-B) by comparing two reactional approaches: anhydrous media with sodium carbonates and micro-aqueous medium. The deacylation is performed in organic solvent, in the presence of Na2CO3 in the first case, and by addition of a drop of phosphate buffer solution pH 7 in the second. The results show the high efficiency of the deacylation in the presence of the sodium carbonate for the enzymatic resolution of all the esters and that in term of reactivity (31% ≤ conv ≤ 50%) and selectivity (E > 200). While, during the hydrolysis in micro-aqueous media, the conversion is strongly affected by the length of the acyl-chain side, the conversion decreases from conv = 50% with the 1-phenylethyl acetate 1a to conv = 19% with 1-phenyethyl dodecanoate 6a, and this, even if the selectivity remains high (E > 89). In both conditions, the lipase CAL-B shows a high enantioselectivities in favor of (R)-1-phenyl ethanol enantiomer (conv > 45%, E > 200) but the reactivity is modulated by the form and the size of the acyl-chain side. Graphic Abstract: [Figure not available: see fulltext.].
- Razi, Samra,Zeror, Saoussen,Merabet-Khelassi, Mounia,Kolodziej, Emilie,Toffano, Martial,Aribi-Zouioueche, Louisa
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p. 2603 - 2611
(2021/01/15)
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- Phase Separation-Promoted Redox Deracemization of Secondary Alcohols over a Supported Dual Catalysts System
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Unification of oxidation and reduction in a one-pot deracemization process has great significance in the preparation of enantioenriched organic molecules. However, the intrinsic mutual deactivation of oxidative and reductive catalysts and the extrinsic incompatible reaction conditions are unavoidable challenges in a single operation. To address these two issues, we develop a supported dual catalysts system to overcome these conflicts from incompatibility to compatibility, resulting in an efficient one-pot redox deracemization of secondary alcohols. During this transformation, the TEMPO species onto the outer surface of silica nanoparticles catalyze the oxidation of racemic alcohols to ketones, and the chiral Rh/diamine species in the nanochannels of the thermoresponsive polymer-coated hollow-shell mesoporous silica enable the asymmetric transfer hydrogenation (ATH) of ketones to chiral alcohols. To demonstrate the general feasibility, a series of orthogonal oxidation/ATH cascade reactions are compared to prove the compatible benefits in the elimination of their deactivations and the balance of the cascade directionality. As presented in this study, this redox deracemization process provides various chiral alcohols with enhanced yields and enantioselectivities relative to those from unsupported dual catalysts systems. Furthermore, the dual catalysts can be recycled continuously, making them an attractive feature in the application.
- Zhao, Zhitong,Wang, Chengyi,Chen, Qipeng,Wang, Yu,Xiao, Rui,Tan, Chunxia,Liu, Guohua
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p. 4055 - 4063
(2021/08/12)
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- Visible-Light-Driven Catalytic Deracemization of Secondary Alcohols
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Deracemization of racemic chiral compounds is an attractive approach in asymmetric synthesis, but its development has been hindered by energetic and kinetic challenges. Here we describe a catalytic deracemization method for secondary benzylic alcohols which are important synthetic intermediates and end products for many industries. Driven by visible light only, this method is based on sequential photochemical dehydrogenation followed by enantioselective thermal hydrogenation. The combination of a heterogeneous dehydrogenation photocatalyst and a chiral molecular hydrogenation catalyst is essential to ensure two distinct pathways for the forward and reverse reactions. These reactions convert a large number of racemic aryl alkyl alcohols into their enantiomerically enriched forms in good yields and enantioselectivities.
- Hu, Xile,Zhang, Zhikun
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supporting information
p. 22833 - 22838
(2021/09/09)
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- To Rebound or...Rebound? Evidence for the "alternative Rebound" mechanism in Ca'H Oxidations by the systems nonheme Mn Complex/H2O2/carboxylic acid
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In this work, it has been shown that aliphatic Ca'H oxidations by bioinspired catalyst systems Mn aminopyridine complex/H2O2/carboxylic acid in acetonitrile afford predominantly a mixture of the corresponding alcohol and the ester. The alcohol/ester ratio is higher for catalysts bearing electron-donating groups at the aminopyridine core. Isotopic labeling studies witness that the oxygen atom of the alcohol originates from the H2O2molecule, while the ester oxygen comes exclusively from the acid. Oxidation of ethylbenzene in the presence of acetic acid affords enantiomerically enriched 1-phenylethanol and 1-phenyl acetate, with close enantioselectivities and the same sign of absolute chirality. Experimental data and density functional theory calculations provide evidence in favor of the rate-limiting benzylic H atom abstraction by the high-spin (S = 1) [LMnV(O)OAc]2+active species followed by competitive OH/OC(O)R rebound. This mechanism has been unprecedented for Ca'H oxidations catalyzed by bioinspired Mn complexes. The trends governing the alcohol/ester ratios have been rationalized in terms of steric properties of the catalyst, acid, and substrate. copy; 2021 American Chemical Society.
- Ottenbacher, Roman V.,Bryliakova, Anna A.,Shashkov, Mikhail V.,Talsi, Evgenii P.,Bryliakov, Konstantin P.
