- Pharmacological characterization of ecstasy synthesis byproducts with recombinant human monoamine transporters
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Ecstasy samples often contain byproducts of the illegal, uncontrolled synthesis of N-methyl-3,4-methylenedioxy-amphetamine or 3,4-methylenedioxy- methamphetamine (MDMA). MDMA and eight chemically defined byproducts of MDMA synthesis were investigated for their interaction with the primary sites of action of MDMA, namely the human plasmalemmal monamine transporters for norepinephrine, serotonin, and dopamine [(norepinephrine transporter (NET), serotonin transporter (SERT), and dopamine transporter (DAT)]. SKN-MC neuroblastoma and human embryonic kidney cells stably transfected with the transporter cDNA were used for uptake and release experiments. Two of the eight compounds, 1,3-bis (3,4-methylenedioxyphenyl)-2-propanamine (12) and N-formyl-1,3-bis (3,4-methylenedioxyphenyl)-prop-2-yl-amine (13) had uptake inhibitory potencies with IC50 values in the low micromolar range similar to MDMA. Compounds with nitro instead of amino groups and a phenylethenyl instead of a phenylethyl structure or a formamide or acetamide modification had IC50 values beyond 100 μM. MDMA, 12, and 13 were examined for induction of carrier-mediated release by superfusion of transporter expressing cells preloaded with the metabolically inert transporter substrate [3H]1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium. MDMA induced release mediated by NET, SERT, or DAT with EC50 values of 0.64, 1.12, and 3.24 μM, respectively. 12 weakly released from NET- and SERT-expressing cells with maximum effects less than one-tenth of that of MDMA and did not release from DAT cells. 13 had no releasing activity. 12 and 13 inhibited release induced by MDMA, and the concentration dependence of this effect correlated with their uptake inhibitory potency at the various transporters. These results do not support a neurotoxic potential of the examined ecstasy synthesis byproducts and provide interesting structure-activity relationships on the transporters. Copyright
- Pifl, Christian,Nagy, Gabor,Berenyi, Sandor,Kattinger, Alexandra,Reither, Harald,Antus, Sandor
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- Regio- and stereoselective synthesis of spirooxindole 1′-nitro pyrrolizidines with five concurrent stereocenters under aqueous medium and their bioprospection using the zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryo model
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A highly regio- and stereoselective method has been developed and expanded for the synthesis of a 20-membered library of spirooxindole 1′-nitro pyrrolizidines via 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition of azomethine ylides, generated in situ by a decarboxylative route from a common set of diverse isatins and l-proline derivatives, with substituted β-nitrostyrenes under aqueous medium. Among various reaction conditions, water proved to be necessary for the interaction of the reagents as well as heating the reaction at 90 °C for one hour, during which time the desired products were obtained in good yields and with excellent regio- and stereoselectivities. We subsequently applied in silico drug discovery computational methods to (i) identify the ADME properties, based on Lipinski's rule, (ii) screen the toxicological profile, and (iii) predict the penetration through the blood brain barrier (BBB) of the synthesized compounds. Next, the LC50 values of all these spirocyclic oxindoles were determined in zebrafish embryos cultured individually in buffer solutions of each compound and, finally, the phenotypes induced by these molecules in the zebrafish embryos at concentrations below their LC50 were analyzed at 48, 72 and 96 hours post fertilization.
- Puerto Galvis, Carlos E.,Kouznetsov, Vladimir V.
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- Combretastatin A-4: The Antitubulin Agent that Inspired the Design and Synthesis of Styrene and Spiroisatin Hybrids as Promising Cytotoxic, Antifungal and Antiviral Compounds
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The design of a series of styrene and spiroisatin hybrids was based on the structure of combretastatin A-4 1. This library of 20 compounds were synthesized with the pharmacophoric units: 3,4,5-trimethoxy or/and 4-hydroxy-3-methoxy phenyl moities in their structure. Thereby, the libraries of β-nitrostyrenes 10a-10c, spiroisatin-dihydroquinolines 14a-14c, spiroisatinthiazolidinones 17a-17c and spiroisatin-nitropyrrolizidines 20a-20k were evaluated for their in vitro cytotoxic, anti-proliferative, antifungal and antiviral activities. Biological results revealed that among these compounds, β-nitrostyrenes 10a-10c exhibited significant cytotoxicity (HeLa and Jurkat tumor cells) and antifungal (T. mentagrophytes) activities. Moreover, the spiroisatin-dihydroquinoline 14a and 14c showed promising cytotoxicity (U937 cells). 14a-14c molecules were active against human herpesviruses serotypes 1 and 2 (HHV-1 and HHV-2), but only 14a and 14b were effective against dengue virus serotype 2 (DENV-2). The spiroisatin-nitropyrrolizidine 20c exhibited moderate anti-herpetic activity, while 17c spiroisatin-thiazolidinone derivative also reduced the infection of HHV-1 and DENV-2. Finally, the molecular docking showed that these kind of molecules interact with the subunit α/β-tubulin.
- Betancur-Galvis, Liliana,Brand, Yaneth M.,Casta?o, Verónica T.,Kouznetsov, Vladimir V.,Linares, Vicky C. R.,Puerto, Carlos E.
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- β-Nitrostyrene derivatives as potential antibacterial agents: A structure-property-activity relationship study
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A multidisciplinary project was developed, combining the synthesis of a series of β-nitrostyrene derivatives and the determination of their physicochemical parameters (redox potentials, partition coefficients), to the evaluation of the corresponding antibacterial activity. A complete conformational analysis was also performed, in order to get relevant structural information. Subsequently, a structure-property-activity (SPAR) approach was applied, through linear regression analysis, aiming at obtaining a putative correlation between the physicochemical parameters of the compounds investigated and their antibacterial activity (both against standard strains and clinical isolates). The β-nitrostyrene compounds displayed a lower activity towards all the tested bacteria relative to the β-methyl-β-nitrostyrene analogues. This was observed particularly for the 3-hydroxy-4-methoxy-β-methyl-β-nitrostyrene (IVb) against the Gram-positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus faecium). The SPAR results revealed the existence of a clear correlation between the redox potentials and the antibacterial activity of the series of β-nitrostyrene derivatives under study.
