- Tuning of active sites in M/TiO2 for photocatalytic cyanation of olefins with high regioselectivity
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The detailed structure of active sites plays an important role for the determination of catalytic performance. Herein, catalytic active sites of M/TiO2 for photocatalytic cyanation of olefins are tuned by delicate manipulation of the metal kinds, metal loading amount and pretreatment processes. It was found that the 0.1% Pt/P25 catalyst reduced at 300 °C possessed high metal dispersion and suitable oxygen defects on TiO2, and thus exhibited the best catalytic performance with high specific speed of time yield and high selectivity. A wide scope of olefin substrates could be converted to the corresponding nitriles with high atom efficiency and anti-Markovnikov regioselectivity under mild conditions for the optimized Pt/P25 catalyst. The reaction mechanism based on radical coupling of acetonitrile and olefins was also discussed. This approach offers an environmental-friendly platform for the selective activation of C-H bonds of acetonitrile and will bring potential applications for hydrofunctionalization of olefins.
- Bao, Jingxian,Huang, Min,Sun, Yuhan,Wu, Bo,Zhang, Shuyi,Zhong, Liangshu
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Read Online
- PHASE TRANSFER CATALYSIS OF MODIFIED DEXTRAN ANION EXCHANGERS
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Dextran anion exchangers with lipophilic substituents have been synthesized, which were found to be useful as phase transfer catalysts for displacement and hydrogenation reactions under triphase conditions.
- Kise, Hideo,Araki, Kazuyoshi,Seno, Manabu
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Read Online
- Efficient nitriding reagent and application thereof
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The invention discloses an efficient nitriding reagent and application thereof, wherein the nitriding reagent comprises nitrogen oxide, an active agent, a reducing agent and an organic solvent. By applying the nitriding reagent, nitrogen-containing compounds such as amide, nitrile and the like can be produced, and the method is simple in condition, low in waste discharge amount and simple in reaction equipment.
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Paragraph 0260-0262
(2021/03/31)
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- Product selectivity controlled by manganese oxide crystals in catalytic ammoxidation
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The performances of heterogeneous catalysts can be effectively tuned by changing the catalyst structures. Here we report a controllable nitrile synthesis from alcohol ammoxidation, where the nitrile hydration side reaction could be efficiently prevented by changing the manganese oxide catalysts. α-Mn2O3 based catalysts are highly selective for nitrile synthesis, but MnO2-based catalysts including α, β, γ, and δ phases favour the amide production from tandem ammoxidation and hydration steps. Multiple structural, kinetic, and spectroscopic investigations reveal that water decomposition is hindered on α-Mn2O3, thus to switch off the nitrile hydration. In addition, the selectivity-control feature of manganese oxide catalysts is mainly related to their crystalline nature rather than oxide morphology, although the morphological issue is usually regarded as a crucial factor in many reactions.
- Hui, Yu,Luo, Qingsong,Qin, Yucai,Song, Lijuan,Wang, Hai,Wang, Liang,Xiao, Feng-Shou
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p. 2164 - 2172
(2021/09/20)
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- Method for dehydrating primary amide into nitriles under catalysis of cobalt
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The invention provides a method for dehydrating primary amide into nitrile. The method comprises the following steps: mixing primary amide (II), silane, sodium triethylborohydride, aminopyridine imine tridentate nitrogen ligand cobalt complex (I) and a reaction solvent under the protection of inert gas, carrying out reacting at 60-100 DEG C for 6-24 hours, and post-treating reaction liquid to obtain a nitrile compound (III). According to the invention, an effective method for preparing nitrile compounds by cobalt-catalyzed primary amide dehydration reaction by using the novel aminopyridine imine tridentate nitrogen ligand cobalt complex catalyst is provided; and compared with existing methods, the method has the advantages of simple operation, mild reaction conditions, wide application range of reaction substrates, high selectivity, stable catalyst, high efficiency, and relatively high practical application value in synthesis.
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Paragraph 0120-0122
(2021/06/21)
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- Aerobic dehydrogenation of amines to nitriles catalyzed by triazolylidene ruthenium complexes with O2 as terminal oxidant
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Pyridyl-substituted mesoionic triazolylidene ruthenium cymene complexes catalyze the oxidation of both aromatic and aliphatic amines to nitriles with high activity and selectivity under benign conditions using dioxygen as the terminal oxidant. Modification on the pyridyl moiety of the ligand scaffold has negligible effect on the catalytic performance, while substituents on the triazolylidene directly affect the catalytic fitness of the metal center, leading to distinct catalytic profiles. Pre-dissociation of the cymene ligand and formation of a solvento analogue further enhances the catalytic activity towards nitrile formation. Variation of reaction conditions provided valuable mechanistic insights and resulted in a highly efficient protocol for nitrile formation with maximum turnover numbers around 10?000. The turnover frequency reaches up to 400 h-1, providing one of the fastest catalytic systems known to date for this transformation.
