- Identification and quantification of apo-lycopenals in fruits, vegetables, and human plasma
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Research has suggested that lycopene may be metabolized by eccentric cleavage, catalyzed by β-carotene oxygenase 2, resulting in the generation of apo-lycopenals. Apo-6′-lycopenal and apo8′-lycopenal have been reported previously in raw tomato. We now show that several other apolycopenals are also present in raw and processed foods, as well as in human plasma. Apo-lycopenal standards were prepared by in vitro oxidation of lycopene, and a high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS) method using atmospheric pressure chemical ionization in negative mode was developed to separate and detect the apo-6′-, apo-8′-, apo-10′-, apo-12′-, apo-14′-, and apo-15′-lycopenal products formed in the reaction. Hexane/acetone extracts of raw tomato, red grapefruit, watermelon, and processed tomato products were analyzed, as well as plasma of individuals who had consumed tomato juice for 8 weeks. Apo-6′-, apo-8′-, apo-10′-, apo-12′-, and apo-14′-lycopenals were detected and quantified in all food products tested, as well as plasma. The sum of apo-lycopenals was 6.5 μg/100 g Roma tomato, 73.4μg/100 g tomato paste, and 1.9 nmol/L plasma. We conclude that several apo-lycopenals, in addition to apo-6′- and -8′-lycopenal, are present in lycopene-containing foods. In addition, the presence of apo-lycopenals in plasma may derive from the absorption of apo-lycopenals directly from food and/or human metabolism.
- Kopec, Rachel E.,Riedl, Ken M.,Harrison, Earl H.,Curley Jr, Robert W.,Hruszkewycz, Damian P.,Clinton, Steven K.,Schwartz, Steven J.
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experimental part
p. 3290 - 3296
(2011/07/29)
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- Photosynthesized Oxygenation of Lycopene
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Irradiation of licopene in an atmosphere of oxygen and in the presence of a sensitizer (methylene blue) led to the formation of 2-methyl-2-hepten-6-one and apo-6'-lycopenal.A reaction pathway via a dioxetane intermediate is proposed.
- Ukai, Nobuo,Lu, Yi,Etoh, Hideo,Yagi, Akihito,Ina, Kazuo,et al.
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p. 1718 - 1719
(2007/10/02)
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