- Milhazes, Nuno,Calheiros, Rita,Marques, M. Paula M.,Garrido, Jorge,Cordeiro, M. Natália D.S.,Rodrigues, Cátia,Quinteira, Sandra,Novais, Carla,Peixe, Luísa,Borges, Fernanda
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- A method of synthesis of piperonolamine
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The present invention belongs to the field of organic chemical synthesis, specifically relates to a synthesis method of piperine, comprising: using catechol as a raw material to prepare piperonaldehyde; β - nitro-3,4-dioxenosylstyrene prepared with piperonaldehyde; β - nitro -3,4-dioxenesimethylenestyrene to obtain piperine ethylamine. Among them, the preparation of piperaldehyde from catechol as raw materials includes two ways: (1) catechol→3,4-dihydroxymandelic acid→3,4-dihydroxybenzaldehyde→ piperaldehyde; (2) catechol→ piperine ring → piperine. The raw materials used in the present invention are safe and readily available, low cost; the reaction conditions are mild, the operation is simple, the chemical yield is high, and the intermediate reagents are easy to recover; suitable for industrial production.
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- A synthetic preparation method for small carbags hydrochloric acid
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The present invention belongs to the field of organic chemistry, relates to a method of synthesizing berberine hydrochloride, comprising: S1: with 5-halo-o-quinoastearaldehyde and piperine ethylamine to obtain N- [2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl-5-yl) ethyl] -1- (5-halo-2,3-dimethoxybenzyl) methylimide; S2: to obtain 2- (3,4-diimoxyphenyl) -N- (5-bromo-2,3-dimethoxybenzyl) ethylamine; S3: to obtain 2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl) -N- (5-bromo-2 S4: to obtain 12-halogenated berberine derivative; S5: to obtain berberine. The present invention is free from the application of the by-product o-vanillin synthesis of o-resveratal raw material constraints, synthesis of 5- substitute o-resveratal and piperine ethylamine, and the use of the two preparation of berberine hydrochloride, with raw materials readily available, mild reaction conditions, easy to operate, high chemical yield, low cost and other advantages.
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- Berberine derivatives, preparation method thereof and application of berberine derivatives as p300 HAT small molecule inhibitor
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The invention discloses berberine derivatives, a preparation method thereof and an application of the berberine derivatives as a p300 HAT small molecule inhibitor, and belongs to the technical field of medicinal chemistry. An effective component berberine hydrochloride in a natural product coptis chinensis is taken as a research object and is subjected to structural modification and transformationso as to obtain a series of berberine hydrochloride derivatives. The berberine derivatives have the characteristics of high activity, high selectivity and high safety for p300 HAT, and solves the problems of high cytotoxicity, weak affinity, low activity and poor selectivity of existing p300 HAT small molecule inhibitors.
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Paragraph 0048-0051
(2021/02/10)
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- Structure–activity relationship and biological evaluation of berberine derivatives as PCSK9 down-regulating agents
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Proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) is a secreted protein and its deficiency markedly enhanced the survival rate of patient with cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). Forty berberine (BBR) derivatives were synthesized and evaluated for their activities on down-regulating the transcription of PCSK9 in HepG2 cells, taking BBR as the lead. Structure–activity relationship (SAR) analysis revealed that 2,3-dimethoxy moiety might be beneficial for activity. Among them, 9k displayed the most potent activity with IC50 value of 9.5 ± 0.5 μM, better than that of BBR. Also, it significantly decreased PCSK9 protein level at cellular level, as well as in the liver and serum of mice in vivo. Furthermore, 9k markedly increased LDLR expression and LDL-C clearance via down-regulating PCSK9 protein. The mechanism of action of 9k is targeting HNF1α and/or Sp1 cluster modulation upstream of PCSK9, a different one from BBR. Therefore, 9k might have the potential to be a novel PCSK9 transcriptional inhibitor for the treatment of atherosclerosis, worthy for further investigation.
- Fan, Tian-Yun,Yang, Yu-Xin,Zeng, Qing-Xuan,Wang, Xue-Lei,Wei, Wei,Guo, Xi-Xi,Zhao, Li-Ping,Song, Dan-Qing,Wang, Yan-Xiang,Wang, Li,Hong, Bin
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- Synthesis, antimicrobial study, and molecular docking simulation of 3,4-dimethoxy-β-nitrostyrene derivatives as candidate ptp1b inhibitor
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A derivative series of 3,4-dimethoxy-β-nitrostyrene was synthesized through nitroaldol reaction, including a new compound of 3,4-ethylenedioxy-β-bromo-β-nitrostyrene. The antimicrobial activity effect of 3,4-alkyloxy modification of β-nitrostyrene was investigated. A molecular docking study was also performed to obtain information about their interactions with protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B). The active residues of cysteine-215 and arginine-221 of PTP1B play a key role in signaling pathways that regulate various microorganism cell functions. It also acts as a negative regulator in signaling pathways of insulin that are involved in type 2 diabetes and other metabolic diseases. These derivatives exhibited potential antifungal activity. The studied compounds were also had potential as fragments to be PTP1B inhibitors by interacting with serine-216 and arginine-221 residues, according to their molecular docking. 3,4-Ethylenedioxy-β-methyl-β-nitrostyrene was the most successful potential candidate as a PTP1B inhibitor. However, further research is needed to investigate their potential for medicinal use.
- Alfarisi, Salman,Santoso, Mardi,Kristanti, Alfinda Novi,Siswanto, Imam,Puspaningsih, Ni Nyoman Tri
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- Chlorination of Conjugated Nitroalkenes with PhICl 2and so 2Cl 2for the Synthesis of α-Chloronitroalkenes
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Chlorination of conjugated nitroalkenes with iodobenzene dichloride or sulfuryl chloride to give target α-chloronitroalkenes in good yields is described. Details of the procedure depend on the donating ability of the nitroalkene substituents. The activity of the described chlorinating agents increases in order 'PhICl 2/Py' 2Cl 2' 2Cl 2/HCl' with the former producing the best yields for highly donating substrates and the latter for non-activated groups. An autocatalytic role of hydrogen chloride and the chemoselectivity of chlorination were also demonstrated.
- Fadeeva, Anastasia A.,Ioffe, Sema L.,Tabolin, Andrey A.