- Albrecht, Martin,Kn?rr, Pascal,Olivares, Marta
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p. 1981 - 1991
(2020/02/21)
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- Nitromethane as a nitrogen donor in Schmidt-type formation of amides and nitriles
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The Schmidt reaction has been an efficient and widely used synthetic approach to amides and nitriles since its discovery in 1923. However, its application often entails the use of volatile, potentially explosive, and highly toxic azide reagents. Here, we report a sequence whereby triflic anhydride and formic and acetic acids activate the bulk chemical nitromethane to serve as a nitrogen donor in place of azides in Schmidt-like reactions. This protocol further expands the substrate scope to alkynes and simple alkyl benzenes for the preparation of amides and nitriles.
- Jiao, Ning,Liu, Jianzhong,Qiu, Xu,Song, Song,Wei, Jialiang,Wen, Xiaojin,Zhang, Cheng,Zhang, Ziyao
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supporting information
p. 281 - 285
(2020/01/28)
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- Atomically Dispersed Ru on Manganese Oxide Catalyst Boosts Oxidative Cyanation
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There is a strong incentive for environmentally benign and sustainable production of organic nitriles to avoid the use of toxic cyanides. Here we report that manganese oxide nanorod-supported single-site Ru catalysts are active, selective, and stable for oxidative cyanation of various alcohols to give the corresponding nitriles with molecular oxygen and ammonia as the reactants. The very low amount of Ru (0.1 wt %) with atomic dispersion boosts the catalytic performance of manganese oxides. Experimental and theoretical results show how the Ru sites enhance the ammonia resistance of the catalyst, bolstering its performance in alcohol dehydrogenation and oxygen activation, the key steps in the oxidative cyanation. This investigation demonstrates the high efficiency of a single-site Ru catalyst for nitrile production.
- Gates, Bruce C.,Guan, Erjia,Meng, Xiangju,Wang, Chengtao,Wang, Hai,Wang, Liang,Wang, Sai,Xiao, Feng-Shou,Xu, Dongyang,Xu, Hua,Yang, Bo,Zhang, Jian
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p. 6299 - 6308
(2020/07/21)
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- Enzymatic Synthesis of Aliphatic Nitriles at a Substrate Loading of up to 1.4 kg/L: A Biocatalytic Record Achieved with a Heme Protein
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A biocatalytic approach toward linear aliphatic nitriles being widely used as industrial bulk chemicals has been developed that runs at high substrate loadings of up to 1.4 kg/L as demonstrated for the synthesis of n-octanenitrile. This substrate loading is one of the highest ever reported in biocatalysis and to best of our knowledge the highest obtained for a water-immiscible product in aqueous medium. It is noteworthy that the biotransformation at such a high substrate loading was achieved by means of a metalloprotein bearing an iron-containing heme subunit in the active site. In detail, an aldoxime dehydratase from Bacillus sp. OxB-1 was used as a biocatalyst for a dehydration of aldoximes as readily available starting materials due to their easy preparation from aliphatic aldehydes through spontaneous condensation with hydroxylamine as bulk chemical. Excellent conversions toward the nitriles in the two-phase system were achieved and the products are easily separated from the reaction mixture without the need for further purification. Aliphatic nitriles are used in industry as solvents and intermediates for the production of surfactants and life sciences products.
- Hinzmann, Alessa,Glinski, Sylvia,Worm, Marion,Gr?ger, Harald
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supporting information
p. 4867 - 4872
(2019/05/09)
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- Selective Transformations of Triglycerides into Fatty Amines, Amides, and Nitriles by using Heterogeneous Catalysis
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The use of triglycerides as an important class of biomass is an effective strategy to realize a more sustainable society. Herein, three heterogeneous catalytic methods are reported for the selective one-pot transformation of triglycerides into value-added chemicals: i) the reductive amination of triglycerides into fatty amines with aqueous NH3 under H2 promoted by ZrO2-supported Pt clusters; ii) the amidation of triglycerides under gaseous NH3 catalyzed by high-silica H-beta (Hβ) zeolite at 180 °C; iii) the Hβ-promoted synthesis of nitriles from triglycerides and gaseous NH3 at 220 °C. These methods are widely applicable to the transformation of various triglycerides (C4–C18 skeletons) into the corresponding amines, amides, and nitriles.
- Jamil, Md. A. R.,Siddiki, S. M. A. Hakim,Touchy, Abeda Sultana,Rashed, Md. Nurnobi,Poly, Sharmin Sultana,Jing, Yuan,Ting, Kah Wei,Toyao, Takashi,Maeno, Zen,Shimizu, Ken-ichi
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p. 3115 - 3125
(2019/04/26)
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- From alkylarenes to anilines via site-directed carbon–carbon amination
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Anilines are fundamental motifs in various chemical contexts, and are widely used in the industrial production of fine chemicals, polymers, agrochemicals and pharmaceuticals. A recent development for the synthesis of anilines uses the primary amination of C–H bonds in electron-rich arenes. However, there are limitations to this strategy: the amination of electron-deficient arenes remains a challenging task and the amination of electron-rich arenes has a limited control over regioselectivity—the formation of meta-aminated products is especially difficult. Here we report a site-directed C–C bond primary amination of simple and readily available alkylarenes or benzyl alcohols for the direct and efficient preparation of anilines. This chemistry involves a novel C–C bond transformation and offers a versatile protocol for the synthesis of substituted anilines. The use of O2 as an environmentally benign oxidant is demonstrated, and studies on model compounds suggest that this method may also be used for the depolymerization of lignin.
