- Probing the influence of polymer architecture on liquid-liquid phase transitions of aqueous poly(N,N-dimethylacrylamide) copolymer solutions
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Thermosensitive poly(N,N-dimethylacrylamide-co-N-phenylacrylamide) (DMA-co-PhAm) copolymers were prepared by atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) in methanol/water mixtures at room temperature with methyl 2-chloropropionate as the initiator and CuCl/Me6TREN as the catalyst. The resultant DMA-co-PhAm copolymers had tailored compositions and controlled molecular weights, and their aqueous solutions underwent liquid-liquid phase separation upon heating. These phase transition temperatures, measured by the cloud point method, were dependent on polymer concentrations, compositions, and molecular weights. The efficiency of the thermally induced liquid-liquid phase transition, i.e., the yield of phase-separated polymer, increased with increasing solution temperature, suggesting this thermally induced liquid-liquid phase transition to be a continuous equilibrium process. The efficiency of phase separation could be enhanced by adding NaCl to the solution.
- Yin, Xiangchun,Stoever, Harald D. H.
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Read Online
- Bromo Radical-Mediated Photoredox Aldehyde Decarbonylation towards Transition-Metal-Free Hydroalkylation of Acrylamides at Room Temperature
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Herein, we report a visible-light-mediated hydroalkylation reaction of alkenes using easily available aldehydes as alkyl sources via bromo radical-promoted photoredox decarbonylation. This protocol provides an alternative entry to C(sp3)?C(sp3) bond formation and features considerable advantages including mild and clean reaction conditions, obviation for transition-metal catalyst, and good functional group compatibility.
- Sun, Zhaozhao,Huang, Huawen,Wang, Qiaolin,Deng, Guo-Jun
-
supporting information
p. 453 - 458
(2021/12/03)
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- Asymmetric Transfer Hydrogenation of α-Keto Amides; Highly Enantioselective Formation of Malic Acid Diamides and α-Hydroxyamides
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The asymmetric transfer hydrogenation (ATH) of α-keto-1,4-diamides using a tethered Ru/TsDPEN catalyst was achieved in high ee. Studies on derivatives identified the structural elements which lead to the highest enantioselectivities in the products. The α-keto-amide reduction products have been converted to a range of synthetically valuable derivatives.
- Gediya, Shweta K.,Vyas, Vijyesh K.,Clarkson, Guy J.,Wills, Martin
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supporting information
p. 7803 - 7807
(2021/10/20)
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- Diastereoselective Photoredox-Catalyzed [3 + 2] Cycloadditions of N-Sulfonyl Cyclopropylamines with Electron-Deficient Olefins
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A highly diastereoselective, visible-light-induced [3 + 2] cycloaddition between N-sulfonyl cyclopropylamines and electron-deficient olefins is reported. The reactions proceed via the oxidation of a sulfonamide aza-anion by an organic photocatalyst to generate a nitrogen-centered radical. Strain-induced ring opening and intermolecular addition to the olefin generate an intermediate carbon-centered radical that is reduced to an anion prior to 5-exo cyclization. This enables a highly diastereoselective construction of trans-cyclopentanes possessing synthetically useful functional groups.
- White, Dawn H.,Noble, Adam,Booker-Milburn, Kevin I.,Aggarwal, Varinder K.
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supporting information
p. 3038 - 3042
(2021/05/04)
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- Reactivity of secondary N-alkyl acrylamides in Morita–Baylis–Hillman reactions
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The Morita–Baylis–Hillman (MBH) reaction of secondary N-alkyl acrylamides, discarded up to now from investigations of the scope of activated alkenes, was studied. Optimization of the reaction conditions revealed that a balance must be found between activation of the MBH coupling reaction and that of the undesired competitive aldehyde Cannizzaro reaction. Using 3-Hydroxyquinuclidine (3-HQD) in a 1:1 water-2-MeTHF mixture provides the appropriate conditions that were applicable to a wide range of diversely substituted secondary N-alkyl acrylamides and aromatic aldehydes, giving rise to novel amide-containing MBH adducts under mild and clean conditions.
- Ahmar, Mohammed,Queneau, Yves,Verrier, Charlie,Yue, Xiaoyang
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p. 319 - 330
(2021/10/29)
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- LiCl-promoted amination of β-methoxy amides (γ-lactones)
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An efficient and mild method has been developed for the amination of β-methoxy amides (γ-lactones) including natural products michelolide, costunolide and parthenolide derivatives by using lithium chloride in good yields. This reaction is applicable to a wide range of substrates with good functional group tolerance. Mechanism studies show that the reactions undergo a LiCl promoted MeOH elimination from the substrates to form the corresponding α,β-unsaturated intermediates followed by the Michael addition of amines.
- Jia, Wen-Qiang,Pan, Xian-Dao,Shen, Long-Ying,Wang, Xiao-Jian,Zeng, Bing-Lin,Zhao, Hong-Yi,Zhao, Ru
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p. 34938 - 34942
(2020/10/14)
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- Silyl Radical-Mediated Activation of Sulfamoyl Chlorides Enables Direct Access to Aliphatic Sulfonamides from Alkenes
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Single electron reduction is more challenging for sulfamoyl chlorides than sulfonyl chlorides. However, sulfamoyl and sulfonyl chlorides can be easily activated by Cl-atom abstraction by a silyl radical with similar rates. This latter mode of activation was therefore selected to access aliphatic sulfonamides, applying a single-step hydrosulfamoylation using inexpensive olefins, tris(trimethylsilyl)silane, and photocatalyst Eosin Y. This late-stage functionalization protocol generates molecules as complex as sulfonamide-containing cyclobutyl-spirooxindoles for direct use in medicinal chemistry.