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p. 5517 - 5524
(2021/05/31)
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- Exploration of highly electron-rich manganese complexes in enantioselective oxidation catalysis; A focus on enantioselective benzylic oxidation
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The direct enantioselective hydroxylation of benzylic C-H bonds to form chiral benzylic alcohols represents a challenging transformation. Herein, we report on the exploration of new biologically inspired manganese and iron complexes bearing highly electron-rich aminopyridine ligands containing 4-pyrrolidinopyridine moieties ((S,S)-1, (R,R)-1, 2 and 5) in combination with chiral bis-pyrrolidine and N,N-cyclohexanediamine backbones in enantioselective oxidation catalysis with aqueous H2O2. The current manganese complexes outperform the analogous manganese complexes containing 4-dimethylaminopyridine moieties (3 and 4) in benzylic oxidation reactions in terms of alcohol yield while keeping similar ee values (~60% ee), which is attributed to the higher basicity of the 4-pyrrolidinopyridine group. A detailed investigation of different carboxylic acid additives in enantioselective benzylic oxidation provides new insights into how to rationally enhance enantioselectivities by means of proper tuning of the environment around the catalytic active site, and has resulted in the selection of Boc-l-Tert-leucine as the preferred additive. Using these optimized conditions, manganese complex 2 was shown to be effective in the enantioselective benzylic oxidation of a series of arylalkane substrates with up to 50% alcohol yield and 62% product ee. A final set of experiments also highlights the use of the new 4-pyrrolidinopyridine-based complexes in the asymmetric epoxidation of olefins (up to 98% epoxide yield and >99% ee).
- Klein Gebbink, Robertus J. M.,Li, Fanshi,Lutz, Martin,Masferrer-Rius, Eduard
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p. 7751 - 7763
(2021/12/13)
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- Structural and Biochemical Studies Enlighten the Unspecific Peroxygenase from Hypoxylon sp. EC38 as an Efficient Oxidative Biocatalyst
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Unspecific peroxygenases (UPOs) are glycosylated fungal enzymes that can selectively oxidize C-H bonds. UPOs employ hydrogen peroxide as the oxygen donor and reductant. With such an easy-to-handle cosubstrate and without the need for a reducing agent, UPOs are emerging as convenient oxidative biocatalysts. Here, an unspecific peroxygenase from Hypoxylon sp. EC38 (HspUPO) was identified in an activity-based screen of six putative peroxygenase enzymes that were heterologously expressed in Pichia pastoris. The enzyme was found to tolerate selected organic solvents such as acetonitrile and acetone. HspUPO is a versatile catalyst performing various reactions, such as the oxidation of prim- and sec-alcohols, epoxidations, and hydroxylations. Semipreparative biotransformations were demonstrated for the nonenantioselective oxidation of racemic 1-phenylethanol rac-1b (TON = 13 000), giving the product with 88% isolated yield, and the oxidation of indole 6a to give indigo 6b (TON = 2800) with 98% isolated yield. HspUPO features a compact and rigid three-dimensional conformation that wraps around the heme and defines a funnel-shaped tunnel that leads to the heme iron from the protein surface. The tunnel extends along a distance of about 12 ? with a fairly constant diameter in its innermost segment. Its surface comprises both hydrophobic and hydrophilic groups for dealing with substrates of variable polarities. The structural investigation of several protein-ligand complexes revealed that the active site of HspUPO is accessible to molecules of varying bulkiness with minimal or no conformational changes, explaining the relatively broad substrate scope of the enzyme. With its convenient expression system, robust operational properties, relatively small size, well-defined structural features, and diverse reaction scope, HspUPO is an exploitable candidate for peroxygenase-based biocatalysis.
- Ebner, Katharina,Glieder, Anton,Kroutil, Wolfgang,Mattevi, Andrea,Rinnofner, Claudia,Rotilio, Laura,Swoboda, Alexander
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p. 11511 - 11525
(2021/09/22)
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- Comparison of nonheme manganese‐ and iron‐containing flavone synthase mimics
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Heme and nonheme‐type flavone synthase enzymes, FS I and FS II are responsible for the synthesis of flavones, which play an important role in various biological processes, and have a wide range of biomedicinal properties including antitumor, antimalarial, and antioxidant activities. To get more insight into the mechanism of this curious enzyme reaction, nonheme structural and functional models were carried out by the use of mononuclear iron, [FeII(CDA‐BPA*)]2+ (6) [CDA‐BPA = N,N,N’,N’‐tetrakis‐(2‐pyridylmethyl)‐cyclohexanediamine], [FeII(CDA‐BQA*)]2+ (5) [CDA‐BQA = N,N,N’,N’‐tetrakis‐(2‐quinolilmethyl)‐cyclohexanediamine], [FeII(Bn‐TPEN)(CH3CN)]2+ (3) [Bn‐ TPEN = N‐benzyl‐N,N’,N’‐tris(2‐pyridylmethyl)‐1,2‐ diaminoethane], [FeIV(O)(Bn‐TPEN)]2+ (9), and manganese, [MnII(N4Py*)(CH3CN)]2+ (2) [N4Py* = N,N‐bis(2‐pyridylmethyl)‐1,2‐di(2‐pyridyl)ethyl-amine)], [MnII(Bn‐TPEN)(CH3CN)]2+ (4) complexes as catalysts, where the possible reactive inter-mediates, high‐valent FeIV(O) and MnIV(O) are known and well characterised. The results of the catalytic and stoichiometric reactions showed that the ligand framework and the nature of the metal cofactor significantly influenced the reactivity of the catalyst and its intermediate. Comparing the reactions of [FeIV(O)(Bn‐TPEN)]2+ (9) and [MnIV(O)(Bn‐TPEN)]2+ (10) towards flavanone under the same conditions, a 3.5‐fold difference in reaction rate was observed in favor of iron, and this value is three orders of magnitude higher than was observed for the previously published [FeIV(O)(N2Py2Q*)]2+ [N,N‐bis(2‐quinolylmethyl)‐1,2‐di(2‐pyridyl)ethylamine] species.