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supporting information
p. 2679 - 2688
(2020/11/02)
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- Substrate promiscuity of ortho-naphthoquinone catalyst: Catalytic aerobic amine oxidation protocols to deaminative cross-coupling and n-nitrosation
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ortho-Naphthoquinone-based organocatalysts have been identified as versatile aerobic oxidation catalysts. Primary amines were readily cross-coupled with primary nitroalkanes via deaminative pathway to give nitroalkene derivatives in good to excellent yields. Secondary and tertiary amines were inert to ortho-naphthoquinone catalysts; however, secondary nitroalkanes were readily converted by ortho-naphthoquinone catalysts to the corresponding nitrite species that in situ oxidized the amines to the corresponding N-nitroso compounds. Without using harsh oxidants in a stoichiometric amount, the present catalytic aerobic oxidation protocol utilizes the substrate promiscuity feature to provide a facile access to amine oxidation products under mild reaction conditions.
- Kim, Hun Young,Oh, Kyungsoo,Si, Tengda
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p. 9216 - 9221
(2019/10/08)
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- Facile Synthesis of 1,3,5-Triarylbenzenes and 4-Aryl-NH-1,2,3-Triazoles Using Mesoporous Pd-MCM-41 as Reusable Catalyst
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We report mesoporous nano-Pd-MCM-41 catalyzed rapid and efficient synthesis of 1,3,5-triarylbenzenes via de-nitrative cyclotrimerization of β-nitrostyrenes. All the reactions were very fast and high yielding. The Pd-MCM-41 was also very effective in catalyzing de-nitrative [3+2] cycloaddition of β-nitrostyrenes with TMSN3 to synthesize 4-aryl-NH-1,2,3-triazoles. The catalyst was reused at least up to eight times with minimum loss of catalytic activity.
- Saha, Arijit,Wu, Chia-Ming,Peng, Rui,Koodali, Ranjit,Banerjee, Subhash
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p. 104 - 111
(2019/01/04)
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- Enantioselective synthesis and anti-parasitic properties of aporphine natural products
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Chagas disease and visceral leishmaniasis are neglected protozoan diseases with significant impact in developing countries. Due to the limited number and toxicity of current therapies, new drug leads are urgently needed. In this work, four aporphine natural products were synthesized using an enantioselective, modular and convergent strategy, comprising eight steps in the longest linear sequence; key steps included Bischler-Napieralski cyclization/Noyori asymmetric reduction to construct the tetrahydroisoquinolines, and palladium-catalyzed arylation to close the C ring. Norglaucine, nordicentrine and dicentrine showed promising bioactivity against T. cruzi and L. infantum, suggesting potential for further development of these scaffolds as antiparasitic agents.
- Amaral, Maiara,Anderson, Edward A.,McHugh, Eliza,Pieper, Pauline,Tempone, Andre G.
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- Synthesis of Functionalized Indolines and Dihydrobenzofurans by Iron and Copper Catalyzed Aryl C-N and C-O Bond Formation
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A simple and effective one-pot, two-step intramolecular aryl C-N and C-O bond forming process for the preparation of a wide range of benzo-fused heterocyclic scaffolds using iron and copper catalysis is described. Activated aryl rings were subjected to a highly regioselective, iron(III) triflimide-catalyzed iodination, followed by a copper(I)-catalyzed intramolecular N-or O-arylation step leading to indolines, dihydrobenzofurans, and six-membered analogues. The general applicability and functional group tolerance of this method were exemplified by the total synthesis of the neolignan natural product, (+)-obtusafuran. DFT calculations using Fukui functions were also performed, providing a molecular orbital rationale for the highly regioselective arene iodination process.
- Henry, Martyn C.,Senn, Hans Martin,Sutherland, Andrew
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p. 346 - 364
(2019/01/08)
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- Synthesis of Benzo[4,5]imidazo[2,1-b]thiazole by Copper(II)-Catalyzed Thioamination of Nitroalkene with 1H-Benzo[d]imidazole-2-thiol
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A Copper(II)-catalyzed thioamination of β-nitroalkene with 1H-benzo[d]imidazole-2-thiol has been developed for the synthesis of benzo[4,5]imidazo[2,1-b]thiazole derivatives. A variety of N-fused benzoimidazothiazole derivatives are obtained in high yields through successive C?N and C?S bond formations. This protocol is also applicable to β-substituted β-nitroalkenes to afford 2,3-disubstituted benzoimidazothiazoles. (Figure presented.).
- Jana, Sourav,Chakraborty, Amrita,Shirinian, Valerii Z.,Hajra, Alakananda
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supporting information
p. 2402 - 2408
(2018/05/08)
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- A Deprotonation Approach to the Unprecedented Amino-Trimethylenemethane Chemistry: Regio-, Diastereo-, and Enantioselective Synthesis of Complex Amino Cycles
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The first realization of the amino-trimethylenemethane chemistry is reported using a deprotonation strategy to simplify the synthesis of the amino-trimethylenemethane donor in two steps from commercial and inexpensive materials. A broad scope of cycloaddition acceptors (seven different classes) participated in the chemistry, chemo-, regio-, diastereo-, and enantioselectively generating various types of highly valuable complex amino cycles. Multiple derivatization reactions that further elaborated the initial amino cycles were performed without isolation of the crude product. Ultimately, we applied the amino-trimethylenemethane chemistry to synthesize a potential pharmaceutical in 8 linear steps and 7.5 % overall yield, which previously was achieved in 18 linear steps and 0.6 % overall yield.
- Trost, Barry M.,Wang, Youliang
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supporting information
p. 11025 - 11029
(2018/07/30)
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- Synthesis of nitroolefins and nitroarenes under mild conditions
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1,3-Disulfonic acid imidazolium nitrate {[Dsim]NO3} was prepared and characterized as a new ionic liquid and nitrating agent for the ipso-nitration of various arylboronic acids and nitro-Hunsdiecker reaction of different α,β-unsaturated acids and benzoic acid derivatives, by in situ generation of NO2 to give various nitroarenes and nitroolefins without using any cocatalysts and solvents under mild conditions.
- Zarei, Mahmoud,Noroozizadeh, Ehsan,Moosavi-Zare, Ahmad R.,Zolfigol, Mohammad A.
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p. 3645 - 3650
(2018/04/14)
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- Novel total syntheses of oxoaporphine alkaloids enabled by mild Cu-catalyzed tandem oxidation/aromatization of 1-Bn-DHIQs
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Novel total syntheses of oxoaporphine alkaloids such as liriodenine, dicentrinone, cassameridine, lysicamine, oxoglaucine and O-methylmoschatoline were developed. The key step of these total syntheses is Cu-catalyzed conversion of 1-benzyl-3,4-dihydro-isoquinolines (1-Bn-DHIQs) to 1-benzoyl-isoquinolines (1-Bz-IQs) via tandem oxidation/aromatization. This novel Cu-catalyzed conversion has been studied in detail, and was successfully used for constructing the 1-Bz-IQ core.