- Gouverneur, Véronique,Hell, Sandrine M.,Laudadio, Gabriele,Meyer, Claudio F.,Misale, Antonio,No?l, Timothy,Trabanco, Andrés A.,Willis, Michael C.
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supporting information
p. 720 - 725
(2020/02/20)
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- An efficient approach for the synthesis of new (±)-coixspirolactams
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Coixspirolactams, spiro[oxindole-γ-lactones], are found in adlay seeds and exhibit anticancer activity. A novel synthetic methodology was developed to enable an easy access to (±)-coixspirolactam A and a large number of new coixspirolactams in excellent overall yields. The exquisite exploitation of formamide reactivity was essential for the construction of oxindole and lactone scaffolds. This journal is
- Nascimento, Vinicius R.,Suenaga, Melissa L. S.,Andrade, Leandro H.
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p. 5458 - 5465
(2020/08/03)
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- Discovery of secondary sulphonamides as IDO1 inhibitors with potent antitumour effects in vivo
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Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1) as a key rate-limiting enzyme in the kynurenine pathway of tryptophan metabolism plays an important role in tumour immune escape. Herein, a variety of secondary sulphonamides were synthesised and evaluated in the HeLa cell-based IDO1/kynurenine assay, leading to the identification of new IDO1 inhibitors. Among them, compounds 5d, 5l and 8g exhibited the strongest inhibitory effect with significantly improved activity over the hit compound BS-1. The in vitro results showed that these compounds could restore the T cell proliferation and inhibit the differentiation of na?ve CD4+ T cell into highly immunosuppressive FoxP3+ regulatory T (Treg) cell without affecting the viability of HeLa cells and the expression of IDO1 protein. Importantly, the pharmacodynamic assay showed that compound 5d possessed potent antitumour effect in both CT26 and B16F1 tumours bearing immunocompetent mice but not in immunodeficient mice. Functionally, subsequent experiments demonstrated that compound 5d could effectively inhibit tumour cell proliferation, induce apoptosis, up-regulate the expression of IFN-γ and granzyme B, and suppress FoxP3+ Treg cell differentiation, thereby activate the immune system. Thus, compound 5d could be a potential and efficacious agent for further evaluation.
- Ge, Shushan,Guo, Wenjie,Hu, Yue,Lai, Yisheng,Li, Yuezhen,Liu, Wen,Ma, Xuewei,Wang, Fang,Wang, Yan,Xu, Qiang,Zheng, Yingbo,Zhong, Haiqing,Zou, Yi
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p. 1240 - 1257
(2020/06/18)
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- Polysubstituted tryptamine benzamide compound and preparation method and application thereof
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The invention discloses a polysubstituted tryptamine benzamide compound and a preparation method and application thereof. The compound is characterized in that the compound is a polysubstituted tryptamine benzamide compound with a structural formula shown as a formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, ester or solvate of the polysubstituted tryptamine benzamide compound with the structuralformula shown as the formula I. The preparation method comprises the following steps: (1) carrying out amide synthesis reaction on a compound shown in a formula II and a compound shown in a formula III to obtain a compound shown in a formula IV; and (2) reacting the compound as shown in the formula IV with V to carry out Michael addition reaction so as to obtain a compound as shown in the formulaI. The polysubstituted tryptamine benzamide compound and a preparation method and application thereof have the advantages that tumor growth can be effectively inhibited, so that growth stagnation, differentiation or apoptosis of tumor cells is induced, and the effect of inhibiting tumor cell proliferation is achieved.
- -
-
Paragraph 0036; 0042
(2020/05/30)
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- Disulfide Promoted C?P Bond Cleavage of Phosphoramide: “P” Surrogates to Synthesize Phosphonates and Phosphinates
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A metal-free C?P bond cleavage reaction is described herein. Phosphoramides, a phosphine source, can react with alcohols to produce phosphonate and phosphinate derivatives in the presence of a disulfide. P?H2, P-alkyl, and P,P-dialkyl phosphoramides can be used as substrates to obtain the corresponding pentavalent phosphine products. (Figure presented.).
- Hou, Fei,Du, Xing-Peng,Alduma, Anwar I.,Li, Zhi-Feng,Huo, Cong-De,Wang, Xi-Cun,Wu, Xiao-Feng,Quan, Zheng-Jun
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supporting information
p. 4755 - 4760
(2020/10/06)
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- CONJUGATED PROTEINS AND USES THEREOF
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Disclosed herein, in certain embodiments, are protein-probe adducts and synthetic ligands that inhibit protein-probe adduct formation, in which the proteins are regulated by NRF2. In some instances, also described herein are protein-binding domains that interact with a probe and/or a ligand described herein, in which the proteins are regulated by NRF2.
- -
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Paragraph 0387; 0425-0426
(2020/09/16)
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- Metal-Free C–S Bond Cleavage to Access N-Substituted Acrylamide and β-Aminopropanamide
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Metal-free and Selectfluor-mediated C–S bond cleavage is described. This novel strategy provides a facile and efficient method to access important N-substituted acrylamide and β-aminopropanamide derivatives with good functional group tolerance and yields.