- Liu, Jianzhong,Qiu, Xu,Huang, Xiaoqiang,Luo, Xiao,Zhang, Cheng,Wei, Jialiang,Pan, Jun,Liang, Yujie,Zhu, Yuchao,Qin, Qixue,Song, Song,Jiao, Ning
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- OXIDATIVE CONVERSION OF ALIPHATIC ALDEHYDES TO NITRILES USING OXOAMMONIUM SALT
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The present invention relates to an oxidative transformation method of aliphatic benzaldehydes to nitriles using NH_4OAc through oxoammonium salts. By using stoichiometric amounts of oxoammonium salts to establish optimal reaction conditions associated with the oxidative conversion of aliphatic benzaldehydes to nitriles, high yields of nitrile can be selectively obtained, and the oxoammonium salts used can be oxidized and reused in a simple method.COPYRIGHT KIPO 2020
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Paragraph 0055-0063; 0136-0142
(2019/12/10)
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- Development and Utilization of a Palladium-Catalyzed Dehydration of Primary Amides to Form Nitriles
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A palladium(II) catalyst, in the presence of Selectfluor, enables the efficient and chemoselective transformation of primary amides into nitriles. The amides can be attached to aromatic rings, heteroaromatic rings, or aliphatic side chains, and the reactions tolerate steric bulk and electronic modification. Dehydration of a peptaibol containing three glutamine groups afforded structure-activity relationships for each glutamine residue. Thus, this dehydration can act similarly to an alanine scan for glutamines via synthetic mutation.
- Al-Huniti, Mohammed H.,Rivera-Chávez, José,Colón, Katsuya L.,Stanley, Jarrod L.,Burdette, Joanna E.,Pearce, Cedric J.,Oberlies, Nicholas H.,Croatt, Mitchell P.
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p. 6046 - 6050
(2018/09/27)
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- Cooperative Palladium/Lewis Acid-Catalyzed Transfer Hydrocyanation of Alkenes and Alkynes Using 1-Methylcyclohexa-2,5-diene-1-carbonitrile
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Catalytic transfer hydrocyanation represents a clean and safe alternative to hydrocyanation processes using toxic HCN gas. Such reactions provide access to pharmaceutically important nitrile derivatives starting with alkenes and alkynes. Herein, an efficient and practical cooperative palladium/Lewis acid-catalyzed transfer hydrocyanation of alkenes and alkynes is presented using 1-methylcyclohexa-2,5-diene-1-carbonitrile as a benign and readily available HCN source. A large set of nitrile derivatives (>50 examples) are prepared from both aliphatic and aromatic alkenes with good to excellent anti-Markovnikov selectivity. A range of aliphatic alkenes engage in selective hydrocyanation to provide the corresponding nitriles. The introduced method is useful for chain walking hydrocyanation of internal alkenes to afford terminal nitriles in good regioselectivities. This protocol is also applicable to late-stage modification of bioactive molecules.
- Bhunia, Anup,Bergander, Klaus,Studer, Armido
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supporting information
p. 16353 - 16359
(2018/11/25)
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- Hydrofunctionalization of olefins to value-added chemicals: Via photocatalytic coupling
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A green strategy was developed for the synthesis of various value-added chemicals using methanol, acetonitrile, acetic acid, acetone and ethyl acetate as the hydrogen source by coupling them with olefins over heterogeneous photocatalysts. A radical coupling mechanism was proposed for the hydrofunctionalization of olefins with methanol to higher aliphatic alcohols over the Pt/TiO2 catalyst as the model reaction. C-H bond cleavage and C-C bond formation between photogenerated radicals and terminal olefins were accomplished in a single reaction at high efficiency. Our approach is atomically economical with high anti-Markovnikov regioselectivity and promising application potential under mild reaction conditions.
- Fan, Yonghui,Li, Shenggang,Bao, Jingxian,Shi, Lei,Yang, Yanzhang,Yu, Fei,Gao, Peng,Wang, Hui,Zhong, Liangshu,Sun, Yuhan
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supporting information
p. 3450 - 3456
(2018/08/06)
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- Br?nsted Acid Catalyzed Nitrile Synthesis from Aldehydes Using Oximes via Transoximation at Ambient Temperature
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The Br?nsted acid-catalyzed synthesis of nitriles is described via transoximation under mild conditions using an O-protected oxime as a more stable equivalent of explosive O-protected hydroxylamines. The nitrile was generated via an O-protected aldoxime produced from the aldehyde and an O-protected oxime through transoximation. The reaction could be performed on a 1 g scale.