- Zheng, Bo,Qu, Hui-Ya,Meng, Tian-Zhuo,Lu, Xia,Zheng, Jie,He, Yun-Gang,Fan, Qi-Qi,Shi, Xiao-Xin
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p. 28997 - 29007
(2018/08/29)
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- Asymmetric total synthesis of tetrahydroprotoberberine derivatives and evaluation of their binding affinities at dopamine receptors
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Cocaine addiction remains a serious challenge for clinical and medical research because there is no effective pharmacological treatment. L-THP, a natural product isolated from Corydalis yanhusuo W.T. Wang, is one of the most frequently used traditional herbs to treat drug addiction in China. Our laboratory first reported that its demethylated metabolites L-ICP, L-CD, and L-CP had high affinity at dopamine D1, D2, and D5 receptors. Here we report the chemical synthesis of these metabolites and other derivatives and their binding affinities at dopamine receptors. The synthesis of these bioactive metabolites will allow further in vivo study of their potential in treating cocaine addiction.
- Lee, David Y.W.,Liu, Jing,Zhang, Shuzhen,Huang, Peng,Liu-Chen, Lee-Yuan
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p. 1437 - 1440
(2017/03/08)
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- Synthetic process of berberine
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The invention discloses a synthetic process of berberine. The synthetic process comprises the following synthetic route: pyrocatechol and dichloromethane are taken as raw materials and dimethyl sulphoxide is taken as a solvent to synthesize 1,3-benzodioxole; 1,3-benzodioxole is subjected to ViLsmeiar formylation to synthesize heliotropin; heliotropin undergoes nitration through a Henry reaction to generate beta-nitro-3,4-dioxomethenyl styrene; beta-nitro-3,4-dioxomethenyl styrene is subjected to Clemmensen reduction to generate 3,4-(methylenedioxyphenyl)ethylamine; and 3,4-(methylenedioxyphenyl)ethylamine and 2,3-dimethoxy benzaldehyde condense, and the obtained product is reduced to generate N-2,3-dimethoxybenzyl [3,4-(methylenedioxy)phenyl]ethylamine hydrochloride. N-2,3-dimethoxybenzyl [3,4-(methylenedioxy)phenyl]ethylamine hydrochloride is cyclized in a condition of glyoxal, formic acid and copper sulphate to generate berberine hydrochloride. According to the synthetic route, cyanation is avoided and toxicity is reduced. Zinc amalgam is adopted to replace H2Ni and LiAlH4, so that the cost is greatly reduced, the process difficulty is reduced, and the product yield is increased.
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- Nickel-Catalyzed C-Alkylation of Nitroalkanes with Unactivated Alkyl Iodides
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Enabled by nickel catalysis, a mild and general catalytic method for C-alkylation of nitroalkanes with unactivated alkyl iodides is described. Compatible with primary, secondary, and tertiary alkyl iodides; and tolerant of a wide range of functional groups, this method allows rapid access to diverse nitroalkanes.
- Rezazadeh, Sina,Devannah, Vijayarajan,Watson, Donald A.
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supporting information
p. 8110 - 8113
(2017/06/28)
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- An Asymmetric Vinylogous Michael Cascade of Silyl Glyoximide, Vinyl Grignard, and Nitroalkenes via Long Range Stereoinduction
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A diastereoselective auxiliary-mediated vinylation/[1,2]-Brook rearrangement/vinylogous Michael cascade of silyl glyoximide, vinylmagnesium bromide, and nitroalkenes is described. The reaction occurs with complete regio- and diastereocontrol in good yield. The diastereoselectivity is induced by a rare instance of 1,7-chirality transfer that is hypothesized to arise from a trans-multihetero-decalin transition state. (Chemical Equation).
- Boyce, Gregory R.,Johnson, Jeffrey S.
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p. 1712 - 1717
(2016/03/01)
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- ANTIMICROBIAL AND RADIOPROTECTIVE COMPOUNDS
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The present invention relates to a method of treatment and/or prophylaxis of a microbial infection, comprising the step of administering an effective amount of a compound of formula (I), in which X and Y are either the same or different and selected from a heteroatom; is a double or single bond depending on the heteroatoms X and Y; R1 to R5 are either the same or different and selected from hydrogen or a non-deleterious substituent; and R6 and R7 are either the same or different and selected from hydrogen and a non-deleterious substituent or one of R6 and R7 are absent when there is a double bond present, pharmaceutically acceptable salts or derivatives, pro-drugs, tautomers and/or isomers thereof. The present invention also relates to a method for protecting a subject from radiation damage, a method of cancer radiotherapy and use as an antimicrobial or radioprotective agent of the compound of formula (I) defined above. Some of the compounds of formula (I) are novel and are also described in the present invention, together with pharmaceutical or veterinary compositions containing them.
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Paragraph 0134
(2015/11/09)
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- Ethylenediamine-functionalized magnetic Fe3O4@SiO2 nanoparticles: cooperative trifunctional catalysis for selective synthesis of nitroalkenes
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A magnetically separable trifunctional nanocatalyst Fe3O4@SiO2-NH2 was synthesized and characterized by TEM, FT-IR, XRD, TGA, and EA. The designed nanocatalyst was found to be highly active for selective synthesis of nitroalkenes with nitromethane and aromatic aldehyde through cooperative trifunctional catalysis of primary amine, secondary amine and Si-OH groups on the surface of the catalyst. Under the optimized conditions, various representative substrates were extended to obtain the corresponding products in moderate or excellent yields. After the reaction, the trifunctional nanocatalyst was easily recovered and recycled by applying an external magnet. In addition, a possible cooperative trifunctional catalysis mechanism was also proposed.
- Xue, Fengjun,Dong, Yahao,Hu, Peibo,Deng, Yanan,Wei, Yuping
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p. 73684 - 73691
(2015/09/15)
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- Total Synthesis of 4,5-Didehydroguadiscine: A Potent Melanogenesis Inhibitor from the Brazilian Medicinal Herb, Hornschuchia obliqua
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The first total synthesis of the 7,7-dimethylaporphinoid, 4,5-didehydroguadiscine (6), originally isolated from the stems and roots of Hornschuchia oblique (Annonaceae), was achieved by the condensation of homopiperonylamine (7) with an α,α-dimethylphenylacetic acid derivative (8) and subsequent Pschorr reaction of the resulting benzylisoquinoline intermediate (22). The reported 13C NMR data were partially revised on the basis of the analysis of HMBC spectra measured under different conditions. The melanogenesis inhibitory activity (IC50 = 4.7 μM) of 6 was 40 times stronger than that of arbutin (174 μM), which was used as reference standard. Furthermore, 6 was the most potent natural melanogenesis inhibitor within this class of compounds. (Chemical Equation Presented).