- Yang, Ke,Li, Yi,Ma, Zhiyan,Tang, Long,Yin, Yue,Zhang, Hao,Li, Zhengyi,Sun, Xiaoqiang
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supporting information
p. 5812 - 5814
(2019/08/27)
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- Method for synthesizing olefin compound by photo-induced one-pot process
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The invention discloses a method for synthesizing an olefin compound by a photo-induced one-pot process. The method comprises the following step of subjecting a halohydrocarbon and an aldehyde compound to a reaction under the condition of irradiation in an inert atmosphere by taking alkali metal carbonate as a base, taking an organic phosphine compound as an adjuvant and taking a photosensitizer as a catalyst, thereby obtaining the olefin compound. According to the method disclosed by the invention, the olefin compound is produced from the halohydrocarbon and the aldehyde compound in a high-yield manner under the condition of irradiation in the inert atmosphere under normal-temperature reaction conditions by taking acetonitrile, DMF (N,N-dimethylformamide) or DMA (N,N-dimethylacetamide) asa solvent, taking an organic phosphine reagent as a reaction adjuvant, taking the alkali metal carbonate as the base and taking the photosensitizer as the catalyst. Compared with the conventional olefin synthesis methods, the method disclosed by the invention has the obvious advantages that the reaction raw materials are readily available, the tolerance to a variety of functional groups on halohydrocarbons and aldehydes is high, the yield is high, the separation and purification of a product are simple and convenient, and the like.
- -
-
Paragraph 0085-0087
(2018/11/03)
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- COMPOSITONS AND METHODS FOR MODULATING UBA5
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Disclosed herein, inter alia, are compositions and methods useful for inhibiting ubiquitin-like modifier activating enzyme 5.
- -
-
Paragraph 0633; 0634; 0636; 0699
(2018/08/26)
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- COMPOSITIONS AND METHODS FOR MODULATING PPP2R1A
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Disclosed herein, inter alia, are compositions and methods useful for modulating PPP2R1 A and for the treatment of cancer.
- -
-
Paragraph 0599; 0600; 0607; 0677
(2018/08/26)
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- COMPOSITIONS AND METHODS FOR INHIBITING RETICULON 4
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Disclosed herein, inter alia, are compositions and methods useful for inhibiting reticulon 4(RTN4).
- -
-
Paragraph 0645; 0647; 0713
(2018/08/26)
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- The structural requirements of histone deacetylase inhibitors: C4-modified SAHA analogs display dual HDAC6/HDAC8 selectivity
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Histone deacetylase (HDAC) enzymes govern the post-translational acetylation state of lysine residues on protein substrates, leading to regulatory changes in cell function. Due to their role in cancers, HDAC proteins have emerged as promising targets for
- Negmeldin, Ahmed T.,Knoff, Joseph R.,Pflum, Mary Kay H.
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p. 1790 - 1806
(2017/11/20)
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- Structural requirements of histone deacetylase inhibitors: C4-modified saha analogs display dual HDAC6/HDAC8 selectivity
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A compound having formula I for histone deacetylase inhibition is provided: or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or hydrate thereof wherein R is alkyl, C6-18 aryl, C5-18 heteroaryl, C8-22 alkylaryl, C8-22 alkyl
- -
-
Paragraph 0119
(2018/03/25)
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- Chemoproteomics-enabled covalent ligand screen reveals a cysteine hotspot in reticulon 4 that impairs ER morphology and cancer pathogenicity
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Chemical genetics has arisen as a powerful approach for identifying novel anti-cancer agents. However, a major bottleneck of this approach is identifying the targets of lead compounds that arise from screens. Here, we coupled the synthesis and screening of fragment-based cysteine-reactive covalent ligands with activity-based protein profiling (ABPP) chemoproteomic approaches to identify compounds that impair colorectal cancer pathogenicity and map the druggable hotspots targeted by these hits. Through this coupled approach, we discovered a cysteine-reactive acrylamide DKM 3-30 that significantly impaired colorectal cancer cell pathogenicity through targeting C1101 on reticulon 4 (RTN4). While little is known about the role of RTN4 in colorectal cancer, this protein has been established as a critical mediator of endoplasmic reticulum tubular network formation. We show here that covalent modification of C1101 on RTN4 by DKM 3-30 or genetic knockdown of RTN4 impairs endoplasmic reticulum and nuclear envelope morphology as well as colorectal cancer pathogenicity. We thus put forth RTN4 as a potential novel colorectal cancer therapeutic target and reveal a unique druggable hotspot within RTN4 that can be targeted by covalent ligands to impair colorectal cancer pathogenicity. Our results underscore the utility of coupling the screening of fragment-based covalent ligands with isoTOP-ABPP platforms for mining the proteome for novel druggable nodes that can be targeted for cancer therapy.
- Bateman,Nguyen,Roberts,Miyamoto,Ku,Huffman,Petri,Heslin,Contreras,Skibola,Olzmann,Nomura
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supporting information
p. 7234 - 7237
(2017/07/11)
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- Silver-Catalyzed Decarboxylative Radical Addition/Cyclization of α,α-Difluoroarylacetic Acids with Acrylamides To Synthesize Difluorinated Oxindoles
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A facile silver-catalyzed decarboxylative radical addition/cyclization reaction of α,α-difluoroarylacetic acids and acrylamides has been disclosed. The method provides a highly attractive approach to synthesize a series of difluorinated oxindoles that contain various functional groups in moderate to good yields under mild conditions. Moreover, experimental studies reveal that the CF2 group of the α,α-difluoroarylacetic acids plays a vital role in the transformation.
