- Solid-Phase Synthesis of β-Amino Ketones Via DNA-Compatible Organocatalytic Mannich Reactions
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One-bead-one-compound (OBOC) libraries constructed by solid-phase split-and-pool synthesis are a valuable source of protein ligands. Most OBOC libraries are comprised of oligoamides, particularly peptides, peptoids, and peptoid-inspired molecules. Further diversification of the chemical space covered by OBOC libraries is desirable. Toward this end, we report here the efficient proline-catalyzed asymmetric Mannich reaction between immobilized aldehydes and soluble ketones and anilines. The reaction conditions do not compromise the amplification of DNA by the PCR. Thus, this chemistry will likely be useful for the construction of novel DNA-encoded libraries by solid-phase synthesis.
- Tran-Hoang, Nam,Kodadek, Thomas
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Read Online
- Comparative Study of Photoswitchable Zinc-Finger Domain and AT-Hook Motif for Light-Controlled Peptide–DNA Binding
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DNA–peptide interactions are involved in key life processes, including DNA recognition, replication, transcription, repair, organization, and modification. Development of tools that can influence DNA–peptide binding non-invasively with high spatiotemporal precision could aid in determining its role in cells and tissues. Here, the design, synthesis, and study of photocontrolled tools for sequence-specific small peptide-DNA major and minor groove interactions are reported, shedding light on DNA binding by transcriptionally active peptides. In particular, photoswitchable moieties were implemented in the peptide backbone or turn region. In each case, DNA binding was affected by photochemical isomerization, as determined in fluorescent displacement assays on model DNA strands, which provides promising tools for DNA modulation.
- Murawska, Gosia M.,Poloni, Claudia,Simeth, Nadja A.,Szymanski, Wiktor,Feringa, Ben L.
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Read Online
- Red-shifted tetra-ortho-halo-azobenzenes for photo-regulated transmembrane anion transport
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Photo-responsive synthetic ion transporters are of interest as tools for studying transmembrane transport processes and have potential applications as targeted therapeutics, due to the possibility of spatiotemporal control and wavelength-dependent function. Here we report the synthesis of novel symmetric and non-symmetric red-shifted tetra-ortho-chloro- and tetra-ortho-fluoro azobenzenes, bearing pendant amine functionality. Functionalisation of the photo-switchable scaffolds with squaramide hydrogen bond donors enabled the preparation of a family of anion receptors, which act as photo-regulated transmembrane chloride transporters in response to green or red light. The subtle effects of chlorine/fluorine substitution,meta/parapositioning of the anion receptors, and the use of more flexible linkers are explored. NMR titration experiments on the structurally diverse photo-switchable receptors reveal cooperative binding of chloride in theZ, but notEisomer, by the two squaramide binding sites. These results are supported by molecular dynamics simulations in explicit solvent and model membranes. We show that this intramolecular anion recognition leads to effective switching of transport activity in lipid bilayer membranes, in which optimalZisomer activity is achieved using a combination of fluorine substitution andpara-methylene spacer units.
- Bo, Zonghua,Duarte, Fernanda,Kerckhoffs, Aidan,Langton, Matthew J.,Penty, Samuel E.
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supporting information
p. 9058 - 9067
(2021/11/04)
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- Beyond Basicity: Discovery of Nonbasic DENV-2 Protease Inhibitors with Potent Activity in Cell Culture
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The viral serine protease NS2B-NS3 is one of the promising targets for drug discovery against dengue virus and other flaviviruses. The molecular recognition preferences of the protease favor basic, positively charged moieties as substrates and inhibitors, which leads to pharmacokinetic liabilities and off-target interactions with host proteases such as thrombin. We here present the results of efforts that were aimed specifically at the discovery and development of noncharged, small-molecular inhibitors of the flaviviral proteases. A key factor in the discovery of these compounds was a cellular reporter gene assay for the dengue protease, the DENV2proHeLa system. Extensive structure-activity relationship explorations resulted in novel benzamide derivatives with submicromolar activities in viral replication assays (EC50 0.24 μM), selectivity against off-target proteases, and negligible cytotoxicity. This structural class has increased drug-likeness compared to most of the previously published active-site-directed flaviviral protease inhibitors and includes promising candidates for further preclinical development.
- Kühl, Nikos,Leuthold, Mila M.,Behnam, Mira A. M.,Klein, Christian D.