- Tanabe, Genzoh,Sugano, Youta,Shirato, Miki,Sonoda, Naoki,Tsutsui, Nozomi,Morikawa, Toshio,Ninomiya, Kiyofumi,Yoshikawa, Masayuki,Muraoka, Osamu
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p. 1536 - 1542
(2015/08/03)
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- Synthesis, in vitro cytotoxicity and apoptosis inducing study of 2-aryl-3-nitro-2 H -chromene derivatives as potent anti-breast cancer agents
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A series of 2-aryl-3-nitro-2H-chromenes 4a-u were designed as hybrid analogs of flavanone, β-nitrostyrene and nitrovinylstilbene scaffolds. They were synthesized from the reaction of appropriate β-nitrostyrenes and salicylaldehydes in good yields. In vitro cytotoxic activities of compounds 4a-u were tested against breast cancer cell lines including MCF-7, T-47D and MDA-MB-231. Most compounds exhibited good cytotoxic activity against selected cell lines, being more potent than standard drug etoposide. Representatively, 8-methoxy-3-nitro-2-(4-chlorophenyl)-2H-chromene (4l) with IC50 Combining double low line 0.2 μ4M against MCF-7 cells, was 36-times more potent than etoposide. Apoptosis as a mechanism of cell death for selected compounds 4h and 4l was confirmed morphologically by acridine orange/ethidium bromide double staining and TUNEL analysis, as well as caspase-3 activation assay.
- Rahmani-Nezhad, Samira,Safavi, Maliheh,Pordeli, Mahboobeh,Ardestani, Sussan Kabudanian,Khosravani, Leila,Pourshojaei, Yaghoub,Mahdavi, Mohammad,Emami, Saeed,Foroumadi, Alireza,Shafiee, Abbas
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p. 562 - 569
(2015/01/09)
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- Clay-supported copper nitrate (claycop): A mild reagent for the selective nitration of aromatic olefins
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A straightforward and highly selective method has been developed for the nitration of a wide variety of aromatic and aliphatic olefins by using a clay-supported copper nitrate (Claycop) and a catalytic amount of (2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidin-1-yl)oxyl, an inexpensive and mild reagent system. High conversions and exclusive E-selectivity, together with the environmentally benign nature of the Claycop reagent, make this a green method and an attractive alternative to established methods. Georg Thieme Verlag Stuttgart. New York.
- Begari, Eeshwaraiah,Singh, Chandani,Nookaraju,Kumar, Pradeep
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p. 1997 - 2000
(2014/11/08)
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- Useful extensions of the henry reaction: Expeditious routes to nitroalkanes and nitroalkenes in aqueous media
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The products of the Henry nitroaldol reaction from nitromethane and several aldehydes were reduced to the corresponding nitroalkanes with (n-Bu) 3SnH in water under microwave irradiation (80 °C/10 min), or dehydrated to the corresponding nitroalkenes with K2CO3 in water (generally 0-5 °C/20 min). Both "one-pot" reactions occur in excellent yields across a range of aliphatic and aromatic (including heteroaromatic) substrates. It seems likely that the deoxygenation of the nitroaldols occurs via coordination of an oxygen atom of the nitro group with a tin atom, which facilitates hydride delivery in the transition state. The elimination of water from the nitroaldols in mild base is likely driven by the stability of the conjugated nitroalkene products. The elimination required workup with 2 N HCl, which likely displaces a nitroalkane-nitroalkene equilibrium towards the latter. These extensions of the Henry reaction lead to products not easily obtained otherwise.
- Chandrasekhar, Sosale,Shrinidhi, Annadka
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p. 3008 - 3018
(2014/10/16)
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- Direct Henry reactions with modified calcium oxide as solid catalyst
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Commercial CaO was modified simply with benzyl bromide. The modified CaO had good water resistance, and characterization by FTIR and TG revealed the modifier was chemically bonded to the CaO surface. Commercial CaO and CaO modified with benzyl bromide were investigated as catalysts for the Henry reaction between benzaldehyde and nitromethane. It was found that the catalytic activity of the modified CaO was greatly improved, with high conversion of benzaldehyde to the (E)-phenyl nitroolefin and 1-phenyl-2-nitroethanol, and with different selectivity from commercial CaO. The effect of modification and reaction conditions on yield, selectivity, and mechanism were studied thoroughly.
- Tang, Ying,Gu, Xuefan,Meng, Mei,Xu, Jingfang
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p. 3715 - 3725
(2013/10/22)
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- Asymmetric total synthesis and identification of tetrahydroprotoberberine derivatives as new antipsychotic agents possessing a dopamine D1, D2 and serotonin 5-HT1A multi-action profile
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An effective and rapid method for the microwave-assisted preparation of the key intermediate for the total synthesis of tetrahydroprotoberberines (THPBs) including l-stepholidine (l-SPD) was developed. Thirty-one THPB derivatives with diverse substituents on A and D ring were synthesized, and their binding affinity to dopamine D1, D2 and serotonin 5-HT 1A and 5-HT2A receptors were determined. Compounds 18k and 18m were identified as partial agonists at the D1 receptor with Ki values of 50 and 6.3 nM, while both compounds act as D2 receptor antagonists (Ki = 305 and 145 nM, respectively) and 5-HT1A receptor full agonists (Ki = 149 and 908 nM, respectively). These two THPBs compounds exerted antipsychotic actions in animal models. Further electrophysiological studies employing single-unit recording in intact animals demonstrated that 18k-excited dopaminergic (DA) neurons are associated with its 5-HT1A receptor agonistic activity. These results suggest that these two compounds targeted to multiple neurotransmitter receptors may present novel lead drugs with new pharmacological profiles for the treatment of schizophrenia.