- Li, Yin-Long,Wang, Ji-Bo,Wang, Xue-Lin,Cao, Yang,Deng, Jun
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supporting information
p. 6052 - 6059
(2017/11/14)
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- Efficient syntheses of 1,2,3-triazoloamide derivatives using solid- and solution-phase synthetic approaches
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Efficient synthetic routes for the preparation of secondary and tertiary 1,2,3-triazoloamide derivatives were developed. A secondary α-1,2,3-triazoloamide library was constructed and expanded by a previously developed solid-phase synthetic route and a tertiary 1,2,3-triazoloamide library was constructed by a parallel solution-phase synthetic route. The synthetic routes rely on amide formation with secondary amines and chloro-acid chlorides; SN2 reaction with sodium azide; and the selective [3 + 2] Hüisgen cycloaddition with appropriate terminal alkynes. The target secondary and tertiary 1,2,3-triazoloamide derivatives were obtained with three-diversity points in excellent overall yields and purities using the reported solid- and solution-phase synthetic routes, respectively.
- Lee, Doohyun,Kim, Daehun,Lee, Seungyeon,Kim, Taegeum,Kim, Joobin,Kim, Sohee,Liu, Kwang-Hyeon,Lee, Sangkyu,Bae, Jong-Sup,Song, Kyung-Sik,Cho, Chang-Woo,Son, Youn Kyung,Baek, Dong Jae,Lee, Taeho
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p. 19984 - 20013
(2015/12/23)
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- Efficient cu-catalyzed atom transfer radical addition reactions of fluoroalkylsulfonyl chlorides with electron-deficient alkenes induced by visible light
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Fluoroalkylsulfonyl chlorides, RfSO2Cl, in which Rf=CF3, C4F9, CF2H, CH2F, and CH2CF3, are used as a source of fluorinated radicals to add fluoroalkyl groups to electron-deficient, unsaturated carbonyl compounds. Photochemical conditions, using Cu mediation, are used to produce the respective α-chloro-β-fluoroalkylcarbonyl products in excellent yields through an atom transfer radical addition (ATRA) process. Facile nucleophilic replacement of the α-chloro substituent is shown to lead to further diverse functionalization of the products.
- Tang, Xiao-Jun,Dolbier, William R.
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supporting information
p. 4246 - 4249
(2015/04/14)
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- Direct Photoredox-Catalyzed Reductive Difluoromethylation of Electron-Deficient Alkenes
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Photoredox-catalyzed reductive difluoromethylation of electron-deficient alkenes was achieved in one step under tin-free, mild and neutral conditions. This protocol affords a facile method to introduce RCF2 (R=H, Ph, Me, and CH2N3) groups at sites β to electron-withdrawing groups. It was found that TTMS (tris(trimethylsilyl)silane) served nicely as both the H-atom donor and the electron donor in the catalytic cycle. Experimental and DFT computational results provided evidence that RCF2 (R=H, Ph, Me) radicals are nucleophilic in nature.
- Tang, Xiao-Jun,Zhang, Zuxiao,Dolbier, William R.
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supporting information
p. 18961 - 18965
(2016/01/26)
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- Effective nitration of anilides and acrylamides by tert-butyl nitrite
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Nitro compounds are important intermediates in synthetic organic chemistry and the chemical industry. Herein, the efficient copper-catalyzed [10% Cu(NO3)2·3H2O] nitration of anilides was developed by using TBN (tert-butyl nitrite) as a nitrating reagent to give the corresponding nitro-substituted aromatic products in good to excellent yields. The use of TBN also led to the selective nitration of acrylamides at room temperature to afford only the (E) isomer of the nitration product. A series of anilides and acrylamides with a broad array of functional groups were well-tolerated by this procedure. This synthetic method has many advantages, which include inexpensive starting materials, mild reaction conditions, a fast reaction rate, and high yields. A mechanistic investigation indicates that a nitro radical, which is generated from the thermal homolysis of TBN, is involved in the two nitration processes. The efficient nitration of both anilides and acrylamides was achieved by using TBN (tert-butyl nitrite) as a metal-free nitrating reagent. This synthetic method has many advantages such as mild reaction conditions, a fast reaction rate, good to excellent yields, and a broad substrate scope. Our investigation indicates that a nitro radical is involved in the reaction mechanism.
- Ji, Yi-Fei,Yan, Hong,Jiang, Qi-Bai
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p. 2051 - 2060
(2015/03/18)
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- Oxidant-Free Rhodium(I)-Catalyzed Difunctionalization of Acrylamide: An Efficient Approach to Synthesize Oxindoles
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(Figure Presented) The first rhodium(I)-catalyzed difunctionalization of arylacrylamides to synthesize oxindoles is developed, and it does not require the assistance of an oxidant. This method provides an efficient approach to generate various useful functionalized oxindoles, some of which cannot be easily accessed by previous approaches.
- Li, Chen-Chen,Yang, Shang-Dong
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supporting information
p. 2142 - 2145
(2015/05/13)
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- Systematic study of the glutathione (GSH) reactivity of N-arylacrylamides: 1. Effects of aryl substitution
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Success in the design of targeted covalent inhibitors depends in part on a knowledge of the factors influencing electrophile reactivity. In an effort to further develop an understanding of structure-reactivity relationships among N-arylacrylamides, we determined glutathione (GSH) reaction rates for a family of N-arylacrylamides independently substituted at ortho-, meta-, and para-positions with 11 different groups common to inhibitor design. We find that substituent effects on reaction rates show a linear Hammett correlation for ortho-, meta-, and para-substitution. In addition, we note a correlation between 1H and 13C NMR chemical shifts of the acrylamide with GSH reaction rates, suggesting that NMR chemical shifts may be a convenient surrogate measure of relative acrylamide reactivity. Density functional theory calculations reveal a correlation between computed activation parameters and experimentally determined reaction rates, validating the use of such methodology for the screening of synthetic candidates in a prospective fashion.