- Hyodo, Kengo,Togashi, Kosuke,Oishi, Naoki,Hasegawa, Genna,Uchida, Kingo
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supporting information
p. 3005 - 3008
(2017/06/07)
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- Oxoammonium salt-mediated oxidative nitriles synthesis from aldehydes with ammonium acetate
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An efficient and scalable route for the synthesis of nitriles was developed by oxoammonium salt (4-acetamido-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-1-oxoammonium tetrafluoroborate) mediated oxidative conversion of aldehydes with NH4OAc. A variety of aliphatic aldehydes as well as benzaldehydes were converted into the corresponding nitriles in high yields. The nitroxyl radical which is the reduced species of the used oxoammonium salt was recovered by simple acid-base extraction for the recycling.
- Kim, Myeong Jin,Mun, Junyoung,Kim, Jinho
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supporting information
p. 4695 - 4698
(2017/11/17)
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- O-BENZENESULFONYL-ACETOHYDROXAMIC ACID ESTER DERIVATIVE AND MANUFACTURING METHOD OF NITRYL COMPOUND
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PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To provide a novel synthetic agent for manufacturing a nitryl compound without using a hydroxylamine derivative which has problems in storage property or handleability. SOLUTION: There is related O-benzene sulfonyl-acetohydroxamic acid ester derivative represented by the following chemical formula, where R1 is H, CF3 or CH3, R2 is CH3, C2H5 or C3H7. There is related a nitryl compound synthesizing agent for synthesizing a nitryl compound from an aldehyde compound containing the O-benzene sulfonyl-acetohydroxamic acid ester derivative and further a manufacturing method of a nitryl compound including a process for transferring the aldehyde compound to oxime in the presence of the synthesizing agent, an organic solvent and an acid catalyst. SELECTED DRAWING: None COPYRIGHT: (C)2017,JPOandINPIT
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Paragraph 0033; 0035-0037
(2017/10/26)
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- Iron-catalyzed dehydration of aldoximes to nitriles requiring neither other reagents nor nitrile media
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The dehydration of aldoximes is an environmentally benign reaction affording the desired nitrile and water as a by-product. However, most of the reported catalytic dehydration reactions of aldoximes require a solvent containing nitrile to synthesize the corresponding nitrile compounds. Inspired by recent reports on the enzymatic synthesis under nitrile-free conditions, we here describe that a simple iron salt catalyzes the dehydration of aldoximes requiring neither other reagents nor nitrile media. Our method can be applied to the one-pot synthesis of nitiriles from aldehydes. Dehydration causes: The dehydration of aldoximes is an environmentally benign reaction affording the desired nitrile and water as a by-product. However, most of the reported catalytic dehydration reactions of aldoximes require a solvent containing nitrile to synthesize the corresponding nitrile compounds. Inspired by recent reports on the enzymatic synthesis under nitrile-free conditions, here a simple iron salt-catalyzed dehydration of aldoximes requiring neither other reagents nor nitrile media is reported.
- Hyodo, Kengo,Kitagawa, Saki,Yamazaki, Masayuki,Uchida, Kingo
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supporting information
p. 1348 - 1352
(2016/05/19)
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- Nitrilation of carboxylic acids with acetonitrile catalyzed by molybdenum and vanadium complexes
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Various carbonitriles were synthesized by reaction of the corresponding carboxylic acids with acetonitrile in carbon tetrachloride in the presence of VO(acac)2and Mo(CO)6in 6 h at 150–170°C.
- Khusnutdinov,Shchadneva,Bayguzina,Mayakova, Yu. Yu.
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p. 1282 - 1286
(2016/10/26)
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- From Dimethylamine to Pyrrolidine: The Development of an Improved Nickel Pincer Complex for Cross-Coupling of Nonactivated Secondary Alkyl Halides
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Replacement of a dimethyl amino group of the amidobis(amine) nickel(II) pincer complex (1), [(MeN2N)Ni-Cl], by a pyrrolidino group resulted in a new nickel(II) pincer complex (2), [(PyrNMeNN)Ni-Cl]. Complex 2 is an efficient catalyst for Kumada and Suzuki-Miyaura cross-coupling of nonactivated secondary alkyl halides, while complex 1 is largely inactive. The significant activity difference is tentatively attributed to a minimal structural difference, which leads to a more hemilabile ligand.
- Perez Garcia, Pablo M.,Di Franco, Thomas,Epenoy, Alexandre,Scopelliti, Rosario,Hu, Xile
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p. 258 - 261
(2016/01/12)
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- "Nanorust"-catalyzed benign oxidation of amines for selective synthesis of nitriles
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Organic nitriles constitute key precursors and central intermediates in organic synthesis. In addition, nitriles represent a versatile motif found in numerous medicinally and biologically important compounds. Generally, these nitriles are synthesized by traditional cyanation procedures using toxic cyanides. Herein, we report the selective and environmentally benign oxidative conversion of primary amines for the synthesis of structurally diverse aromatic, aliphatic and heterocyclic nitriles using a reusable "nanorust" (nanoscale Fe2O3)-based catalysts applying molecular oxygen.