- Sun, Haifeng,Zhu, Liyuan,Yang, Huicui,Qian, Wangke,Guo, Lin,Zhou, Shengbin,Gao, Bo,Li, Zeng,Zhou, Yu,Jiang, Hualiang,Chen, Kaixian,Zhen, Xuechu,Liu, Hong
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supporting information
p. 856 - 868
(2013/03/13)
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- A branched domino reaction: Asymmetric organocatalytic two-component four-step synthesis of polyfunctionalized cyclohexene derivatives
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Take two: By employing two equivalents of an aldehyde in an asymmetric organocatalytic domino reaction, the nucleophilic enamine intermediate is also converted into the corresponding iminium species through oxidation with o-iodoxybenzoic acid. Thus, polyfunctionalized cyclohexene derivatives are formed from two simple starting materials in good yields and stereoselectivities (see scheme; Bn=benzyl, EWG=electron-withdrawing group). Copyright
- Zeng, Xiaofei,Ni, Qijian,Raabe, Gerhard,Enders, Dieter
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supporting information
p. 2977 - 2980
(2013/04/11)
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- Regiospecific synthesis of novel cyclic nitrostyrenes and 3-substituted 2-nitronaphthalenes
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A two-step, practical, regiospecific, and readily scalable benzannulation protocol for the preparation of novel 3-alkyl- and 3-aryl-substituted 2-nitronaphthalenes is disclosed. Addition of a β-nitrostyrene or nitroalkene to a solution of freshly prepared lithiated o-tolualdehyde tert-butyl imine first leads to the formation of a nitronate, via rapid 1,4-addition, then an intramolecular aza-Henry reaction takes place to afford a six-membered carbocycle. Subsequent treatment of the reaction mixture with aqueous acid affords novel substituted cyclic nitrostyrenes that can be conveniently aromatized via a one-pot radical-induced bromination and elimination sequence to furnish the corresponding 3-alkyl- or 3-aryl-2-nitronaphthalenes in excellent yields. The straightforward syntheses of 2-aminonaphthalenes, substituted BINAMs, 2-naphthols as well as tricyclic fused 1,2,3-triazoles are also described. Georg Thieme Verlag Stuttgart. New York.
- Keene, Craig,Kuerti, Laszlo
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supporting information
p. 1719 - 1729
(2013/07/26)
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- METHOD OF TREATING SCEDOSPORIUM SPP. INFECTION
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The present invention provides a method of treatment of Scedosporium spp. infection in an animal comprising the step of administering to the infected animal an effective amount of a compound of formula I or a pharmaceutically-acceptable salt thereof
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Page/Page column 17
(2014/01/07)
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- Synthesis of (E)-nitroolefins via decarboxylative nitration using t-butylnitrite (t-BuONO) and TEMPO
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Nitroolefins are usually synthesized using the Henry reaction. Here we report an alternative metal-free decarboxylative nitration protocol for the preparation of the nitroolefins from α,β-unsaturated carboxylic acids using t-butylnitrite (t-BuONO) and TEMPO. α,β-Unsaturated carboxylic acids bearing β-aromatic and β-heteroaromatic substituents gave (E)-nitroolefins exclusively under mild conditions. A radical based pathway has been proposed for this decarboxylative nitration reaction. The Royal Society of Chemistry 2013.
- Manna, Srimanta,Jana, Sandipan,Saboo, Tapish,Maji, Arun,Maiti, Debabrata
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supporting information
p. 5286 - 5288
(2013/06/27)
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- Design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of Erythrina alkaloid analogues as neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptor antagonists
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The synthesis of a new series of Erythrina alkaloid analogues and their pharmacological characterization at various nicotine acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) subtypes are described. The compounds were designed to be simplified analogues of aromatic erythrinanes with the aim of obtaining subtype-selective antagonists for the nAChRs and thereby probe the potential of using these natural products as scaffolds for further ligand optimization. The most selective and potent nAChR ligand to come from the series, 6,7-dimethoxy-2- methyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline (3c) (also a natural product by the name of O-methylcorypalline), displayed submicromolar binding affinity toward the α4β2 nAChR with more than 300-fold selectivity over α4β4, α3β4, and α7. Furthermore, this lead structure (which also has inhibitory activity at monoamine oxidases A and B and at the serotonin and norepinephrine transporters) showed antidepressant-like effect in the mouse forced swim test at 30 mg/kg.
- Crestey, Fran?ois,Jensen, Anders A.,Borch, Morten,Andreasen, Jesper Tobias,Andersen, Jacob,Balle, Thomas,Kristensen, Jesper Langgaard
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supporting information
p. 9673 - 9682
(2014/01/06)
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- Synthesis of nitroalkenes involving a cooperative catalytic action of iron(III) and piperidine: A one-pot synthetic strategy to 3-alkylindoles, 2H-chromenes and N-arylpyrrole
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An efficient and simple strategy has been developed to synthesize various substituted nitroalkenes involving a cooperative catalytic system of FeCl 3 and piperidine. This dual catalytic protocol simultaneously activates both electrophile and nucleophile and works under mild reaction conditions so that many sensitive functional groups were tolerated. Moreover, this cooperative catalytic reaction is also suitable for various one-pot reactions involving nitroalkenes such as, 2H-chromenes, N-arylpyrrole and Michael reaction with indole. Notably, this method is low-cost, efficient and environmentally friendly. Copyright
- Jalal, Swapnadeep,Sarkar, Soumen,Bera, Krishnendu,Maiti, Sukhendu,Jana, Umasish
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supporting information
p. 4823 - 4828
(2013/08/23)
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- C-H functionalization of tertiary amines by cross dehydrogenative coupling reactions: Solvent-free synthesis of α-aminonitriles and β-nitroamines under aerobic condition
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A solvent-free synthesis of α-aminonitriles and β-nitroamines by oxidative cross-dehydrogenative coupling under aerobic condition is reported. A catalytic amount of molybdenum(vi) acetylacetonoate was found to catalyze cyanation of tertiary amines to form α-aminonitriles, whereas vanadium pentoxide was found to promote aza-Henry reaction to furnish β-nitroamines. Both of these environmentally benign reactions are performed in the absence of solvents using molecular oxygen as an oxidant.