- Juraj, Natalija Pantalon,Kaizer, József,Kirin, Sre?ko I.,Lakk‐bogáth, Dóra,Meena, Bashdar I.,Peri?, Berislav
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- Dynamic Kinetic Resolution of Alcohols by Enantioselective Silylation Enabled by Two Orthogonal Transition-Metal Catalysts
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A nonenzymatic dynamic kinetic resolution of acyclic and cyclic benzylic alcohols is reported. The approach merges rapid transition-metal-catalyzed alcohol racemization and enantioselective Cu-H-catalyzed dehydrogenative Si-O coupling of alcohols and hydrosilanes. The catalytic processes are orthogonal, and the racemization catalyst does not promote any background reactions such as the racemization of the silyl ether and its unselective formation. Often-used ruthenium half-sandwich complexes are not suitable but a bifunctional ruthenium pincer complex perfectly fulfills this purpose. By this, enantioselective silylation of racemic alcohol mixtures is achieved in high yields and with good levels of enantioselection.
- Oestreich, Martin,Seliger, Jan
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p. 247 - 251
(2020/10/29)
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- C3 The symmetry contains a chiral ligand H3L of an amide bond. Preparation method and application
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The invention discloses C. 3 Chiral ligand H with symmetric amide bond3 L Relates to the technical field of material chemistry and chiral chemistry. The invention further provides the chiral ligand H. 3 L Preparation method and application thereof. The present invention has the advantage that the chiral ligand H of the present invention is a chiral ligand. 3 The L has a higher C. 3 The symmetric and flexible amide group enables coordination of the lanthanide metal ions with high coordination number and high oxygen affinity to be assembled into a novel structure-structure lanthanide metal chiral porous coordination cage. Moreover, the abundant chiral amide groups and amino acid residues on the ligand framework can be directly introduced into the synthesized lanthanide metal chiral porous coordination cage, thereby being beneficial to generating multiple chiral recognition sites and unique chiral microenvironments which mimic the biological enzyme binding pocket and further realize the purpose of high enantioselectivity separation of a series of chiral small molecule compounds.
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Paragraph 0092-0099
(2021/09/08)
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- Homochiral Dodecanuclear Lanthanide "cage in Cage" for Enantioselective Separation
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It is extremely difficult to anticipate the structure and the stereochemistry of a complex, particularly when the ligand is flexible and the metal node adopts diverse coordination numbers. When trivalent lanthanides (LnIII) and enantiopure amino acid ligands are utilized as building blocks, self-assembly sometimes yields rare chiral polynuclear structures. In this study, an enantiopure carboxyl-functionalized amino acid-based ligand with C3 symmetry reacts with lanthanum cations to give a homochiral porous coordination cage, (Δ/λ)12-PCC-57. The dodecanuclear lanthanide cage has an unprecedented octahedral "cage-in-cage"framework. During the self-assembly, the chirality is transferred from the enantiopure ligand and fixed by the binuclear lanthanide cluster to give 12 metal centers that have either Δor λ homochiral stereochemistry. The cage exhibits excellent enantioselective separation of racemic alcohols, 2,3-dihydroquinazolinones, and multiple commercially available drugs. This finding exhibits a rare example of a multinuclear lanthanide complex with a dual-walled topology and homochirality. The highly ordered self-assembly and self-sorting of flexible amino acids and lanthanides shed light on the chiral transformation between different complicated artificial systems that mimic natural enzymes.
- Zhu, Chengfeng,Tang, Haitong,Yang, Keke,Fang, Yu,Wang, Kun-Yu,Xiao, Zhifeng,Wu, Xiang,Li, Yougui,Powell, Joshua A.,Zhou, Hong-Cai
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supporting information
p. 12560 - 12566
(2021/08/23)
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- Enantioselective resolution of (±)-1-phenylethyl acetate using the immobilized extracellular proteases from deep-sea Bacillus sp. DL-1
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Bacillus sp. DL-1 was isolated from the deep sea of the Western Pacific Ocean and behaved very good resistance to NaCl. The extracellular proteases of Bacillus sp. DL-1 were found to exhibit excellent enantioselectivity for the kinetic resolution of (±)-1-phenylethyl acetate. To improve the stability of the enzyme, the immobilized extracellular proteases were preparated by using 60 g kieselguhr and 1-L crude fermentation broth containing extracellular proteases of Bacillus sp. DL-1, shaking at 25 °C, 200 r/min for 10 h. Every gram of kieselguhr adsorbed 25.7 mg extracellular protease and the enzymatic activity recovery was 79.86%. The immobilized proteases preserved about 35.8% of its activity after 6 repeated uses, which were also used as biocatalyst to asymmetrically hydrolyse (±)-1-phenylethyl acetate for the preparation of (R)-1-phenylethanol and (S)-1-phenylethyl acetate with high optical purities. The effects of pH, temperature, enzyme concentration, substrate concentration, reaction time and additives (metal ions/surfactants) on the resolution were investigated by single factor experiments. Under the optimal reaction conditions (10 mM (±)-1-phenylethyl acetate, 40 mg/mL immobilized extracellular proteases, pH 7.5 (Tris-HCl), 5% (v/v) methanol and 45 °C for 2 h), (R)-1-phenylethanol was generated with the e.e.p being > 97%, and the yield being 53%, respectively. Analogously, under the optimal reaction conditions (10-mM (±)-1-phenylethyl acetate, 360 mg/mL immobilized extracellular proteases, pH 6.0 (PB), 5% (v/v) DMSO and 35 °C for 1.5 h), (S)-1-phenylethyl acetate was generated with the e.e.s being over 99% and the yield being 79%, respectively. Compared with the extracellular proteases from Bacillus sp. DL-2, the immobilized extracellular proteases from Bacillus sp. DL-1 exhibited higher hydrolytic activity and could asymmetrically hydrolyse (±)-1-phenylethyl acetate by using higher substrate concentrations, shorter reaction times to obtain higher yields. Notably, the extracellular proteases of Bacillus sp. DL-1 were demonstrated to behave the same enantio-preference as those of most other reported esterases/lipases. Proteases from deep-sea Bacillus sp. DL-1 are promising biocatalysts for the synthesis of valuable chiral chemicals.
