18913-31-0

Hyperbranched vinyl polymers with high degrees of branching (DBs) up to 0.43 functionalized with numerous pendent allene groups have been successfully prepared via reversible addition fragmentation chain transfer polymerization of a state-of-art allene-derived asymmetrical divinyl monomer, allenemethyl methacrylate (AMMA). The gelation did not occur until high monomer conversions (above 90%), as a result of the optimized reactivity difference between the two vinyl groups in AMMA. The branched structure was confirmed by a combination of a triple-detection size exclusion chromatography (light scattering, refractive index, and viscosity detectors) and detailed 1H NMR analyses. A two-step mechanism is proposed for the evolution of branching according to the dependence of molecular weight and DB on monomer conversion. Controlled radical polymerization proceeds until moderate conversions, mainly producing linear polymers. Subsequent initiation and propagation on the polymerizable allene side chains as well as the coupling of macromolecular chains generate numerous branches at moderate-to-high monomer conversions, dramatically increasing the molecular weight of the polymer. AMMA was also explored as a new branching agent to construct poly(methyl methacrylate)-type hyperbranched polymers by its copolymerization with methyl methacrylate. The DB can be effectively tuned by the amount of AMMA, showing a linear increase trend. The pendent allene groups in the side chains of the copolymers were further functionalized by epoxidation and thiol-ene chemistry in satisfactory yields.

Four cyanobutadiene isomers of considerable interest to the organic chemistry, molecular spectroscopy, and astrochemistry communities were synthesized in good yields and isolated as pure compounds: (E)-1-cyano-1,3-butadiene (E-1), (Z)-1-cyano-1,3-butadiene (Z-1), 4-cyano-1,2-butadiene (2), and 2-cyano-1,3-butadiene (3). A diastereoselective synthesis was developed to generate (E)-1-cyano-1,3-butadiene (1) (10:1 E/Z) via tandem SN2 and E2′ reactions. The potential energy surfaces of the E2′ reactions leading to (E)- A nd (Z)-1-cyano-1,3-butadiene (1) were analyzed by density functional theory calculations, and the observed diastereoselectivity was rationalized in the context of the Curtin-Hammett principle. The preparation of pure samples of these reactive compounds enables measurement of their laboratory rotational spectra, which are the critical data needed to search for these species in space by radioastronomy.

A new variant of the intramolecular Diels-Alder oxazole (IMDAO) cycloaddition that provides direct access to 6-azaindoles was developed. The IMDAO reaction was applied in a total synthesis of the aminophenylpyrrole-derived alkaloid marinoquinoline A, also

An efficient Cp*CoIII-catalyzed C8-dienylation of quinoline-N-oxides was achieved by employing allenes bearing leaving groups at the α-position as the dienylating agents. The reaction proceeds by CoIII-catalyzed C?H activation of qui

A highly efficient, cheap, and organic alternative to the commonly used iridium photosensitizer (Ir[dF(CF3)ppy]2(dtbpy))PF6 ([Ir-F]) is presented for visible-light energy transfer catalysis. The organic dye 2CzPN surpasses [Ir-F] in selectivity while at t

A highly selective rhodium-catalyzed cyclization of tethered 3-allenylindoles is reported. In a smooth reaction, 1-vinyltetrahydrocarbazoles are obtained in excellent yields and enantioselectivities. Aside from a great functional group tolerance, this method requires neither the Schlenk technique nor the use of anhydrous solvents. Preliminary mechanistic investigations proved that the reaction proceeds via an intermediary formed spiroindolenine which rapidly undergoes an acid-catalyzed stereospecific migration.

A highly selective rhodium-catalyzed tandem spirocyclization/reduction of 3-allenylindoles is reported. By employing a Hantzsch ester as reductant, vinylic spiroindolines are obtained in excellent yields as well as diastereo- and enantioselectivity. In addition, the reaction's synthetic utility is highlighted by broad functional group compatibility and exemplified by a gram scale reaction with subsequent assorted transformations.

A mild method for the synthesis of highly functionalized [3]–[6]dendralenes is reported, representing a general strategy to diversely substituted higher homologues of the dendralenes. The methodology utilizes allenoates bearing various substitution patter

Gold-catalyzed reactions of 6-allen-1-ynes with N-hydroxyanilines afford thermally stable benzoazepin-4-ones in anti-selectivity; these anti-configured products are easily isomerized to their syn-isomers on a silica column. The mechanism of reactions likely involve initial nitrone/allene cycloadditions, followed by skeletal rearrangement of resulting intermediates.

A cascade reaction, consisting of a palladium-catalyzed regioselective aerobic oxidative carbocyclization–borylation of bisallenes and a final aldehyde trapping, afforded triene alcohols with high diastereoselectivity. The cascade reaction occurs under mild reaction conditions and proceeds via an allylboron intermediate that is trapped by the aldehyde in a stereoselective manner.