- Alagiri, Kaliyamoorthy,Prabhu, Kandikere Ramaiah
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supporting information; experimental part
p. 835 - 842
(2012/02/05)
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- Molybdenum trioxide catalyzed oxidative cross-dehydrogenative coupling of benzylic sp3 C-H bonds: Synthesis of α-aminophosphonates under aerobic conditions
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Molybdenum trioxide (MoO3) catalyzed efficient oxidative cross-dehydrogenative-coupling (CDC) method for C-H functionalization of N-aryl tetrahydroisoquinolines has been explored. This user-friendly method of synthesizing α-aminophosphonates employs 1.1 equiv of dialkyl-H- phosphonate under aerobic condition. Formation of new C-P bonds from unfunctionalized starting materials under environmentally benign conditions provides an excellent avenue for the synthesis of biologically active α-aminophosphonates.
- Alagiri, Kaliyamoorthy,Devadig, Pradeep,Prabhu, Kandikere R.
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supporting information; experimental part
p. 1456 - 1459
(2012/04/04)
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- Design, synthesis, and pharmacological evaluation of novel tetrahydroprotoberberine derivatives: Selective inhibitors of dopamine D 1 receptor
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A series of new tetrahydroprotoberberine (THPB) derivatives were designed, synthesized, and tested for their binding affinity towards dopamine (D 1 and D2) and serotonin (5-HT1A and 5-HT 2A) receptors. Many of the THPB compounds exhibited high binding affinity and activity at the dopamine D1 receptor, as well as high selectivity for the D1 receptor over the D2, 5-HT 1A, and 5-HT2A receptors. Among these, compound 19c exhibited a promising D1 receptor binding affinity (Ki = 2.53 nM) and remarkable selectivity versus D2R (inhibition = 81.87%), 5-HT1AR (inhibition = 61.70%), and 5-HT2AR (inhibition = 24.96%). Compared with l-(S)-stepholidine (l-SPD) (D1 Ki = 6.23 nM, D2 Ki = 56.17 nM), compound 19c showed better binding affinity for the D1 receptor (2.5-fold higher) and excellent D2/D1 selectivity. Functional assays found compounds 18j, 18k, and 19c are pure D1 receptor antagonists. These results indicate that removing the C10 hydroxy group and introducing a methoxy group at C11 of the pharmacophore of l-SPD can reverse the function of THPB compounds at the D1 receptor. These results are in accord with molecular docking studies.
- Qian, Wangke,Lu, Weijian,Sun, Haifeng,Li, Zeng,Zhu, Liyuan,Zhao, Rui,Zhang, Lei,Zhou, Shengbin,Zhou, Yu,Jiang, Hualiang,Zhen, Xuechu,Liu, Hong
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experimental part
p. 4862 - 4871
(2012/09/05)
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- Ethylenediamine: A highly effective catalyst for one-pot synthesis of aryl nitroalkenes via henry reaction and dehydration
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Ethylenediamine (H2NCH2CH2NH2) was found to be a highly effective catalyst for the condensation of aryl aldehydes with nitromethane (or nitroethane). When 1%-2% (mol%) of ethylenediamine was used as the catalyst, the one-pot reaction of aryl aldehydes with nitromethane (or nitroethane) by refluxing for 3-10 h efficiently afforded various arylnitroalkenes 1a-1y in 85%-97% yields. Ethylenediamine (H 2NCH2CH2NH2) was found to be a highly effective catalyst for the condensation of aryl aldehydes with nitromethane (or nitroethane). When 1-2 mol% of ethylenediamine was used as the catalyst, the one-pot reaction of aryl aldehydes with nitromethane (or nitroethane) by refluxing for 3-10 h efficiently afforded various aryl nitroalkenes 1a-1y in 85%-97% yields. Copyright
- Yang, Jianxin,Dong, Jing,Lue, Xia,Zhang, Qiang,Ding, Wei,Shi, Xiaoxin
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p. 2827 - 2833
(2013/08/23)
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- Facile and efficient michael addition of indole to nitroolefins catalyzed by zn(OAc)22H2O
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The Zn(OAc)22H2O-catalyed Michael addition reaction of indole to electron-deficient nitroolefins to afford the corresponding adducts in good to excellent yields with high selectivity is reported.
- Ji, Xiang,Tong, Haibo,Yuan, Yu
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experimental part
p. 372 - 379
(2011/04/16)
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- Synthesis and serotonin transporter activity of 1,3-bis(aryl)-2-nitro-1- propenes as a new class of anticancer agents
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Structural derivatives of 4-MTA, an illegal amphetamine analogue have been previously shown to have anticancer effects in vitro. In this study we report the synthesis of a series of novel 1,3-bis(aryl)-2-nitro-1-propene derivatives related in structure to 4-MTA. A number of these compounds containing a classic nitrostyrene structure are shown to have antiproliferative activities in vitro in a range of malignant cell lines, particularly against Burkitt's lymphoma derived cell lines, whilst having no effect on 'normal' peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Such effects appear to be independent of the serotonin transporter, a high affinity target for amphetamines and independent of protein tyrosine phosphatases and tubulin dynamics both of which have been previously associated with nitrostyrene-induced cell death. We demonstrate that a number of these compounds induce caspase activation, PARP cleavage, chromatin condensation and membrane blebbing in a Burkitt's lymphoma derived cell line, consistent with these compounds inducing apoptosis in vitro. Although no specific target has yet been identified for the action of these compounds, the cell death elicited is potent, selective and worthy of further investigation.
- McNamara, Yvonne M.,Cloonan, Suzanne M.,Knox, Andrew J.S.,Keating, John J.,Butler, Stephen G.,Peters, Günther H.,Meegan, Mary J.,Williams, D. Clive
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scheme or table
p. 1328 - 1348
(2011/04/17)
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- An oxidative cross-dehydrogenative-coupling reaction in water using molecular oxygen as the oxidant: Vanadium catalyzed indolation of tetrahydroisoquinolines
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An aerobic oxidative cross-dehydrogenative coupling reaction between sp3 C-H and sp2 C-H bonds is developed by employing a vanadium catalyst (10 mol%) in an aqueous medium using molecular oxygen as the oxidant. This environmentally benign strategy exhibits larger substrate scope and shows high regioselectivity.
- Alagiri, Kaliyamoorthy,Kumara, Guralamatta Siddappa Ravi,Prabhu, Kandikere Ramaiah
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supporting information; experimental part
p. 11787 - 11789
(2011/11/29)
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- Cascade formation of isoxazoles: Facile base-mediated rearrangement of substituted oxetanes
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Give me five! Nitro compounds and oxetan-3-one react through an intriguing cascade sequence to give isoxazole-4-carbaldehydes using inexpensive reagents in a one-pot procedure (see scheme; Ms=methanesulfonyl). A variety of 3-substituted isoxazole-4-carbaldehydes were obtained in high overall yields.