- Cee, Victor J.,Volak, Laurie P.,Chen, Yuping,Bartberger, Michael D.,Tegley, Chris,Arvedson, Tara,McCarter, John,Tasker, Andrew S.,Fotsch, Christopher
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p. 9171 - 9178
(2015/12/23)
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- Cascade synthesis of spirooxindole δ-lactone derivatives through N-aryl hydroxymethylacrylamides with xanthates
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A novel and highly efficient cascade synthesis of spirooxindole δ-lactone derivatives from N-aryl hydroxymethylacrylamides and xanthates in good yields is described. The reaction proceeds through a radical addition/cyclization and ester exchange, in which two new C-C bonds and one C-O bond were formed.
- Wang, Shucheng,Huang, Xuhu,Wen, Yanzhao,Ge, Zemei,Wang, Xin,Li, Runtao
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supporting information
p. 8117 - 8122
(2015/12/30)
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- The Acrylamide Moiety as an Activated Alkene Component in the Intramolecular Baylis-Hillman Reaction: Facile Synthesis of Functionalized α-Methylene Lactam and Spirolactam Frameworks
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A facile strategy for the intramolecular Baylis-Hillman reaction by utilizing an acrylamide moiety as an activated alkene component was developed, which thus provides a convenient protocol for obtaining five- and six-membered α-methylene lactam and spirolactam derivatives.
- Basavaiah, Deevi,Reddy, Guddeti Chandrashekar,Bharadwaj, Kishor Chandra
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p. 1157 - 1162
(2015/10/05)
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- Formation of dispersed palladium-nickel bimetallic nanoparticles in microemulsions: Synthesis, characterization, and their use as efficient heterogeneous recyclable catalysts for the amination reactions of aryl chlorides under mild conditions
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A simple method for preparing spherical palladium-nickel bimetallic nanoparticles with a molar ratio of 1.0 (Pd0.5-Ni0.5 B-NPs) has been adopted using a water-in-oil microemulsion system of water/aerosol-OT/ isooctane at room temperature. The morphology, size, structure, and elemental composition of these particles as the superior catalyst were characterized by field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), energy dispersive analysis using X-rays (EDAX), and X-ray fluorescence (XRF) analyses. The effects of the reaction parameters on the Buchwald-Hartwig amination reaction yield in the presence of these NPs as catalyst have been screened and the results are evaluated by using chlorobenzene and morpholine as a model reaction. Initially, differences in the catalytic properties of some synthesized NPs have been compared. In this context, Pd-Ni B-NPs with the molar ratio of 1 : 1 (Pd/Ni = 1) showed the highest catalytic activity for this reaction. The Pd0.5-Ni0.5 B-NPs are stable and the leaching of catalyst in solution is very low. Therefore, they has been employed as efficient catalysts in the C-N coupling reaction. Finally, a mechanism for an amination reaction on the Pd/Ni catalyst surface was proposed.
- Heshmatpour, Felora,Abazari, Reza
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p. 55815 - 55826
(2015/02/05)
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- The acrylamide moiety as an activated alkene component in the intramolecular Baylis-Hillman reaction: Facile synthesis of functionalized α-methylene lactam and spirolactam frameworks
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A facile strategy for the intramolecular Baylis-Hillman reaction by utilizing an acrylamide moiety as an activated alkene component was developed, which thus provides a convenient protocol for obtaining five-and six-membered α-methylene lactam and spirolactam derivatives. An intramolecular Baylis-Hillman reaction by using an acrylamide moiety as an activated alkene and an aldehyde as the electrophile component is described. Thus, a simple synthetic strategy for obtaining α-methylene (γ-and δ-)lactam and spiro-γ-lactam derivatives is provided. DABCO = 1,4-diazabicyclo[2.2. 2]octane. Copyright
- Basavaiah, Deevi,Reddy, Guddeti Chandrashekar,Bharadwaj, Kishor Chandra
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p. 1157 - 1162
(2014/03/21)
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- Ligand-free CuTC-catalyzed N-arylation of amides, anilines and 4-aminoantipyrine: Synthesis of N-arylacrylamides, 4-amido-N-phenylbenzamides and 4-amino(N-phenyl)antipyrenes
-
N-Arylation of amides and anilines with aryl iodides was efficiently catalyzed by copper thiophenecarboxylate under ligand-free conditions with good to excellent yields. A variety of substituted aryl iodides, amides, anilines and 4-aminoantipyrine were found to be applicable to the simple catalytic system. Furthermore, some practical, unique secondary amides, such as N-arylacrylamides and 4-amido-N-phenylbenzamides, and 4-amino(N-phenyl)antipyrenes, which are difficult to obtain by the classical methods, were prepared.
- Quan, Zheng-Jun,Xia, Hai-Dong,Zhang, Zhang,Da, Yu-Xia,Wang, Xi-Cun
-
-
- Friedel-crafts alkylation of N-(2-chloropropionyl)aniline and the generation mechanism of byproducts
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The cyclization of N-(2-chloropropionyl)aniline to 3-methylindolin-2-one through Friedel-Crafts alkylation was studied. It was found that N-phenylacrylamide (12.6%) and 3,4-dihydro-2(1H)-quinolinone (1.5%) as main byproducts were obtained. On the basis of the mechanism of Friedel-Crafts alkylation, the generation mechanisms of these two compounds were proposed.
