- Straightforward entry to the pipecolic acid nucleus. Enantioselective synthesis of baikiain
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New enantioselective syntheses of N-protected baikiain and pipecolic acid have been developed. The starting material is 2,3-epoxy-5-hexen-1-ol (4) readily available in high ee by Sharpless epoxidation. The regio- and stereoselective epoxide ring-opening by allylamine afforded a doubly unsaturated amine that was converted into a carbamate (Boc) and submitted to ring-closing metathesis. The resulting cyclic amino diol 6 is a key intermediate that was converted into N-Boc-baikiain and several pipecolic acid derivatives.
- Ginesta, Xavier,Pericàs, Miquel A,Riera, Antoni
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Read Online
- Design and evaluation of novel piperidine HIV-1 protease inhibitors with potency against DRV-resistant variants
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A novel class of HIV-1 protease inhibitors with flexible piperidine as the P2 ligand was designed with the aim of improving extensive interactions with the active subsites. Many inhibitors exhibited good to excellent inhibitory effect on enzymatic activity and viral infectivity. In particular, inhibitor 3a with (R)-piperidine-3-carboxamide as the P2 ligand and 4-methoxybenzenesulfonamide as the P2’ ligand showed an enzyme Ki value of 29 pM and antiviral IC50 value of 0.13 nM, more than six-fold enhancement of activity compared to DRV. Furthermore, there was no significant change in potency against DRV-resistant mutations and HIV-1NL4?3 variant for 3a. Besides, inhibitor 3a exhibited potent antiviral activity against subtype C variants with low nanomole EC50 values. In addition, the molecular modeling revealed important hydrogen bonds and other favorable van der Waals interactions with the backbone atoms of the protease and provided insight for designing and optimizing more potent HIV-1 protease inhibitors.
- Zhu, Mei,Zhou, Huiyu,Ma, Ling,Dong, Biao,Zhou, Jinming,Zhang, Guoning,Wang, Minghua,Wang, Juxian,Cen, Shan,Wang, Yucheng
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- Targeted Covalent Inhibition of Plasmodium FK506 Binding Protein 35
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FK506-binding protein 35, FKBP35, has been implicated as an essential malarial enzyme. Rapamycin and FK506 exhibit antiplasmodium activity in cultured parasites. However, due to the highly conserved nature of the binding pockets of FKBPs and the immunosuppressive properties of these drugs, there is a need for compounds that selectively inhibit FKBP35 and lack the undesired side effects. In contrast to human FKBPs, FKBP35 contains a cysteine, C106, adjacent to the rapamycin binding pocket, providing an opportunity to develop targeted covalent inhibitors of Plasmodium FKBP35. Here, we synthesize inhibitors of FKBP35, show that they directly bind FKBP35 in a model cellular setting, selectively covalently modify C106, and exhibit antiplasmodium activity in blood-stage cultured parasites.
- Atack, Thomas C.,Raymond, Donald D.,Blomquist, Christa A.,Pasaje, Charisse Flerida,McCarren, Patrick R.,Moroco, Jamie,Befekadu, Henock B.,Robinson, Foxy P.,Pal, Debjani,Esherick, Lisl Y.,Ianari, Alessandra,Niles, Jacquin C.,Sellers, William R.
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supporting information
p. 2131 - 2138
(2020/12/17)
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- MORPHINAN DERIVATIVE
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A compound represented by the following general formula (I), wherein R1 represents hydrogen, C1-10 alkyl, cycloalkylalkyl where the cycloalkyl moiety has 3 to 6 carbon atoms and the alkylene moiety has 1 to 5 carbon atoms, or the like, R2 represents a 4- to 7-membered saturated heterocycle containing one or two heteroatoms which may be the same or different and are selected from N, O, and S, and two or more carbon atoms as ring-constituting atoms, the heterocycle may be substituted with a substituent such as an oxo group, R2 binds to Y via a carbon atom as a ring-constituting atom of R2, R3, R4, and R5, which are the same or different, represent hydrogen; hydroxy; or the like, R6a and R6b, which are the same or different, represent hydrogen or the like, R7 and R8, which are the same or different, represent hydrogen or the like, R9 and R10, which are the same or different, represent hydrogen or the like, X represents O or CH2, and Y represents C(= O) or the like), a tautomer of the compound, a stereoisomer of the compound, a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, or a solvate thereof is used as an anxiolytic, an antidepressant, or the like.