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supporting information
p. 4567 - 4587
(2021/05/06)
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- RADIOLABELED BOMBESIN-DERIVED COMPOUNDS FOR IN VIVO IMAGING OF GASTRIN-RELEASING PEPTIDE RECEPTOR (GRPR) AND TREATMENT OF GRPR-RELATED DISORDERS
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There is provided bombesin-derived compounds of Formula Ia (RX-L-Xaa1-Gln-Trp-Ala-Val-Xaa2-His-Xaa3-ψ-Xaa4-NH2). RX comprises a radionuclide chelator or a trifluoroborate-containing prosthetic group. L is a linker. Xaa1 is D-Phe, Cpa (4-chlorophenylalanine), D-Cpa, Tpi (2,3,4,9-tetrahydro-1H-pyrido[3,4b]indol-3-carboxylic acid), D-Tpi, Nal (naphthylalanine), or D-Nal. Xaa2 is Gly, N-methyl-Gly or D-Ala. Xaa3 is Leu, Pro, D-Pro, or Phe. Xaa4 is Pro, Phe, Tac (thiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid), Nle (norleucine), 4-oxa-L-Pro (oxazolidine-4-carboxylic acid). The symbol ψ represents a reduced peptide bond between Xaa3 and Xaa4 in which ψ is CH2-N when Xaa4 is Pro, Tac or 4-oxa-L-Pro, or ψ is CH2N(R) when Xaa4 is Phe or Nle wherein R is H or C1-C5 linear or branched alkyl. There is also provided the use of such compounds as imaging agents or therapeutic agents.
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Paragraph 00117
(2021/04/17)
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- A New Class of Dengue and West Nile Virus Protease Inhibitors with Submicromolar Activity in Reporter Gene DENV-2 Protease and Viral Replication Assays
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Dengue and West Nile virus are rapidly spreading global pathogens for which no specific therapeutic treatments are available. One of the promising targets for drug discovery against dengue and other flaviviruses is the viral serine protease NS2B-NS3. We present the design, synthesis, and in vitro and cellular characterization of a novel chemotype of potent small-molecule non-peptidic dengue protease inhibitors derived from 4-benzyloxyphenylglycine. A newly developed luciferase-based DENV-2 protease reporter system in HeLa cells (DENV2proHeLa) was employed to determine the activity of the compounds in a cellular environment. Specificity and selectivity of the DENV2proHeLa system were confirmed by viral titer reduction assays. The compounds reach low micromolar to upper nanomolar inhibitory potency in cell-based assays, are selective against other serine proteases, and do not show relevant cytotoxicity. An extensive structure-activity relationship study provides a perspective for further drug development against flaviviral infections.
- Kühl, Nikos,Graf, Dominik,Bock, Josephine,Behnam, Mira A. M.,Leuthold, Mila-Mareen,Klein, Christian D.
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supporting information
p. 8179 - 8197
(2020/09/21)
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- Photopharmacological Control of Cyclic Antimicrobial Peptides
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Gramicidin S is a naturally occurring antimicrobial cyclic peptide. Herein, we present a series of cyclic peptides based on gramicidin S that contain an azobenzene photoswitch to reversibly control secondary structure and, hence, antimicrobial activity. 1H NMR spectroscopy and density functional theory calculations revealed a β-sheet/β-turn secondary structure for the cis configuration of each peptide, and an ill-defined conformation for all associated trans structures. The cis-enriched and trans-enriched photostationary states (PSSs) for peptides 1–3 were assayed against Staphylococcus aureus to reveal a clear relationship between well-defined secondary structure, amphiphilicity and optimal antimicrobial activity. Most notably, peptides 2 a and 2 b exhibited a fourfold difference in antimicrobial activity in the cis-enriched PSS over the trans-enriched equivalent. This photopharmacological approach allows antimicrobial activity to be regulated through photochemical control of the azobenzene photoswitch, thereby opening new avenues in the design and synthesis of future antibiotics.
- Yeoh, Yuan Qi,Yu, Jingxian,Polyak, Steven W.,Horsley, John R.,Abell, Andrew D.
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p. 2591 - 2597
(2018/11/23)
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- Optimization of Substrate-Analogue Furin Inhibitors
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The proprotein convertase furin is a potential target for drug design, especially for the inhibition of furin-dependent virus replication. All effective synthetic furin inhibitors identified thus far are multibasic compounds; the highest potency was found for our previously developed inhibitor 4-(guanidinomethyl)phenylacetyl-Arg-Tle-Arg-4-amidinobenzylamide (MI-1148). An initial study in mice revealed a narrow therapeutic range for this tetrabasic compound, while significantly reduced toxicity was observed for some tribasic analogues. This suggests that the toxicity depends at least to some extent on the overall multibasic character of this inhibitor. Therefore, in a first approach, the C-terminal benzamidine of MI-1148 was replaced by less basic P1 residues. Despite decreased potency, a few compounds still inhibit furin in the low nanomolar range, but display negligible efficacy in cells. In a second approach, the P2 arginine was replaced by lysine; compared to MI-1148, this furin inhibitor has slightly decreased potency, but exhibits similar antiviral activity against West Nile and Dengue virus in cell culture and decreased toxicity in mice. These results provide a promising starting point for the development of efficacious and well-tolerated furin inhibitors.