- Tian, Jun,Li, Lei,Yan, Xilong,Chen, Ligong
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p. 1811 - 1813
(2015/01/09)
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- A fragment-based method to discover irreversible covalent inhibitors of cysteine proteases
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A novel fragment-based drug discovery approach is reported which irreversibly tethers drug-like fragments to catalytic cysteines. We attached an electrophile to 100 fragments without significant alterations in the reactivity of the electrophile. A mass spectrometry assay discovered three nonpeptidic inhibitors of the cysteine protease papain. The identified compounds display the characteristics of irreversible inhibitors. The irreversible tethering system also displays specificity: the three identified papain inhibitors did not covalently react with UbcH7, USP08, or GST-tagged human rhinovirus 3C protease.
- Kathman, Stefan G.,Xu, Ziyang,Statsyuk, Alexander V.
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supporting information
p. 4969 - 4974
(2014/07/07)
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- Promiscuity and selectivity in covalent enzyme inhibition: A systematic study of electrophilic fragments
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Covalent ligand-target interactions offer significant pharmacological advantages. However, off-target reactivity of the reactive groups, which usually have electrophilic properties, must be minimized, and the selectivity of irreversible inhibitors is a crucial requirement. We therefore performed a systematic study to determine the selectivity of several electrophilic groups that can be used as building blocks for covalently binding ligands. Six reactive groups with modulated electrophilicity were combined with 11 nonreactive moieties, resulting in a small combinatorial library of 72 fragment-like compounds. These compounds were screened against a group of 11 enzyme targets to assess their selectivity and their potential for promiscuous binding to proteins. The assay results showed a considerably lower degree of promiscuity than initially expected, even for those members of the screening collection that contain supposedly highly reactive electrophiles.
- J?st, Christian,Nitsche, Christoph,Scholz, Therese,Roux, Lionel,Klein, Christian D.
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supporting information
p. 7590 - 7599
(2014/12/11)
-
- An efficient copper-catalyzed N-arylation of amides: Synthesis of N-arylacrylamides and 4-amido-N-phenylbenzamides
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Copper-catalyzed intermolecular C-N bond-forming reactions between aryl iodides and amides are described using sodium ascorbate, which is both cheap and nontoxic, as the additive. A variety of functionalized amides including some practical, unique secondary amides, such as N-arylacrylamides and 4-amido-N-phenylbenzamides, which are difficult to obtain by the classical methods, are prepared. Furthermore, some tertiary amides are prepared by using copper thiophenecarboxylate.
- Quan, Zheng-Jun,Xia, Hai-Dong,Zhang, Zhang,Da, Yu-Xia,Wang, Xi-Cun
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p. 8368 - 8374
(2013/09/02)
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- Highly stereoselective cyclopropanation of α,β-unsaturated carbonyl compounds with methyl (diazoacetoxy)acetate catalyzed by a chiral ruthenium(II) complex
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Tantalizing triangles: The title reaction gives bicarbonyl cyclopropane products that can lead to versatile intermediates with high yields and stereoselectivities. This system was also applied to the enantioselective total synthesis of spiro cyclopropane oxindole, an HIV-1 nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor. Copyright
- Chanthamath, Soda,Takaki, Suguru,Shibatomi, Kazutaka,Iwasa, Seiji
-
supporting information
p. 5818 - 5821
(2013/07/11)
-
- Efficient copper-catalyzed Michael addition of acrylic derivatives with primary alcohols in the presence of base
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A novel and efficient copper-catalyzed Michael addition of acrylic derivatives with primary alcohols in the presence of base has been developed. The protocol uses readily available acrylic derivatives and primary alcohols as the starting materials, inexpensive CuCl2 as the catalyst, and the corresponding addition products were obtained in moderate to excellent yields.
- Wang, Feng,Yang, Haijun,Fu, Hua,Pei, Zhichao
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supporting information
p. 517 - 519
(2013/02/23)
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- Metal-free oxidative spirocyclization of hydroxymethylacrylamide with 1,3-dicarbonyl compounds: A new route to spirooxindoles
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A metal-free oxidative spirocyclization of hydroxymethylacrylamide with 1,3-dicarbonyl compounds is described. The reaction proceeds through tandem dual C-H functionalization and intramolecular dehydration, in which two new C-C bonds and one C-O bond were formed. This method affords a novel and straightforward access to various spirooxindoles under mild conditions.
- Wang, Hua,Guo, Li-Na,Duan, Xin-Hua
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supporting information
p. 5254 - 5257
(2013/11/06)
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- Synthetic transformations of higher terpenoids: XXXII.*synthesis of 16-alkenyl-substituted labdatrienes by oxidative coupling of methyl phlomisoate with alkenes
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Reactions of methyl phlomisoate with methyl acrylate, phenyl acrylate, methyl vinyl ketone, phenyl vinyl ketone, or N-substituted acrylamides catalyzed by Pd(OAc)2 in the presence of Cu(OAc)2, p-benzoquinone in the mixture of propionic acid and acetonitrile proceed regio- and stereoselectively with the formation of (E)- 16-vinyl labdatrienoates. The oxidative coupling under these conditions of the methyl phlomisoate with styrene results in a mixture of 15,16-distyryl-, 16-styryl-, and 16-(1-phenylvinyl)-derivatives of furanolabdanoid. Pleiades Publishing, Ltd., 2013.