Relative to our original protocol that uses CuI (0.5 equiv.), paraformaldehyde (2.5 equiv.), and dicyclohexylamine (1.8 equiv.), a facile and efficient protocol for the gram-scale synthesis of functionalized terminal allenes by using CuI (7.5-10 mol-%), p

In this work, we report on a new intramolecular para cycloaddition of arenes with allenes, yielding attractive rigid scaffolds bearing several reactive functionalities to build in further diversity. Bicyclo[2.2.2]octadiene- type products and benzoxepine acetals are formed in this reaction, in ratios and yields depending on the substitution pattern on the aromatic ring, the nature of the chromophore, and the tether. This unprecedented reaction has remarkable features that distinguish it from many other photochemical transformations: it is particularly robust with respect to substituents, it can be scaled up without a notable loss of efficiency, and it can lead to structures with a high degree of complexity in low to good yields. All photochemical precursors could be synthesized readily in three steps. We confirmed the compatibility of the nitrogen atom in the photocycloaddition step, which gives access to a bicyclo[2.2.2]octadiene scaffold with two points that allow further diversification. This reaction was scaled up to multigram quantities without erosion of the typically high yields in photocycloadducts. Sequential deprotection of the N- or C-terminus of bicyclic amino acids gave access to two conformationally constrained unnatural amino acids with different dispositions of the two anchor points.

Palladium to make them, gold to cyclize them! Gold-catalyzed cycloisomerizative hydroalkylation of N-allenyl amides affords regioselectively 4-vinyl-γ-lactams. This transformation is stereospecific and takes place with a total axis-to-center chirality tra

In a mechanistically-oriented study, O-α-allenyl esters have been evaluated as potential substrates for Pd-catalyzed carbopalladation/allylic alkylation domino sequences and decarboxylative allenylation reactions. The domino sequence turned out to be feas

Synthesis of highly substituted 3-fluorofurans is reported. The sequence began with preparation of tert-butyldimethylsilyl alk-1-en-3-yn-1-yl ethers from 1,4-disubstituted alk-3-yn-1-ones. Subsequent fluorination of alkenynyl silyl ethers with Selectfluor

The cross-conjugated allenes ("allenic dendralenes") 2-allenylbuta-1,3-diene (2), 1,1-divinylallene (3, prepared here as the methyl derivative 49), and 1,1-diallenylethene (4) are prepared either by S N2′-substitution processes from appropriate allenic or acetylenic precursors or by base-catalyzed isomerizations of propargylic substrates. Thermal elimination/isomerization routes to these highly unsaturated hydrocarbons require reaction conditions under which these allenes undergo secondary transformations. The new oligoolefins, the structures of which have been calculated by MP2 methods, are interesting substrates for addition and isomerization reactions. The phenomenon of cross-conjugation is extended to allenes; the resulting oligoolefins are predicted to become useful dienes for multiple-Diels-Alder additions allowing the rapid construction of complex carbon frameworks.

[6 + 2] Cycloadditions between cycloheptatrienes with allenes have been investigated. Cobalt salts were found to promote this transformation efficiently. Moreover, this reaction was found to be highly selective since only one regioisomer was obtained with an excellent E/Z-selectivity.

Several alkylidenesilacyclopropanes were prepared by silver-mediated silylene transfer to allenes. Oxasilacyclopentanes derived from allenes were prepared with high regio- and diastereoselectivity by a two-step, one-flask silacyclopropanation/carbonyl ins

Twelve allenic aromatic ethers, some of them are natural products isolated from the mangrove fungus Xylaria sp. 2508 in the South China Sea, were synthesized. Their antitumor activities against KB and KBv200 cells were determined. All these compounds demonstrated cytotoxic potential, ranging from weak to strong activity. The analysis of structure-activity relationships suggested that the introduction of allenic moiety could generate or enhance cytotoxicity of these phenol compounds.

A palladium [2 + 2] cycloaddition of 1,6- and 1,7- allenyne carboxylates and microwave-mediated [2 + 2] cycloaddition of various 1,n-allenynes were developed and, particularly, the microwave irradiated [2 + 2] cycloaddition of allenynes can provide a simp

(Chemical Equation Presented) Samarium(II) iodide has proven to be an effective reagent for intramolecular reductive coupling Sreactions. Previous investigations of intramolecular ketyl-olefin coupling reactions provided carbocycles in excellent yield and good diastereoselectivity. This method has been extended to ketyl cyclizations with allenes. Substrates leading to both carbocycles and heterocycles in a selective manner are explored.