- Burkhard, Johannes A.,Tchitchanov, Boris H.,Carreira, Erick M.
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p. 5379 - 5382
(2011/07/08)
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- Synthesis of vinylphosphonates and its first exploration of bioactivity
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Phosphonation of β-nitro-alkene with triethyl phosphite was achieved under microwave irradiation using CH2Cl2 as the solvent in the absence of catalyst with moderate to high yields (up to 90%). This method of formation of carbonphosphor bonds is simple, mild, convenient and effective. Synchronously, a number of vinylphosphonates derivatives were synthesized and evaluated biologically preliminary.
- Li, Sheng-Nan,Xu, Lan-Ting,Chenb, Yue,Lia, Ju-Lian,He, Ling
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experimental part
p. 416 - 422
(2012/05/04)
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- Synthesis and biological evaluation of berberine analogues as novel up-regulators for both low-density-lipoprotein receptor and insulin receptor
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Berberine (BBR) is a natural compound with up-regulating activity on both low-density-lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) and insulin receptor (InsR). This one-drug-multiple-target characteristic might be suitable for the treatment of metabolic syndrome. In searching for up-regulators effective for both LDLR and InsR expression, the structure-activity relationship (SAR) analysis for BBR analogues was done. Fourteen BBR analogues were designed, synthesized and biologically evaluated. SAR analysis revealed that appropriate modifications on the phenyl ring A or D of BBR might retain the up-regulatory activities on the expression of both LDLR and InsR. Among these compounds, compound 13a bearing 9-methoxy and 10-hydroxyl on the ring D showed promising activities on either LDLR or InsR gene expression. The 10-hydroxyl of 13a could be an arm to connect proper chemical groups for optimizing drug-bioavailability in vivo. Thus, 13a could be considered to be a parent compound to make pro-drugs for either blood lipids or glucose.
- Wang, Yan-Xiang,Wang, Yu-Ping,Zhang, Hao,Kong, Wei-Jia,Li, Ying-Hong,Liu, Fei,Gao, Rong-Mei,Liu, Ting,Jiang, Jian-Dong,Song, Dan-Qing
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scheme or table
p. 6004 - 6008
(2010/06/16)
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- E-Combretastatin and E-resveratrol structural modifications: Antimicrobial and cancer cell growth inhibitory β-E-nitrostyrenes
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As part of a broad-based SAR investigation of E-resveratrol (strong sirtuin activator and antineoplastic) and the anticancer vascular-targeting combretastatin-type stilbenes, a series of twenty-three β-E-nitrostyrenes was synthesized in order to evaluate potential antineoplastic, antitubulin, and antimicrobial activities. The β-E-nitrostyrenes evaluated ranged from monosubstituted phenols to trimethoxy and 3-methoxy-4,5-methylenedioxy derivatives. Two of the β-nitrostyrenes were synthesized as water-soluble sodium phosphate derivatives (4t, 4v). All except four (4r, 4s, 4t, 4u) of the series significantly inhibited a minipanel of human cancer cell lines. All but eight led to an IC50 of 10 μM for inhibition of tubulin polymerization, and all except three (4l, 4t, 4v) displayed antimicrobial activity.
- Pettit, Robin K.,Pettit, George R.,Hamel, Ernest,Hogan, Fiona,Moser, Bryan R.,Wolf, Sonja,Pon, Sandy,Chapuis, Jean-Charles,Schmidt, Jean M.
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experimental part
p. 6606 - 6612
(2009/12/06)
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- A very mild access to 3,4-dihydroisoquinolines using triphenyl phosphite-bromine-mediated bischler-napieralski-type cyclization
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Substituted β-phenylethylamides undergo smooth intramolecular cyclization to 3,4-dihydroisoquinolines in good to excellent yields when treated with bromotriphenoxyphosphonium bromide at -60°C in dichloromethane in the presence of triethylamine. The reaction proceeds under the mildest conditions ever reported for Bischler-Napieralski-type cyclizations. When chlorotriphenoxyphosphonium choride is used, low yields are obtained instead. Georg Thieme Verlag Stuttgart.
- Vaccari, Daniele,Davoli, Paolo,Ori, Claudia,Spaggiari, Alberto,Prati, Fabio
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experimental part
p. 2807 - 2810
(2009/05/07)
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- ATRASENTAN HYDROCHLORIDE CRYSTALLINE FORM 2
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Atrasentan Hydrochloride Crystalline Form 2, compositions containing it and methods of treatment of diseases and inhibition of adverse physiological events using it are disclosed.
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Page/Page column 8
(2008/12/05)
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- Synthesis of amino tetrahydrofuran lignan via an N,O-heterocyclic compound as an intermediate
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Tetrahydrofuran aminolignans bearing an amino group at the 8 position were synthesized via an N,O-heterocyclic compound that had been obtained by silylnitronate cycloaddition.
- Hirao, Haruna,Yamauchi, Satoshi,Ishibashi, Fumio
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p. 741 - 745
(2007/10/03)
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- Synthesis and in vitro evaluation of tetrahydroisoquinolinyl benzamides as ligands for σ receptors
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5-Bromo-N-[4-(6,7-dimethoxy-3,4-dihydro-1H-isoquinolin-2-yl)-butyl)]-2,3-dimethoxy-benzamide (1) is one of the most potent and selective σ2 receptor ligands reported to date. Previous structure-activity relationship studies of such tetrahydroisoquinolinyl benzamides have focused on the linker that connects the ring systems and the effects of benzamide ring substituents. The present study explores the effects of fusing methylene-, ethylene-, and propylenedioxy rings onto the tetrahydroisoquinoline in place of the two methoxy groups. These modifications decreased σ2 affinity by 8- to 12-fold, with no major differences noted with ring size. By contrast, the methylenedioxy analog showed a 10-fold greater σ1 affinity than 1, and progressively lower σ1 affinities were then noted with increasing ring size. We also opened the tetrahydroisoquinoline ring of 1 to study the effects of greater conformational fluidity on σ receptor binding. The σ2 affinity of the open-ring compound decreased by 1700-fold, while σ1 affinity was not changed. Thus, a constrained tetrahydroisoquinoline ring system is key to the exceptional σ2 receptor binding affinity and selectivity of this active series.
- Xu, Rong,Lever, John R.,Lever, Susan Z.
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p. 2594 - 2597
(2008/02/04)
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