- Kharitonov,Kremenko,Shults,Shakirov,Tolstikov
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p. 1690 - 1702
(2014/02/14)
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- Quinol derivatives as potential trypanocidal agents
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Quinols have been developed as a class of potential anti-cancer compounds. They are thought to act as double Michael acceptors, forming two covalent bonds to their target protein(s). Quinols have also been shown to have activity against the parasite Trypa
- Capes, Amy,Patterson, Stephen,Wyllie, Susan,Hallyburton, Irene,Collie, Iain T.,McCarroll, Andrew J.,Stevens, Malcolm F.G.,Frearson, Julie A.,Wyatt, Paul G.,Fairlamb, Alan H.,Gilbert, Ian H.
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experimental part
p. 1607 - 1615
(2012/04/23)
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- Discovery and structure-activity relationship of potent and selective covalent inhibitors of transglutaminase 2 for Huntington's disease
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Tissue transglutaminase 2 (TG2) is a multifunctional protein primarily known for its calcium-dependent enzymatic protein cross-linking activity via isopeptide bond formation between glutamine and lysine residues. TG2 overexpression and activity have been found to be associated with Huntington's disease (HD); specifically, TG2 is up-regulated in the brains of HD patients and in animal models of the disease. Interestingly, genetic deletion of TG2 in two different HD mouse models, R6/1 and R6/2, results in improved phenotypes including a reduction in neuronal death and prolonged survival. Starting with phenylacrylamide screening hit 7d, we describe the SAR of this series leading to potent and selective TG2 inhibitors. The suitability of the compounds as in vitro tools to elucidate the biology of TG2 was demonstrated through mode of inhibition studies, characterization of druglike properties, and inhibition profiles in a cell lysate assay.
- Prime, Michael E.,Andersen, Ole A.,Barker, John J.,Brooks, Mark A.,Cheng, Robert K. Y.,Toogood-Johnson, Ian,Courtney, Stephen M.,Brookfield, Frederick A.,Yarnold, Christopher J.,Marston, Richard W.,Johnson, Peter D.,Johnsen, Siw F.,Palfrey, Jordan J.,Vaidya, Darshan,Erfan, Sayeh,Ichihara, Osamu,Felicetti, Brunella,Palan, Shilpa,Pedret-Dunn, Anna,Schaertl, Sabine,Sternberger, Ina,Ebneth, Andreas,Scheel, Andreas,Winkler, Dirk,Toledo-Sherman, Leticia,Beconi, Maria,MacDonald, Douglas,Mu?oz-Sanjuan, Ignacio,Dominguez, Celia,Wityak, John
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p. 1021 - 1046
(2012/04/10)
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- Palladium-catalyzed oxidative arylalkylation of activated alkenes: Dual C-H bond cleavage of an arene and acetonitrile
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Not one but two: The title reaction proceeds through the dual C-H bond cleavage of both aniline and acetonitrile (see scheme). The reaction affords a variety of cyano-bearing indolinones in excellent yield. Mechanistic studies demonstrate that this reaction involves a fast arylation of the olefin and a rate-determining C-H activation of the acetonitrile. Copyright
- Wu, Tao,Mu, Xin,Liu, Guosheng
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supporting information; scheme or table
p. 12578 - 12581
(2012/02/04)
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- An efficient protocol for the amidation of carboxylic acids promoted by trimethyl phosphite and iodine
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A practical, one-pot protocol is described for the conversion of carboxylic acids into amides through carboxyl activation by the reagent combination of trimethyl phosphite and iodine. This method integrates several advantages: (1) it allows amines to be chemoselectively acylated with excellent results in the presence of sulfur and oxygen nucleophiles; (2) the method shows wide generality in respect of solvent, base, and substrate; (3) the reagents used are widely available and much less expensive than common coupling reagents, and (4) the process is remarkably convenient, permitting extraction, recrystallization, and column chromatography as optional work-up procedures. The chemoselectivity and generality of the method, the low cost, and wide availability of reagents combined with the ease of use make it a very favorable process.
- Luo, Qun-Li,Lv, Lina,Li, Yu,Tan, Jian-Ping,Nan, Wenhui,Hui, Qun
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supporting information; experimental part
p. 6916 - 6922
(2012/01/06)
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- Unexpected heterocyclization of electrophilic alkenes by tetranitromethane in the presence of triethylamine. Synthesis of 3-nitroisoxazoles
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Novel reaction of tetranitromethane (TNM) with electrophilic alkenes in the presence of triethylamine yielding substituted 3-nitroisoxazoles was found and studied. Triethylamine increases the reactivity of TNM toward electrophilic alkenes promoting their heterocyclization, and the reactions proceed in an unusual way. A variety of α,β-unsaturated aldehydes, ketones, esters, amides, phosphonates, and nitro and sulfur compounds was involved in the heterocyclization reaction, and a wide range of functionalized 3-nitroisoxazoles was obtained in good to high yields. The scope and limitations of the reaction and the mechanistic aspects are discussed.
- Volkova, Yulia A.,Averina, Elena B.,Grishin, Yuri K.,Bruheim, Per,Kuznetsova, Tamara S.,Zefirov, Nikolai S.
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supporting information; experimental part
p. 3047 - 3052
(2010/07/15)
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- Ruthenium(III) acetylacetonate [Ru(acac)3] -An efficient recyclable catalyst for the acetylation of phenols, alcohols, and amines under neat conditions
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A catalytic amount of ruthenium(III) acetylacetonate (2 mol%) [Ru(acac)3] enables solvent-free acetylation of phenols, alcohols, and amines at ambient temperature in good to excellent yields. Furthermore, the catalyst could be recovered and reused at least three times without a significant loss in yields.