- Dong, Lu,Qi, Shujuan,Jia, Jianwei,Zhang, Yun,Hu, Yunfeng
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- PQXdpap: Helical Poly(quinoxaline-2,3-diyl)s Bearing 4-(Dipropylamino)pyridin-3-yl Pendants as Chirality-Switchable Nucleophilic Catalysts for the Kinetic Resolution of Secondary Alcohols
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Helically chiral poly(quinoxaline-2,3-diyl)s bearing 4-(dipropylamino)pyridin-3-yl pendants at the 5-position of the quinoxaline ring (PQXdpap) exhibited high catalytic activities and moderate to high selectivities (up to s = 87) in the acylative kinetic resolution of secondary alcohols. The solvent-dependent helical chirality switching of PQXdpap between pure toluene and a 1:1 mixture of toluene and 1,1,2-trichloroethane enabled the preparation of either compound of a pair of enantiomerically pure alcohols (>99% ee) from a single catalyst.
- Murakami, Ryo,Suginome, Michinori,Yamamoto, Takeshi
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supporting information
p. 8711 - 8716
(2021/11/24)
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- Synthesis, characterization and catalytic performance in enantioselective reactions by mesoporous silica materials functionalized with chiral thiourea-amine ligand
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Chiral heterogeneous catalysts have been synthesized by grafting of silyl derivatives of (1R, 2R)- or (1S, 2S)-1,2-diphenylethane-1,2-diamine on SBA-15 mesoporous support. The mesoporous material SBA-15 and so-prepared chiral heterogeneous catalysts were characterized by a combination of different techniques such as X-ray diffractometry (XRD), Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), and Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) surface area. Results showed that (1R, 2R)- and (1S, 2S)-1,2-diphenylethane-1,2-diamine were successively immobilized on SBA-15 mesoporous support. Chiral heterogeneous catalysts and their homogenous counterparts were tested in enantioselective transfer hydrogenation of aromatic ketones and enantioselective Michael addition of acetylacetone to β-nitroolefin derivatives. The catalysts demonstrated notably high catalytic conversions (up to 99%) with moderate enantiomeric excess (up to 30% ee) for the heterogeneous enantioselective transfer hydrogenation. The catalytic performances for enantioselective Michael reaction showed excellent activities (up to 99%) with poor enantioselectivities. Particularly, the chiral heterogeneous catalysts could be readily recycled for Michael reaction and reused in three consecutive catalytic experiments with no loss of catalytic efficacies.
- G?k, Ya?ar,G?k, Halil Zeki
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p. 853 - 874
(2020/11/10)
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- PNO ligand containing planar chiral ferrocene and axial chiral diphenol and application thereof
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The invention discloses a PNO ligand containing planar chiral ferrocene and axially chiral diphenol and application of the PNO ligand. The PNO ligand containing planar chiral ferrocene and axially chiral diphenol is shown in any one of general formulas (I)-(IV). Or a PNO ligand containing planar chiral ferrocene and axial chiral diphenol as shown in any one of general formulas (V)-(VIII); compared with a previously reported tridentate ligand, the PNO ligand containing the planar chiral ferrocene and the axial chiral diphenol not only has good stability and easiness in synthesis, but also has planar chirality and axial chirality and has a good chiral environment, so that not only is excellent selectivity to a substrate ensured, but also the catalytic activity of a catalyst and the application range of the substrate are further improved. The chiral raw materials used in the invention are commercial bulk products, and the ligand synthesis route is simpler, so that large-scale production can be well carried out, and the method has a huge commercial application prospect.
- -
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Paragraph 0094-0095; 0132-0133; 0138-0139
(2021/06/23)
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- Chiral salen - Ni (II) based spherical porous silica as platform for asymmetric transfer hydrogenation reaction and synthesis of potent drug intermediate montekulast
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Heterogeneous catalyst has an edge over homogeneous systems in terms of recyclability, activity, stability and recovery. Silica has evolved as a good support material in heterogeneous systems due to its stability and ability to get modified as per the end application. Herein, we report a novel chiral Ni-Schiff base derived catalyst and its immobilization into mesoporous silica which was synthesized by post-grafting process. The chiral catalyst demonstrated remarkably high catalytic activity, enantioselectivity (up to 99 % enantiomers excess) for heterogeneous asymmetric transfer hydrogenation of various ketones. The developed catalyst was characterized by Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy (UV–vis), Fourier-Transform Infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), X-ray Powder Diffraction (XRD), Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET isotherm), Scanning Electron Microscopy – Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (SEM-EDX), High Resolution – Transmission Electron Microscopy (HR-TEM), Vibrating Sample Magnetometer (VSM), X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) and elemental analysis. The catalyst could be recovered and reused for multiple consecutive runs without losing the enantioselectivity. The chiral catalyst was used in asymmetric transfer hydrogenation reaction for synthesizing enantiomerically pure drug intermediate Montekulast.