- Jagadeesh, Rajenahally V.,Junge, Henrik,Beller, Matthias
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- Synthesis of a panel of carbon-13-labelled (glyco)sphingolipids
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The synthesis of a focussed library of sphingolipids differing in the number and position of 13C labels is described. The synthesised sphingolipids differ in substitution at both the sphingosine amine (either palmitoylated or unmodified) and the sphingosine primary hydroxyl (unmodified or glycosylated). Moreover, 13C atoms are incorporated into either the sphingosine or the palmitate moiety, or both. This set of compounds is intended for use in relative quantitative lipidomics studies to gain insight into sphingolipid metabolism in healthy and diseased (lysosomal storage disorders) patients and animal models. The synthesis of a focussed library of sphingolipids differing in the number and position of 13C labels is described. 13C atoms are incorporated into either the sphingosine or the palmitate moiety, or both. This set of compounds is intended for use in relative quantitative lipidomics studies to gain insight into sphingolipid metabolism.
- Wisse, Patrick,Gold, Henrik,Mirzaian, Mina,Ferraz, Maria J.,Lutteke, Ginger,Van Den Berg, Richard J. B. H. N.,Van Den Elst, Hans,Lugtenburg, Johan,Van Der Marel, Gijsbert A.,Aerts, Johannes M. F. G.,Codée, Jeroen D. C.,Overkleeft, Herman S.
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p. 2661 - 2677
(2015/04/27)
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- Ametoctradin is a Potent Qo Site Inhibitor of the Mitochondrial Respiration Complex III
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Ametoctradin is a new Oomycete-specific fungicide under development by BASF. It is a potent inhibitor of the bc1 complex in mitochondrial respiration. However, its detailed action mechanism remains unknown. In the present work, the binding mode of ametoctradin was first uncovered by integrating molecular docking, MD simulations, and MM/PBSA calculations, which showed that ametoctradin should be a Qo site inhibitor of bc1 complex. Subsequently, a series of new 1,2,4-triazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine derivatives were designed and synthesized to further understand the substituent effects on the 5- and 6-position of 1,2,4-triazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine. The calculated binding free energies (ΔGcal) of newly synthesized analogues as Qo site inhibitors correlated very well (R2 = 0.96) with their experimental binding free energies (ΔGexp). Two compounds (4a and 4c) with higher inhibitory activity against porcine SQR than ametoctradin were successfully identified. The structural and mechanistic insights obtained from the present study will provide a valuable clue for future designing of a new promising bc1 inhibitor.
- Zhu, Xiaolei,Zhang, Mengmeng,Liu, Jingjing,Ge, Jingming,Yang, Guangfu
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p. 3377 - 3386
(2015/04/14)
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- An unexpected involvement of ethyl-2-cyano-2-(hydroxyimino) acetate cleaved product in the promotion of the synthesis of nitriles from aldoximes: A mechanistic perception
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While attempting to synthesize nitriles from aldoximes using O-sulfonate esters of oxyma [ethyl 2-cyano-2-(hydroxyimino)acetate], an unexpected involvement of oxyma cleaved product in promoting the synthesis of nitriles was observed. Such involvement of the oxyma cleaved product in the reaction mechanism, together with the usual anticipated pathway improved drastically the applicability of the method by reducing the time needed for the reaction to be completed over that of the sulfonyl chlorides. Other advantages of the present protocol are excellent yields in ambient and milder conditions.
- Dev, Dharm,Palakurthy, Nani Babu,Kumar, Nitesh,Mandal, Bhubaneswar
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supporting information
p. 4397 - 4400
(2013/07/26)
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- Phosphonium salt-catalysed synthesis of nitriles from in situ activated oximes
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A metal-free catalytic method for the conversion of aromatic and aliphatic aldoximes to nitriles at room temperature using oxalyl chloride (1.2 equiv) in combination with 5 mol % of triphenylphosphine oxide is reported. Of the many potential pathways leading from oxime to nitrile a manifold involving chlorophosphonium salt-catalysed decomposition of oxime chlorooxalates formed in situ is shown to be operative.
- Denton, Ross M.,An, Jie,Lindovska, Petra,Lewis, William
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supporting information; experimental part
p. 2899 - 2905
(2012/05/05)
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- Facile transformation of esters to nitriles
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Various esters were efficiently converted into the corresponding nitriles in good yields by the treatment with sodium diisobutyl-tert-butoxyaluminium hydride (SDBBA-H), followed by treatment with molecular iodine in aq ammonia. The present one-pot method is very efficient and practical for the conversion of various aromatic and aliphatic esters into the corresponding nitriles.