- Ivanova, Teodora,Hardes, Kornelia,Kallis, Stephanie,Dahms, Sven O.,Than, Manuel E.,Künzel, Sebastian,B?ttcher-Friebertsh?user, Eva,Lindberg, Iris,Jiao, Guan-Sheng,Bartenschlager, Ralf,Steinmetzer, Torsten
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supporting information
p. 1953 - 1968
(2017/11/22)
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- Azobenzene compound
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PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To provide an azobenzene compound useful as a vital function controlling research tool.SOLUTION: An azobenzene compound is represented by formula (1). In the formula, X is sulfur atom, oxygen atom, -CH-, or a direct bond; Y is a lower alkylene group, a lower alkenylene group or lower alkynylene group, A is a protective group, a hydrogen atom or the like and B is a protective group, a hydroxy group or the like.
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Paragraph 0102; 0103
(2017/06/14)
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- Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of 2-Aminobenzothiazole and Benzimidazole Analogs Based on the Clathrodin Structure
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A series of 2-aminobenzothiazole and benzimidazole analogs based on the clathrodin scaffold was synthesized and investigated for their antimicrobial and antiproliferative activities as well as for their effects in hepatitis C virus (HCV) replicon model. Compound 7, derived from 2-aminobenzothiazole, exhibited moderate antimicrobial activity only against the Gram-positive bacterium, Enterococcus faecalis. In the antiviral assay, compounds 4d and 7 were found to suppress the HCV replicon by >70%, but also to exhibit cytotoxicity against the host cells (35 and 44%, respectively). Compounds 4a and 7 demonstrated good activity in the antiproliferative assays on the human melanoma cell line A-375. To assess the selectivity of the effects between cancerous and noncancerous cells, a mouse fibroblast cell line was used. The IC50 values for compound 7 against the melanoma cell line A-375 and the fibroblast cell line BALB/c 3T3 were 16 and 71 μM, respectively, yielding fourfold selectivity toward the cancer cell line. These results suggest that compound 7 should be studied further in order to fully explore its potential for drug development. A series of novel 2-aminobenzothiazole and benzimidazole derivatives based on the clathrodin structure was synthesized and evaluated for antimicrobial, antiproliferative and antiviral activities. (9H-Fluoren-9-yl)-methyl [(2-aminobenzo[d]thiazol-6-yl)methyl]carbamate 7 exhibited antiproliferative activity against the melanoma cell line A-375 (IC50 = 16 μM) with 4-fold selectivity between cancerous (A-375) and noncancerous (BALB/c 3T3) cells.
- Montalv?o, Sofia,Leino, Teppo O.,Kiuru, Paula S.,Lillsunde, Katja-Emilia,Yli-Kauhaluoma, Jari,Tammela, P?ivi
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p. 137 - 149
(2016/02/09)
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- HISTONE LYSINE DEMETHYLASE INHIBITORS
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The invention provides a compound which is an iV-oxalylglycine derivative of formula (I): a hydroxamic acid derivative of formula (II): or a heteroaryl derivative of fomula (III): wherein n; Z1; Z2; Y1; Y2; A; p; X1; X2; m; R4; B; R5; R6; R7; R8; R9; X3; R10; R11 and R12 are as defined herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. These compounds are inhibitors of the human 2-oxoglutarate-dependant JMJD2 subfamily of histone demethylases, in particular JMJD2E. Such inhibitors are useful in changing the epigenetic state of cells resulting in the inhibition / activation of chromatin remodelling, multiple gene activation / deactivation, and in treating cancer and other conditions characterised by undesirable cellular proliferation, and psychiatric disorders including depression.
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Page/Page column 85
(2010/04/30)
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- A photoswitchable ITAM peptidomimetic: Synthesis and real time surface plasmon resonance (SPR) analysis of the effects of cis-trans isomerization on binding
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The Syk protein plays an important role in immune receptor signaling. The Syk tandem SH2 domain (tSH2)-ITAM interaction is important for recruiting Syk to the receptor complex and for Syk kinase activation. A peptidomimetic ligand for tSH2 was synthesized in which a photoswitchable azobenzene moiety was incorporated. Such a photoswitchable moiety may regulate the distance between the two phosphotyrosine containing ITAM sequences, which bind to tSH2. Different affinities of the cis and trans isomer of the ligand were found by surface plasmon resonance (SPR). By in situ irradiation during SPR measurements the effect of the cis-trans isomerization on binding could be monitored in real time.
- Kuil, Joeri,van Wandelen, Loek T.M.,de Mol, Nico J.,Liskamp, Rob M.J.
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p. 1393 - 1399
(2008/09/19)
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