- Shukla, Meenakshi,Barick,Salunke,Chandra, Sudeshna
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- Mechanochemical, Water-Assisted Asymmetric Transfer Hydrogenation of Ketones Using Ruthenium Catalyst
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Asymmetric catalytic reactions are among the most convenient and environmentally benign methods to obtain optically pure compounds. The aim of this study was to develop a green system for the asymmetric transfer hydrogenation of ketones, applying chiral Ru catalyst in aqueous media and mechanochemical energy transmission. Using a ball mill we have optimized the milling parameters in the transfer hydrogenation of acetophenone followed by reduction of various substituted derivatives. The scope of the method was extended to carbo- and heterocyclic ketones. The scale-up of the developed system was successful, the optically enriched alcohols could be obtained in high yields. The developed mechanochemical system provides TOFs up to 168 h?1. Our present study is the first in which mechanochemically activated enantioselective transfer hydrogenations were carried out, thus, may be a useful guide for the practical synthesis of optically pure chiral secondary alcohols.
- Kolcsár, Vanessza Judit,Sz?ll?si, Gy?rgy
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- One-Pot Chemoenzymatic Conversion of Alkynes to Chiral Amines
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A one-pot chemoenzymatic sequential cascade for the synthesis of chiral amines from alkynes was developed. In this integrated approach, just ppm amounts of gold catalysts enabled the conversion of alkynes to ketones (>99%) after which a transaminase was used to catalyze the production of biologically valuable chiral amines in a good yield (up to 99%) and enantiomeric excess (>99%). A preparative scale synthesis of (S)-methylbenzylamine and (S)-4-methoxy-methylbenzylamine from its alkyne form gave a yield of 59 and 92%, respectively, withee> 99%.
- Mathew, Sam,Renn, Dominik,Rueping, Magnus,Sagadevan, Arunachalam
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p. 12565 - 12569
(2021/10/21)
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- Cu-catalyzed cross-coupling of benzylboronic esters and epoxides
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A reaction between epoxides and benzylboronic acid pinacol esters is described. CuI was found to be an effective catalyst of this transformation upon activation of the benzylboronic ester with an alkyllithium reagent. The reaction was very efficient and a variety of substituted epoxides were found to be good substrates with good regioselectivity for substitution at the less substituted side of the epoxide. A reaction using an enantioenriched secondary benzylboronic ester was found to not be stereospecific.
- Gierszal, Sophia G.,Barker, Timothy J.
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- Catalytic α-Deracemization of Ketones Enabled by Photoredox Deprotonation and Enantioselective Protonation
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This study reports the catalytic deracemization of ketones bearing stereocenters in the α-position in a single reaction via deprotonation, followed by enantioselective protonation. The principle of microscopic reversibility, which has previously rendered this strategy elusive, is overcome by a photoredox deprotonation through single electron transfer and subsequent hydrogen atom transfer (HAT). Specifically, the irradiation of racemic pyridylketones in the presence of a single photocatalyst and a tertiary amine provides nonracemic carbonyl compounds with up to 97% enantiomeric excess. The photocatalyst harvests the visible light, induces the redox process, and is responsible for the asymmetric induction, while the amine serves as a single electron donor, HAT reagent, and proton source. This conceptually simple light-driven strategy of coupling a photoredox deprotonation with a stereocontrolled protonation, in conjunction with an enrichment process, serves as a blueprint for other deracemizations of ubiquitous carbonyl compounds.
- Chen, Shuming,Gao, Anthony Z.,Ivlev, Sergei I.,Meggers, Eric,Nie, Xin,Ye, Chen-Xi,Zhang, Chenhao
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supporting information
p. 13393 - 13400
(2021/09/03)
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- Polydopamine-Encapsulated Dendritic Organosilica Nanoparticles as Amphiphilic Platforms for Highly Efficient Heterogeneous Catalysis in Water
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Aqueous heterogeneous catalysis is a green, sustainable catalytic process that attracts increasing attention, but it often suffers from poor mass transfer, substrate adsorption and catalyst dispersion. Herein, we synthesized a type of amphiphilic core-shell catalysts with a hydrophilic polydopamine (PDA) shell and a hydrophobic dendritic organosilica nanoparticle (DON) core for heterogeneous catalysis in water. The hydrophilic shell allowed the catalyst dispersing well in water, and the hydrophobic core facilitated the absorption of organic reactants. The hierarchical core-shell structure facilitated rational arrangement of the location of catalytic species to match the reaction sequence. The obtained metal, enzyme and metal-enzyme amphiphilic catalysts demonstrated improved stability, selectivity and activity in aqueous reactions, including Pd-catalyzed cross-couplings (Suzuki, Liebeskind-Srogl, Heck and Sonogashira), enzymatic enantioselective reduction, chemoenzymatic cascade synthesis of chiral compounds and chemoenzymatic cascade degradation of organophosphates. The amphiphilic catalysts could be easily in situ recovered, and their high catalytic performance was sustained for five cycles.