- Suzuki, Yusuke,Moriyama, Katsuhiko,Togo, Hideo
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experimental part
p. 7956 - 7962
(2011/11/07)
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- Iridium-catalyzed α-alkylation of acetonitrile with primary and secondary alcohols
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Acetonitrile is successfully alkylated with primary and secondary alcohols in the presence of t-BuOK using [Ir(OH)- (cod)]2 as a catalyst. This method provides a very clean and atom-economical convenient direct route to substituted nitriles, which are very important raw materials in organic and industrial chemistry.
- Sawaguchi, Takuya,Obora, Yasushi
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supporting information; experimental part
p. 1055 - 1057
(2011/12/05)
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- Monoalkylation of acetonitrile by primary alcohols catalyzed by iridium complexes
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The monoalkylation of acetonitrile by primary alcohols was achieved in a one-pot sequence in the presence of iridium catalysts. A diversity of nitriles has been obtained from aryl- and alkyl-methanols in excellent yield.
- Anxionnat, Bruno,Gomez Pardo, Domingo,Ricci, Gino,Cossy, Janine
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supporting information; experimental part
p. 4084 - 4087
(2011/09/21)
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- Direct transformation of N,N-disubstituted amides and isopropyl esters to nitriles
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Various N,N-dimethyl amides, N-methoxy-N-methyl amides, and isopropyl esters were smoothly transformed into the corresponding nitriles in good to moderate yields by the treatment with diisobutylaluminium hydride, followed by treatment with molecular iodine in aq ammonia. The present reactions are novel one-pot and practical methods for the transformation of N,N-disubstituted amides and isopropyl esters into nitriles, through the formation of hemiaminal O-AlBu2 and hemiacetal O-AlBu2, respectively.
- Suzuki, Yusuke,Yoshino, Takumi,Moriyama, Katsuhiko,Togo, Hideo
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experimental part
p. 3809 - 3814
(2011/06/25)
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- Catalytic oxidative conversion of alcohols, aldehydes and amines into nitriles using KI/I2-TBHP system
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The oxidative conversion of alcohols, aldehydes and amines to give corresponding nitriles in excellent yields was easily achieved by the catalytic amount of KI or I2 in combination with TBHP as an external oxidant. This non-transition metal catalyst is cost effective and provides easy work-up and separation of the product.
- Rajender Reddy,Uma Maheswari,Venkateshwar,Prashanthi,Lakshmi Kantam
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supporting information; experimental part
p. 2050 - 2053
(2009/09/06)
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- A general and convenient catalytic synthesis of nitriles from amides and silanes
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A new and convenient protocol for the catalytic dehydration of aromatic and aliphatic amides using silanes in the presence of catalytic amounts of fluoride is presented. The synthesis of aliphatic and aromatic nitriles proceeds with high selectivity under mild conditions. Notably, a wide substrate range is converted in good to excellent yields.
- Zhou, Shaolin,Junge, Kathrin,Addis, Daniele,Das, Shoubhik,Beller, Matthias
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supporting information; experimental part
p. 2461 - 2464
(2009/10/18)
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- New catalytic properties of iron complexes: Dehydration of amides to nitriles
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Various iron carbonyl clusters such as Fe2(CO)9 or [Et3NH][HFe3(CO)11] are shown to catalyze the dehydration of amides into the corresponding nitriles in the presence of silanes in high yields; this novel protocol showed good functional group tolerance and wide substrate scope.
- Zhou, Shaolin,Addis, Daniele,Das, Shoubhik,Junge, Kathrin,Beller, Matthias
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supporting information; experimental part
p. 4883 - 4885
(2009/12/08)
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- Oxidative conversion of amines into their corresponding nitriles using o-iodoxybenzoic acid (IBX)/iodine: Selective oxidation of aminoalcohols to hydroxynitriles
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o-Iodoxybenzoic acid (IBX)/iodine in dimethyl sulfoxide at 65 °C oxidatively and efficiently converted various amines into the corresponding nitriles in good to excellent yields. Under the reaction conditions, amines were selectively oxidized to the nitrile in the presence of a primary hydroxy group within the same molecule. Thieme Stuttgart.
- Chiampanichayakul, Supanimit,Pohmakotr, Manat,Reutrakul, Vichai,Jaipetch, Thaworn,Kuhakarn, Chutima
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experimental part
p. 2045 - 2048
(2009/04/11)
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- An environmentally benign system; a simple and effective procedure for dehydration of oximes into nitriles in solvent free conditions
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In an environmentally benign solvent free system aldoximes are rapidly transformed into nitriles using trimethylsilylchloride under mild conditions.
- Hekmatshoar, Rahim,Sajadi, Sodeh,Heravi, Majid M.