The reaction of dodec-11-ene-1,6-diynes or their heteroatom congeners with a hydrosilane catalyzed by Rh(acac)(CO)2 at ambient temperature and pressure of CO gives the corresponding fused 5-7-5 tricyclic products, 5-oxo-1,3a,4,5,7,9-hexahydro-3

The syntheses of two optically active (buta-1,3-dien-2-yl)(salen)Co complexes are reported. These dienyl complexes undergo Diels-Alder reactions with high enantioselectivity with a variety of dienophiles. One of the (salen)Co-substituted Diels-Alder cyclo

Treatment of carbonates of alka-2,3-dien-1-ols 2 with (η2-propene)Ti(O-i-Pr)2 (1) resulted in oxidative addition to afford 1,3-dien-2-yltitanium compounds 3, which react readily with electrophiles such as H+, I2

Silver(I) salts in combination with an appropriate base (mostly triethylamine) catalyzed the aminocyclization of N-substituted 2,3-butadienyl carbamates 1 (benzene, 50°C) to provide 4-vinyl-2-oxazolidinones 2 in good yields. The stereoselectivity (trans-2/cis-2) ranged from 1.4 for C5-Me to >30 for C5-phenyl, isopropenyl, and t-butyl derivatives. 3,4-Pentadienyl tosylcarbamates 3, the one-carbon higher homologues of 1, underwent a similar cyclization to give 4-vinyltetrahydro-2H-1,3-oxazin-2-one 4 in synthetically useful yields and in higher trans selectivities than 1.

The synthesis and characterization (including crystallographic data) of several substituted-pyridine (Rpyr) cobalt bis(dimethylglyoxime) 1,3-butadiene complexes (R = H, tBu, 3,5-diMe, and N,N-dimethylamino) and their Diels-Alder reactions with a variety of dienophiles are reported here. The cobalt-carbon bonds in the Diels-Alder cycloadducts can be cleaved so that cobalt complexes as well as functionalized organic cycloadducts are recovered. Through these cobalt-carbon bond cleavage reactions, cobalt-diene complexes can serve as synthons for a variety of 1,3-dienes such as 1,3-butadiene, 2-(trimethylsiloxy)- 1,3-butadiene, iodoprene, (E)-1-methoxy-3-(trimethylsiloxy)-1,3-butadiene (Danishefsky's diene), and 1,2-dichloro-1,3-butadiene. The preparation of several cobalt-substituted 1,2- and 1,3-pentadiene complexes and highly exo-selective Diels-Alder reactions of the 1,3-pentadiene complexes are then discussed followed by demetalation reactions of these more highly substituted cobalt cycloadducts. These demetalation reactions maintain the stereochemical integrity found in the metal cycloadducts and also lead to cobalt recovery.

Protodesilylation of varied propargyltrimethylsilanes, using boron trifluoride-acetic acid as reagent, give regiospecifically terminal allenes with very good yields.Yet, particular ω-functional propargyltrimethylsilanes may lead to vinylsilanes resulting

The cross-conjugated mono- and diallenes 4-methylene-1,2,5-hexatriene (2) and 4-methylene-1,2,5,6-heptatetraene (3) as well as the 3-methyl derivative of 1,1-divinylallene (4), 18, have been prepared from readily available starting materials.

4-Methyl-3-penten-2-one (mesityl oxide) dimethyl ketal was synthesized and utilizied in Claisen rearrangements with 2,3-butadien-1-ol and 2-buten-1-ol to form ipsdienone and 2,6-dimethyl-2,7-octadien-4-one, from which the ocimenones and 2,6-dimethyl-2,7-octadien-4-ol were prepared.

Synthetic routes to 2,2-disubstituted chromanes and their hetero-ring-unsaturated analogues are briefly reviewed.A variety of common alkylating agents has been involved in such routes.Here, however, the alkylating agent is the lithiated form of 4-tetrahydropyran-2-yloxybuta-1,2-diene V.This reacted with benzophenone to give XIV.The synthesis of chromane XIV is here reported for the first time.The route to XIV is also both new and may prove versatile to other hetero-ring-substituted chromanes.

The reaction of a Grignard reagent with an α-allenic phosphate leads exclusively in every studied case to 1,3-dienes.A high stereoselectivity is observed for the formation of both double bonds; particularly, the organometallic species attacks preferentially in a trans direction from a group located on the terminal allenic carbon.In the case of the esters of secondary alcohols, it is more difficult to determine the factors which govern the stereochemistry of the other double bond.The Z configuration is then favoured in the reaction phosphate + RMgX but the E configuration is predominant in the reaction acetate + R2CuLi.

Reactions of gem-dibromocyclopropanemethanol derivatives 3a-3e with methyllithium lead to allenic alcohols 4a-4h and products which derive from ring opening of an intermediate bicyclobutan-2-olate (17).The latter is formed by insertion of the respective cyclopropylidene into a C-H bond.Evidence for 17 was obtained from deuterium labelling experiments.This ring opening generally occurs by a carbanion mechanism, but in the case of 3d the intermediate bicyclobutanolate rearranged to the acyclic aldehyde 10, apparently by a thermal mechanism.The secondary alcohols 3f-3h reacted with methyllithium to give the corresponding allenes exclusively, which was also the case with ethers 3i-3l derived from the primary alcohols.

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