- Gao, Jing,Guo, Na,Jiang, Yanjun,Liu, Guanhua,Liu, Pengbo,Liu, Yunting,Wang, Zihan,Zhang, Lei
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p. 1975 - 1982
(2021/06/09)
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- Chemo-bio catalysis using carbon supports: application in H2-driven cofactor recycling
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Heterogeneous biocatalytic hydrogenation is an attractive strategy for clean, enantioselective CX reduction. This approach relies on enzymes powered by H2-driven NADH recycling. Commercially available carbon-supported metal (metal/C) catalysts are investigated here for direct H2-driven NAD+reduction. Selected metal/C catalysts are then used for H2oxidation with electrons transferredviathe conductive carbon support material to an adsorbed enzyme for NAD+reduction. These chemo-bio catalysts show improved activity and selectivity for generating bioactive NADH under ambient reaction conditions compared to metal/C catalysts. The metal/C catalysts and carbon support materials (all activated carbon or carbon black) are characterised to probe which properties potentially influence catalyst activity. The optimised chemo-bio catalysts are then used to supply NADH to an alcohol dehydrogenase for enantioselective (>99% ee) ketone reductions, leading to high cofactor turnover numbers and Pd and NAD+reductase activities of 441 h?1and 2347 h?1, respectively. This method demonstrates a new way of combining chemo- and biocatalysis on carbon supports, highlighted here for selective hydrogenation reactions.
- Cleary, Sarah E.,Grobert, Nicole,Reeve, Holly A.,Vincent, Kylie A.,Zhao, Xu,Zor, Ceren
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p. 8105 - 8114
(2021/06/22)
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- Aliphatic C–H hydroxylation activity and durability of a nickel complex catalyst according to the molecular structure of the bis(oxazoline) ligands
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Applicability of the oxazoline-based compounds, bis(2-oxazolynyl)methane (BOX) and 2,6-bis(2-oxazolynyl)pyridine (PyBOX), as supporting ligands of nickel(II) complexes for the catalysis of aliphatic C–H hydroxylation with m-CPBA (meta-chloroperoxybenzoic acid) was explored. Substituent groups at the fourth and fifth positions of oxazoline rings and the bridgehead carbon atom of the BOX derivatives affected the catalytic performances toward cyclohexane hydroxylation. Presence of dioxygen led to a reduced catalytic performance of the nickel complexes, except in the case of a fully substituted BOX ligand complex.
- Hikichi, Shiro,Izumi, Takashi,Matsuba, Naki,Nakazawa, Jun
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- Amino Acid-Functionalized Metal-Organic Frameworks for Asymmetric Base–Metal Catalysis
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We report a strategy to develop heterogeneous single-site enantioselective catalysts based on naturally occurring amino acids and earth-abundant metals for eco-friendly asymmetric catalysis. The grafting of amino acids within the pores of a metal-organic framework (MOF), followed by post-synthetic metalation with iron precursor, affords highly active and enantioselective (>99 % ee for 10 examples) catalysts for hydrosilylation and hydroboration of carbonyl compounds. Impressively, the MOF-Fe catalyst displayed high turnover numbers of up to 10 000 and was recycled and reused more than 15 times without diminishing the enantioselectivity. MOF-Fe displayed much higher activity and enantioselectivity than its homogeneous control catalyst, likely due to the formation of robust single-site catalyst in the MOF through site-isolation.
- Newar, Rajashree,Akhtar, Naved,Antil, Neha,Kumar, Ajay,Shukla, Sakshi,Begum, Wahida,Manna, Kuntal
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supporting information
p. 10964 - 10970
(2021/03/29)
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- Ring-Opening Lithiation–Borylation of 2-Trifluoromethyl Oxirane: A Route to Versatile Tertiary Trifluoromethyl Boronic Esters
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Stereogenic trifluoromethyl-substituted carbon centers are highly sought-after moieties in pharmaceutical and agrochemical discovery. Here, we show that lithiation–borylation reactions of 2-trifluoromethyl oxirane give densely functionalized and highly versatile trifluoromethyl-substituted α-tertiary boronic esters. The intermediate boronate complexes undergo the desired 1,2-rearrangement of the carbon-based group with complete retentive stereospecificity, a process that was only observed in non-polar solvents in the presence of TESOTf. Although the trifluoromethyl group adversely affects subsequent transformations of the α-boryl group, Zweifel olefinations provide trifluoromethyl-bearing quaternary stereocenters substituted with alkenes, alkynes and ketones.
- Nandakumar, Meganathan,Rubial, Belén,Noble, Adam,Myers, Eddie L.,Aggarwal, Varinder K.
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supporting information
p. 1187 - 1191
(2019/12/15)
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- Pseudo-enantiomeric carbohydrate-based N-heterocyclic carbenes as promising chiral ligands for enantiotopic discrimination
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The practical synthesis of carbohydrate-based NHC-Rh complexes bearing C1 or C3 sterically differentiated positions, accessed by glycosylation or SNAr strategies, is reported. These catalysts exhibit pseudo-enantiomeric behaviour in the hydrosilylation of acetophenone. We show that steric bulk at C1 gives preference for (S)-phenyl-1-ethanol, while bulk at C3 leads to the (R)-enantiomer. These results represent the first example of pseudo-enantiomeric carbohydrate-based NHC ligands leading to enantiotopic discrimination.
- Bower, John F.,Galan, M. Carmen,Henderson, Alexander S.