- Varala, Ravi,Nasreen, Aayesha,Adapa, Srinivas R.
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p. 148 - 152
(2008/02/11)
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- Synthesis of [11C]/[13C]acrylamides by palladium-mediated carbonylation
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Two methods are presented for the synthesis of acrylamides labelled with 11C (β+, t1/2 = 20.4 min) and 13C in the carbonyl position. In the first method, [1- 11C]acrylic acid is synthesised from [11C]carbon monoxide by palladium-mediated hydroxycarbonylation of acetylene. The labelled carboxylic acid is converted into the acyl chloride and subsequently treated with amine to yield N-benzyl[carbonyl-11C]acrylamide. The second method utilizes [11C]carbon monoxide in a palladium-mediated carbonylative cross-coupling of vinyl halides and amines. A higher radiochemical yield is achieved with the latter method and the amount of amine needed is decreased to 1/20. The 11C-labelled acrylamides were isolated in up to 81 % decay-corrected radiochemical yield. Starting from 10 ± 0.5 GBq of [ 11C]carbon monoxide, N-benzyl[carbonyl-11C]acrylamide was obtained in 4 min with a specific radioactivity of 330 ± 4 GBq μmol-1. Co-labelling with 11C and 13C enabled confirmation of the labelled position by 13C NMR spectroscopy. Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 2007.
- Eriksson, Jonas,Aberg, Ola,Langstroem, Bengt
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p. 455 - 461
(2008/02/03)
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- Unique tandem heck-lactamization naphthyridinone ring formation between acrylanilides and halogenated pyridines
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The Heck coupling of acrylanilides with 4-bromo-2-chloro-3-iodo-pyridine using palladium acetate can produce bis-Heck products or undergo an unusual tandem Heck-lactamization ring formation to generate 5-chloro-1-aryl-1,6- naphthyridin-2(1H)-ones.
- Cvetovich, Raymond J.,Reamer, Robert A.,DiMichele, Lisa,Chung, John Y. L.,Chilenski, Jennifer R.
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p. 8610 - 8613
(2007/10/03)
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- Formation of acrylanilides, acrylamides, and amides directly from carboxylic acids using thionyl chloride in dimethylacetamide in the absence of bases
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A general one-pot procedure is described that rapidly converts acrylic acid to anilides upon sequential treatment of the acid in dimethylacetamide (DMAC) with thionyl chloride and stoichiometric amounts of anilines in 88-98% yields, with DMAC offering rate and stability advantages over the use of DMF. The use of DMAC was extended to other organic acids in forming anilides. Benzylamine amides can also be formed using stoichiometric amounts of benzylamine and brought to completion by warming in the absence of additional base. In addition, it was shown that tert-butylamides can be easily formed with the addition of excess tert-butylamine at 20 °C.
- Cvetovich, Raymond J.,DiMichele, Lisa
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p. 944 - 946
(2012/12/23)
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- Exploring the scope of the 29G12 antibody catalyzed 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reaction
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29G12 is a murine monoclonal antibody programmed to catalyze the regio- and enantioselective 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reaction between 4-acetamidobenzonitrile N-oxide 1a and N,N-dimethylacrylamide 2a (Toker, J. D.; Wentworth, P., Jr.; Hu, Y.; Houk, K. N.; Janda, K. D. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2000, 122, 3244). Given the unique nature of 29G12 as a protein biocatalyst for this chemical reaction, we have investigated both the substrate specificity and mechanistic parameters of the 29G12-catalyzed process. These studies have shown that while 29G12 is specific for its dipole substrate Ia, the antibody is highly promiscuous with respect to the dipolarophiles it can process. 29G12 accepts a bulky hydrophobic dipolarophile cosubstrate, with rates of product formation up to 70-fold faster than with the original substrate 2a. In all cases, the respective isoxazoline products are produced with exquisite regio- and stereochemical control (78-98% ee). Comparison between the steady-state kinetic parameters from the 29G12-catalyzed reaction of 1a with the most efficient versus the original dipolarophile cosubstrate (2m and 2a, respectively), reveals that while the effective molarities (EM)s are almost identical (EM (2m) 26 M; EM(2a) 23 M), the affinity of 29G12 for the larger dipolarophile 2m is more than 1 order of magnitude higher than for 2a [Km(2m) 0.44 ± 0.04 mM; Km(2a) 5.8 ± 0.4 mM]. Furthermore, when 2m is the cosubstrate, the affinity of 29G12 for its dipole 1a is also greatly improved [Km(1a) 0.82 ± 0.1 mM compared to Km(1a) 3.4 ± 0.4 mM when 2a is the cosubstrate]. An analysis of the temperature dependence of the 29G12-catalyzed reaction between 1a and 2m reveals that catalysis is achieved via a decrease in enthalpy of activation (ΔΔH? 4.4 kcal mol-1) and involves a large increase in the entropy of activation (ΔΔS? 10.4 eu). The improved affinity of 29G12 for the nitrile oxide Ia in the presence of 2m, coupled with the increase in ΔΔS? during the 29G12-catalyzed reaction between 1a and 2m supports the notion of a structural reorganization of the active site to facilitate this antibody-catalyzed reaction.
- Toker, Jonathan D.,Tremblay, Martin R.,Yli-Kauhaluoma, Jari,Wentworth, Anita D.,Zhou, Bin,Wentworth Jr., Paul,Janda, Kim D.
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p. 7810 - 7815
(2007/10/03)
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