- Structure-activity relationships of diamine inhibitors of cytochrome P450 (CYP) 3A as novel pharmacoenhancers. Part II: P2/P3 region and discovery of cobicistat (GS-9350)
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The HIV protease inhibitor (PI) ritonavir (RTV) has been widely used as a pharmacoenhancer for other PIs, which are substrates of cytochrome P450 3A (CYP3A). However the potent anti-HIV activity of ritonavir may limit its use as a pharmacoenhancer with other classes of anti-HIV agents. Ritonavir is also associated with limitations such as poor physicochemical properties. To address these issues a series of compounds with replacements at the P2 and/or P3 region was designed and evaluated as novel CYP3A inhibitors. Through these efforts, a potent and selective inhibitor of CYP3A, GS-9350 (cobicistat) with improved physiochemical properties was discovered.
- Xu, Lianhong,Liu, Hongtao,Hong, Allen,Vivian, Randy,Murray, Bernard P.,Callebaut, Christian,Choi, You-Chul,Lee, Melody S.,Chau, Jennifer,Tsai, Luong K.,Stray, Kirsten M.,Strickley, Robert G.,Wang, Jianhong,Tong, Leah,Swaminathan, Swami,Rhodes, Gerry R.,Desai, Manoj C.
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p. 995 - 999
(2014/02/14)
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- Structure-activity relationships of diamine inhibitors of cytochrome P450 (CYP) 3A as novel pharmacoenhancers, part I: Core region
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Ritonavir (RTV), an HIV-1 protease inhibitor (PI), is also a potent mechanism-based inhibitor of human cytochrome P450 3A (CYP3A) and has been widely prescribed as a pharmacoenhancer. As a boosting agent for marketed PIs, it reduces pill burden, and improves compliance. Removal of the hydroxyl group from RTV reduces, but does not eliminate HIV PI activity and does not affect CYP3A inhibition. Herein we report the discovery of a novel series of CYP3A inhibitors that are devoid of antiviral activity. The synthesis and evaluation of analogs with extensive modifications of the 1,4-diamine core along with the structure activity relationships with respect to anti-HIV activity, CYP3A inhibitory activity, selectivity against other CYP enzymes and the human pregnane X receptor (PXR) will be discussed.
- Liu, Hongtao,Xu, Lianhong,Hui, Hon,Vivian, Randy,Callebaut, Christian,Murray, Bernard P.,Hong, Allen,Lee, Melody S.,Tsai, Luong K.,Chau, Jennifer K.,Stray, Kirsten M.,Cannizzaro, Carina,Choi, You-Chul,Rhodes, Gerry R.,Desai, Manoj C.
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p. 989 - 994
(2014/02/14)
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- MODULATORS OF PHARMACOKINETIC PROPERTIES OF THERAPEUTICS
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The present application provides for a compound of Formula I, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, and/or ester thereof, compositions containing such compounds, therapeutic methods that include the administration of such compounds, and therapeutic methods and include the administration of such compounds with at least one additional therapeutic agent.
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Page/Page column 199
(2008/06/13)
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- ACID ADDITION SALT OF 2-ISOPROPYL-4-(((N-METHYL)AMINO)METHYL)THIAZOLE AND ITS?USE IN THE PREPARATION OF RITONAVIR
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The present invention relates to a novel acid addition salt of 2-Isopropyl-4-(((N-methyl)amino)methyl)thiazole of Formula (I) which is a useful intermediate for preparing HIV protease inhibitors. The present invention further provides a process for preparing ritonavir, a HIV protease inhibitor, using the compound of Formula (I).
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Page/Page column 10
(2008/06/13)
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- Discovery of ritonavir, a potent inhibitor of HIV protease with high oral bioavailability and clinical efficacy
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The structure-activity studies leading to the potent and clinically efficacious HIV protease inhibitor ritonavir are described. Beginning with the moderately potent and orally bioavailable inhibitor A-80987, systematic investigation of peripheral (P3 and P2') heterocyclic groups designed to decrease the rate of hepatic metabolism provided analogues with improved pharmacokinetic properties after oral dosing in rats. Replacement of pyridyl groups with thiazoles provided increased chemical stability toward oxidation while maintaining sufficient aqueous solubility for oral absorption. Optimization of hydrophobic interactions with the HIV protease active site produced ritonavir, with excellent in vitro potency (EC50 = 0.02 μM) and high and sustained plasma concentrations after oral administration in four species. Details of the discovery and preclinical development of ritonavir are described.
- Kempf, Dale J.,Sham, Hing L.,Marsh, Kennan C.,Flentge, Charles A.,Betebenner, David,Green, Brian E.,McDonald, Edith,Vasavanonda, Sudthida,Saldivar, Ayda,Wideburg, Norman E.,Kati, Warren M.,Ruiz, Lisa,Zhao, Chen,Fino, Lynnmarie,Patterson, Jean,Molla, Akhteruzzaman,Plattner, Jacob J.,Norbeck, Daniel W.
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p. 602 - 617
(2007/10/03)
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- Pharmaceutical composition
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A solid pharmaceutical composition is disclosed which comprises a pharmaceutically acceptable adsorbent or a mixture of pharmaceutically acceptable adsorbents to which is adsorbed a mixture of (1) a pharmaceutically acceptable organic solvent or a mixture of pharmaceutically acceptable organic solvents, (2) an HIV protease inhibiting compound and (3) one or more pharmaceutically acceptable acids. The solid composition can optionally be encapsulated in a hard gelatin capsule.
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- Pharmaceutical composition for inhibiting HIV protease
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A pharmaceutical composition is disclosed which comprises a solution of an HIV protease inhibiting compound in a pharmaceutically acceptable organic solvent comprising a mixture of (1) (a) a solvent selected from propylene glycol and polyethylene glycol or (b) a solvent selected from polyoxyethyleneglycerol triricinoleate, polyethylene glycol 40 hydrogenated castor oil, fractionated coconut oil, polyoxyethylene (20) sorbitan monooleate and 2-(2-ethoxyethoxy)ethanol or (c) a mixture thereof and (2) ethanol or propylene glycol.
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- RETROVIRAL PROTEASE INHIBITING COMPOUNDS
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A retroviral protease inhibiting compound of the formula: STR1 is disclosed wherein R 1, R 2, R 5, R 6, Y m and Y' n are herein defined.
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