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supporting information
p. 3012 - 3016
(2020/05/08)
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- Activity and specificity studies of the new thermostable esterase EstDZ2
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In this paper, we study the activity and specificity of EstDZ2, a new thermostable carboxyl esterase of unknown function, which was isolated from a metagenome library from a Russian hot spring. The biocatalytic reaction employing EstDZ2 proved to be an efficient method for the hydrolysis of aryl p-, o- or m-substituted esters of butyric acid and esters of secondary alcohols. Docking studies revealed structural features of the enzyme that led to activity differences among the different substrates.
- Myrtollari, Kamela,Katsoulakis, Nikolaos,Zarafeta, Dimitra,Pavlidis, Ioannis V.,Skretas, Georgios,Smonou, Ioulia
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- Palladium Complexes Bearing Chiral bis(NHC) Chelating Ligands on a Spiro Scaffold: Synthesis, Characterization, and Their Application in the Oxidative Kinetic Resolution of Secondary Alcohols
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A series of chiral bis-N-heterocyclic carbene ligands H2[(S)-1a-d]X2 (X = Br, I) on a spiro scaffold and their palladium complexes (S)-2a-d and (S)-3a,b were prepared and applied in the enantioselective oxidative kinetic resolution of secondary alcohols. The corresponding alcohols can be obtained in high yields with moderate to excellent ee values.
- Zhang, Dao,Yu, Jueqin
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p. 605 - 613
(2020/02/13)
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- Enantioselective Hydroxylation of Benzylic C(sp3)-H Bonds by an Artificial Iron Hydroxylase Based on the Biotin-Streptavidin Technology
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The selective hydroxylation of C-H bonds is of great interest to the synthetic community. Both homogeneous catalysts and enzymes offer complementary means to tackle this challenge. Herein, we show that biotinylated Fe(TAML)-complexes (TAML = Tetra Amido Macrocyclic Ligand) can be used as cofactors for incorporation into streptavidin to assemble artificial hydroxylases. Chemo-genetic optimization of both cofactor and streptavidin allowed optimizing the performance of the hydroxylase. Using H2O2 as oxidant, up to ~300 turnovers for the oxidation of benzylic C-H bonds were obtained. Upgrading the ee was achieved by kinetic resolution of the resulting benzylic alcohol to afford up to >98% ee for (R)-tetralol. X-ray analysis of artificial hydroxylases highlights critical details of the second coordination sphere around the Fe(TAML) cofactor.
- Barnet, Maxime,Peterson, Ryan L.,Rebelein, Johannes G.,Rumo, Corentin,Serrano-Plana, Joan,Ward, Thomas R.
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supporting information
p. 10617 - 10623
(2020/07/04)
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- New chiral stationary phases for liquid chromatography based on small molecules: Development, enantioresolution evaluation and chiral recognition mechanisms
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Recently, we reported the development of new chiral stationary phases (CSPs) for liquid chromatography (LC) based on chiral derivatives of xanthones (CDXs). Based on the most promising CDX selectors, 12 new CSPs were successfully prepared starting from suitable functionalized small molecules including xanthone and benzophenone derivatives. The chiral selectors comprising one, two, three, or four chiral moieties were covalently bonded to a chromatographic support and further packed into LC stainless-steel columns (150?×?2.1?mm I.D.). The enantioselective performance of the new CSPs was evaluated by LC using different classes of chiral compounds. Specificity for enantioseparation of some CDXs was observed in the evaluation of the new CSPs. Besides, assessment of chiral recognition mechanisms was performed by computational studies using molecular docking approach, which are in accordance with the chromatographic parameters. X-Ray analysis was used to establish a chiral selector 3D structure.
- Phyo, Ye' Zaw,Teixeira, Joana,Tiritan, Maria Elizabeth,Cravo, Sara,Palmeira, Andreia,Gales, Luís,Silva, Artur M.S.,Pinto, Madalena M.M.,Kijjoa, Anake,Fernandes, Carla
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- An easy and low-cost method of embedding chiral molecules in metal-organic frameworks for enantioseparation
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A facile method, post-synthetic exchange of modulators (PSEm), has been demonstrated here to prepare chiral metal-organic frameworks for enantioseparation. Based on this method, three chiral porous Zr-based metal-organic frameworks have been prepared through exchanging the coordinated modulators on metal clusters of MOFs with commercially available chiral carboxylic acid molecules. In addition, the obtained materials show enantioselectivity toward three different enantiomers, which presents a proof of concept for the design of MOF materials for enantioseparation by an easy and low-cost method. This journal is
- Cao, Rong,Fang, Zhi-Bin,Hu, Xiao-Jing,Huang, Ge,Liu, Tian-Fu,Zhang, Shuo
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supporting information
p. 7459 - 7462
(2020/07/15)
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- Engineering a homochiral metal-organic framework based on an amino acid for enantioselective separation
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A chiral metal-organic framework possessing an open amphiphilic channel is constructed from a dicarboxylate ligand derived from an amino acid and is shown to be an efficient and recyclable chiral solid adsorbent, which is capable of separating racemic secondary alcohols, epoxides, and ibuprofen with very high enantioselectivity.