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experimental part
p. 5 - 7
(2009/04/06)
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- A tungsten-tin mixed hydroxide as an efficient heterogeneous catalyst for dehydration of aldoximes to nitriles
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(Chemical Equation Presented) Mix and match: A tungsten-tin mixed hydroxide (W-Sn hydroxide), prepared by the simple coprecipitation method, acts as a reusable heterogeneous catalyst for the dehydration of various aldoximes to the corresponding nitriles (see scheme, top). Furthermore, the W-Sn hydroxide catalyst could be applied to the direct one-pot synthesis of nitriles from hydroxylamine and the corresponding aldehydes (see scheme, bottom).
- Yamaguchi, Kazuya,Fujiwara, Hiroshi,Ogasawara, Yoshiyuki,Kotani, Miyuki,Mizuno, Noritaka
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p. 3922 - 3925
(2008/03/11)
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- Perrhenic acid-catalyzed dehydration from primary amides, aldoximes, N-monoacylureas, and α-substituted ketoximes to nitrile compounds
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The dehydration reaction of primary amides is one of the most fundamental methods for the synthesis of nitriles, and the development of environmentally benign catalytic reaction processes is needed. We surveyed a variety of metal catalysts and found that perrhenic acid was extremely effective for the dehydration of not only primary amides but also aldoximes. Typically, 1 mol % of perrhenic acid gave the corresponding nitriles from amides or aldoximes under azeotropic reflux conditions with the removal of water in toluene or mesitylene. In addition, perrhenic acid is an extremely efficient catalyst for the Beckmann fragmentation of α-substituted ketoximes to functionalized nitriles. This new catalytic system can be applied to the gram-scale synthesis of nitriles without further modifications.
- Furuya, Yoshiro,Ishihara, Kazuaki,Yamamoto, Hisashi
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p. 400 - 406
(2008/02/11)
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- Triphenylphosphine-iodine: An efficient reagent system for the synthesis of nitriles from aldoximes
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A wide range of aldoximes were smoothly converted to the corresponding nitriles with triphenylphosphine-iodine. Copyright Taylor & Francis LLC.
- Venkat Narsaiah,Sreenu,Nagaiah
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p. 137 - 140
(2007/10/03)
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- Rhodococcus nitrile hydratase
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The invention relates to a Rhodococcus polynucleotide cluster which contains nucleotide sequences which encode polypeptides having the activity of a nitrile hydratase, of an auxiliary protein P15K which activates this enzyme and of a cobalt transporter, to transformed microorganisms in which the nucleotide sequences encoding these proteins are present in increased quantity, and to the use of the transformed microorganisms for preparing amides from nitriles.
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- From azides to nitriles. A novel fast transformation made possible by BrF3
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(Equation Presented) Various alkyl and aryl azides, readily obtained from halides or alcohols, were transformed into the corresponding nitrites using bromine trifluoride in moderate to good yields. The reaction is general and gives positive results with aliphatic, aromatic, cyclic, and functionalized azides. It can also be applied to the synthesis of optically active nitriles.
- Sasson, Revital,Rozen, Shlomo
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p. 2177 - 2179
(2007/10/03)
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- Towards the rational design of palladium-N-heterocyclic carbene catalysts by a combined experimental and computational approach
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A combined experimental and computational approach towards the development of Pd-NHC catalysts is described. A range of benzimidazolylidinium ligands incorporating electron-rich and electron-poor substituents were prepared and evaluated in the Suzuki reaction. The most electron-rich ligand showed the highest catalytic activity. Based on this information, the first alkyl-alkyl Negishi cross-coupling reaction protocol was developed. Evaluation of N,N′-diaryl-(4,5-dihydro)imidazolylilidinium ligands showed a strong dependence on the steric topography around the metal centre. A computational study of the most active ligand in the Negishi reaction, its Pd(0) and PdCl 2-complexes and related structures were modelled at the B3LYP/DZVP and HF/3-21G levels of theory. The potential energy hypersurfaces flattened with increase in ligand size. Binding energies were computed for carbene/Pd(0) adducts (in the range ~31-40 kcal mol-1), roughly double that for PH3 (~16 kcal mol-1). Weak intramolecular interactions were found using AIM analyses.
- O'Brien, Christopher J.,Kantchev, Eric Assen B.,Chass, Gregory A.,Hadei, Niloufar,Hopkinson, Alan C.,Organ, Michael G.,Setiadi, David H.,Tang, Ting-Hua,Fang, De-Cai
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p. 9723 - 9735
(2007/10/03)
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- The first Negishi cross-coupling reaction of two alkyl centers utilizing a Pd-N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) catalyst
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(Chemical Equation Presented) The development of an NHC-based system capable of cross-coupling sp3-sp3 centers in high yield has been a long-standing challenge. This communication describes the use of a Pd-NHC catalytic system that achieves room-temperature Negishi cross-couplings of unactivated, primary bromides and alkyl organozinc reagents with a variety of functionality.
- Hadei, Niloufar,Kantchev, Eric Assen B.,O'Brien, Christopher J.,Organ, Michael G.