- Tang, Haitong,Yang, Keke,Wang, Kun-Yu,Meng, Qi,Wu, Fan,Fang, Yu,Wu, Xiang,Li, Yougui,Zhang, WenCheng,Luo, Yunfei,Zhu, Chengfeng,Zhou, Hong-Cai
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supporting information
p. 9016 - 9019
(2020/08/17)
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- Redox-driven deracemization of secondary alcohols by sequential ether/O2-mediated oxidation and Ru-catalyzed asymmetric reduction
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The deracemization of benzylic alcohols has been achieved using a redox-driven one-pot two-step process. The racemic alcohols were oxidized by bis(methoxypropyl) ether and oxygen to give the ketone intermediates, followed by an asymmetric transfer hydrogenation with a chiral ruthenium catalyst. This compatible oxidation/reduction process gave the enantiomerically enriched alcohols with up to 95% ee values.
- Yang, Bing,Cui, Peng,Chen, Yongsheng,Liu, Qixing,Zhou, Haifeng
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- Characterization of a Self-Sufficient Cytochrome P450 Monooxygenase from Deinococcus apachensis for Enantioselective Benzylic Hydroxylation
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A self-sufficient cytochrome P450 monooxygenase from Deinococcus apachensis (P450DA) was identified and successfully overexpressed in Escherichia coli BL21(DE3). P450DA would be a member of the CYP102D subfamily and assigned as CYP102D2 according to the phylogenetic tree and sequence alignment. Purification and characterization of the recombinant P450DA indicated both NADH and NADPH could be used by P450DA as a reducing cofactor. The recombinant E. coli (P450DA) strain was functionally active, showing excellent enantioselectivity for benzylic hydroxylation of methyl 2-phenylacetate. Further substrate scope studies revealed that P450DA is able to catalyze benzylic hydroxylation of a variety of compounds, affording the corresponding chiral benzylic alcohols in 86–99 % ee and 130–1020 total turnover numbers.
- Xie, Lingzhi,Chen, Ke,Cui, Haibo,Wan, Nanwei,Cui, Baodong,Han, Wenyong,Chen, Yongzheng
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p. 1820 - 1825
(2020/03/05)
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- Enantioselective Bioamination of Aromatic Alkanes Using Ammonia: A Multienzymatic Cascade Approach
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Chiral amines are common drug building blocks and important active pharmaceutical ingredients. Preparing these functionalized compounds from simple materials, such as alkanes, is of great interest. We recently developed an artificial bioamination cascade for the C?H amination of cyclic alkanes by combining P450 monooxygenase, alcohol dehydrogenase, and amine dehydrogenase. Herein, this system has been extended to the synthesis of chiral aromatic amines. In the first hydroxylation step, process optimization increased the conversion to 77 %. Two stereoselectively complementary alcohol dehydrogenases and an amine dehydrogenase were selected for the bioconversion of aromatic hydrocarbons to amines. The amination reaction was optimized with respect to cofactor addition and enzyme dosage. Isopropanol was added to decrease ketone intermediate accumulation in the amination step, which further enhanced the overall conversion. This cascade system converted a panel of hydrocarbon substrates into the corresponding amines with excellent optical purity (>99 % ee) and moderate conversion ratios (13–53 %).
- Chen, Fei-Fei,Wang, Hui,Xu, Jian-He,Yu, Hui-Lei,Zheng, Yu-Cong
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- An Enantioconvergent Benzylic Hydroxylation Using a Chiral Aryl Iodide in a Dual Activation Mode
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The application of a triazole-substituted chiral iodoarene in a direct enantioselective hydroxylation of alkyl arenes is reported. This method allows the rapid synthesis of chiral benzyl alcohols in high yields and stereocontrol, despite its nontemplated nature. In a cascade activation consisting of an initial irradiation-induced radical C-H-bromination and a consecutive enantioconvergent hydroxylation, the iodoarene catalyst has a dual role. It initiates the radical bromination in its oxidized state through an in-situ-formed bromoiodane and in the second, Cu-catalyzed step, it acts as a chiral ligand. This work demonstrates the ability of a chiral aryl iodide catalyst acting both as an oxidant and as a chiral ligand in a highly enantioselective C-H-activating transformation. Furthermore, this concept presents an enantioconvergent hydroxylation with high selectivity using a synthetic catalyst.
- Abazid, Ayham H.,Clamor, Nils,Nachtsheim, Boris J.
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p. 8042 - 8048
(2020/09/21)
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- Thermal and Mechanical Stability of Immobilized Candida antarctica Lipase B: an Approximation to Mechanochemical Energetics in Enzyme Catalysis.
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Very recently, several successful enzymatic processes performed with mechanical activation have been disclosed; that is, despite the mechanical stress caused by High-Speed Ball-Milling, immobilized enzymes can retain activity. In the present study, the effect of thermal and mechanical stress was examined as potential inducers of enzymatic denaturation, when using either free, immobilized, or ground immobilized enzyme. The recorded observations show a remarkable stability of ground immobilized enzyme. Moreover, ground biocatalyst turns out to exhibit an increase of one order of magnitude in the efficiency of the catalytic process, maintaining excellent enantiodiscrimination, without significant activity loss even after four milling cycles. These observations rule out enzyme inactivation as direct consequence of the milling process. Additionally, boosted enzyme efficiency was used to optimize a relatively inefficient chiral amine resolution reaction, achieving a 25 % faster biotransformation (in 45 min) and yielding essentially enantiopure products (ee>99%, E>500).
- Pérez-Venegas, Mario,Tellez-Cruz, Miriam M.,Solorza-Feria, Omar,López-Munguía, Agustín,Castillo, Edmundo,Juaristi, Eusebio
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p. 803 - 811
(2019/12/11)
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