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p. 3805 - 3807
(2007/10/03)
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- Room-temperature Negishi cross-coupling of unactivated alkyl bromides with alkyl organozinc reagents utilizing a Pd/N-heterocyclic carbene catalyst
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A high-yielding cross-coupling reaction of unactivated alkyl bromides possessing β-hydrogens with alkylzinc halides utilizing a Pd/N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) catalyst at room temperature is described. A variety of Pd sources, Pd2(dba)3, Pd(OAc)2, or PdBr 2, with the commercially available ligand precursor 1,3-bis(2,6-diisopropylphenyl)imidazolium chloride (IPr·HCl) successfully coupled 1-bromo-3-phenylpropane with n-butylzinc bromide in THF/NMP. An investigation of different NHC precursors showed that the bulky 2,6-diisopropylphenyl moiety was necessary to achieve high coupling yields (75-85%). The corresponding ethyl analogue was moderately active (11%). A range of unsymmetrical NHC precursors were prepared and evaluated. The ligand precursor containing one 2,6-diisopropylphenyl and one 2,6-diethylphenyl afforded the coupling product in 47% yield, clearly suggesting a direct relationship between the steric topography created by the flanking N-substituents and catalyst activity. Under optimal conditions, a number of alkyl bromides and alkylzinc halides possessing common functional groups (amide, nitrile, ester, acetal, and alkyne) were effectively coupled (61-92%). It is noteworthy that β-substituted alkyl bromides and alkylzinc halides successfully underwent cross-coupling. Also, under these conditions alkyl chlorides were unaffected.
- Hadei, Niloufar,Kantchev, Eric Assen B.,O'Brien, Christopher J.,Organ, Michael G.
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p. 8503 - 8507
(2007/10/03)
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- DABCO-POCl3, a mild dehydrating agent for the preparation of nitriles from aldoximes
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DABCO-POCl3 was found to be an efficient reagent for the dehydration of aldoximes to nitriles under mild reaction conditions in excellent yields.
- Heravi, Majid M.,Bakhtiari, Khadijeh,Shoar, Rahim Hekmat,Oskooie, Hossein A.
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p. 590 - 591
(2007/10/03)
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- An efficient and convenient KF/Al2O3 mediated synthesis of nitriles from aldehydes
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KF/Al2O3 brings about a facile one-pot and economical conversion of various aryl and alkyl aldehydes into the corresponding nitriles in high yields by reaction with hydroxylamine hydrochloride.
- Movassagh, Barahman,Shokri, Salman
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p. 6923 - 6925
(2007/10/03)
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- Efficient transformation of aldoximes to nitriles using 2-chloro-1-methylpyridinium iodide under mild conditions
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Various (aliphatic, aromatic, and heterocyclic aromatic) types of aldoximes were converted into the corresponding nitriles in good to excellent yields using 2-chloro-1-methylpyridinium iodide (CMPI) as a dehydrating agent under mild conditions.
- Lee, Kieseung,Han, Sang-Bae,Yoo, Eun-Mi,Chung, Soon-Ryang,Oh, Haibum,Hong, Sungwan
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p. 1775 - 1782
(2007/10/03)
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- Highly Convenient, One-Pot Synthesis of Nitriles from Aldehydes Using the NH2OH·HCl/NaI/MeCN System
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Direct transformation of both aliphatic and aromatic aldehydes to the corresponding nitriles, can be easily performed by the reaction of an aldehyde with a slight excess of hydroxylamine hydrochloride, in refluxing acetonitrile and in the presence of 0.5 equivalents of sodium iodide as catalyst.
- Ballini, Roberto,Fiorini, Dennis,Palmieri, Alessandro
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p. 1841 - 1843
(2007/10/03)
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- Efficient and Rapid One-pot Conversions of Aldehydes into Nitriles and Ketones into Amides Using Silica Chloride under Microwave Irradiation
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Under solvent free conditions, several aldehydes and ketones were efficiently and rapidly converted into the corresponding nitriles and amides respectively by treatment with hydroxylamine hydrochloride under microwave irradiation using silica chloride as catalyst. The yields of the products were very high and the time required for their preparation was very short compared to conventional heating experiments.
- Srinivas,Mahender,Das, Biswanath
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p. 738 - 739
(2007/10/03)
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- Tetrachloropyridine: A new reagent for the dehydration of aldoximes under microwave
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Dehydration of aldoximes to nitriles using tetrachloropyridine under microwave in dry media is described. The procedure is applicable to a variety of aldoximes and the reagent can be recycled and reused.
- Lingaiah, Nagarapu,Narender, Ravirala
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p. 2391 - 2394
(2007/10/03)
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- Highly convenient and efficient one-pot conversions of aldehydes into nitriles and ketones into amides using HY-zeolite
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One-pot conversions of aldehydes into nitriles and ketones into amides have been carried out conveniently and efficiently using HY-zeolite as catalyst. Both microwave irradiation and conventional methods have been studied.
- Srinivas,Reddy, E. Bolla,Das, Biswanath
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p. 625 - 627
(2007/10/03)
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