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Paragraph 0113-0114; 0117-0118
(2019/06/27)
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- Lipase-catalyzed asymmetric synthesis of naphtho[2,3-c]furan-1(3H)-one derivatives by a one-pot dynamic kinetic resolution/intramolecular Diels–Alder reaction: Total synthesis of (?)-himbacine
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One-pot sequential reactions using the acyl moieties installed by enzymatic dynamic kinetic resolution of alcohols have been little investigated. In this work, the acryloyl moiety installed via the lipase/oxovanadium combo-catalyzed dynamic kinetic resolution of a racemic dienol [4-(cyclohex-1-en-1-yl)but-3-en-2-ol or 1-(cyclohex-1-en-1-yl)but-2-en-1-ol] with a (Z)-3-(phenylsulfonyl)acrylate underwent an intramolecular Diels–Alder reaction in a one-pot procedure to produce an optically active naphtho[2,3-c]furan-1(3H)-one derivative (98% ee). This method was successfully applied to the asymmetric total synthesis of (?)-himbacine.
- Sugiyama, Koji,Kawanishi, Shinji,Oki, Yasuhiro,Kamiya, Marin,Hanada, Ryosuke,Egi, Masahiro,Akai, Shuji
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supporting information
p. 1378 - 1386
(2017/10/06)
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- Design and Discovery of Novel Chiral Antifungal Amides with 2-(2-Oxazolinyl)aniline as a Promising Pharmacophore
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Inspired by established succinate dehydrogenase inhibitors (SDHIs), our continuing efforts toward the discovery of chiral antifungal amides turned to the optimization of their polar regions with 2-(2-oxazolinyl)aniline as a known pharmacophore. Scaffold hopping and bioactivity-guided convergent synthesis enabled the identification of promising antifungal categories. Fine tuning of the substituents and chirality furnished seven amides (1s, 1t, 2d, 2h, 2j, 3k, and 2l) as antifungal candidates, with EC50 values lower than 5 mg/L. The first investigation of chiral amides of acyclic acids as SDHIs was conducted, and compound 2d was selected as a promising candidate against Botrytis cinerea, with a preventative efficacy of up to 93.9% at 50 mg/L, which is better than that of boscalid. The different binding models between compounds with different configurations were simulated for compound 2d and its diastereoisomers. The benefits of synthetic accessibility and cost-effectiveness highlight the practical potential for compound 2d as a good alternative to known SDHI fungicides.
- Zhang, Lu,Li, Wei,Xiao, Taifeng,Song, Zehua,Csuk, René,Li, Shengkun
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p. 8957 - 8965
(2018/09/10)
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- Stereoselective synthesis of (?)-3-PPP through palladium-catalysed unactivated C(sp3)–H arylation at the C-3 position of L-pipecolinic acid
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An efficient route for the preparation of (?)-3-PPP(preclamol) using the highly stereoselective palladium-catalysed C(sp3)-H arylation and radical decarboxylation reaction as the key steps is described. The chiral center at the C-3 position of
- Zhang, Shi-Jin,Sun, Wen-Wu,Yu, Qun-Ying,Cao, Pei,Dong, Xiao-Ping,Wu, Bin
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supporting information
p. 606 - 609
(2017/01/25)
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- COSMETIC USES AND METHODS FOR INDOLINE GRANZYME B INHIBITOR COMPOSITIONS
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Cosmetic uses and methods for indoline granzyme B inhibitor compounds in compositions with a cosmetically acceptable carrier. Uses and methods for treating, reducing or inhibiting the appearance of ageing in the skin are provided. Also provided are compositions and formulation for cosmetic uses and methods of maintaining a youthful appearance, reducing an appearance of ageing, inhibiting an appearance of ageing, reducing a rate of an appearance of ageing, reducing a skin inelasticity, reducing a rate of increasing skin inelasticity, maintaining a skin elasticity, and increasing the density of hair follicles of a skin of a subjecl. The uses and methods comprise applying/administering an indoline granzyme B inhibitor to a skin, or a portion of a skin of the subject.
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Page/Page column 57; 122
(2014/10/15)
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- L-Pipecolinic acid derived Lewis base organocatalyst for asymmetric reduction of N-aryl imines by trichlorosilane: Effects of the side amide group on catalytic performances
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A series of N-formamides derived from pipecolinic acid have been synthesized and tested as Lewis base catalysts for the enantioselective reduction of N-aryl imines by trichlorosilane. Through the investigation of the structure-efficacy relationship between the side amide group and catalytic performance, several highly effective catalysts were discovered. In particular, arylamido-type catalyst 5i and non-arylamido-type catalyst 6c exhibited high reactivity and enantioselectivity, furnishing the reduction of a wide variety of N-aryl imines with high isolated yields (up to 98%) and ee values (up to 96%) under mild conditions. Moreover, these two catalysts complement each other in terms of their tolerances to nonaromatic ketimines and non-methyl ketimines. The Royal Society of Chemistry 2013.
- Wang, Zhouyu,Wang, Chao,Zhou, Li,Sun, Jian
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p. 787 - 797
(2013/02/25)
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- Discovery of 23 Natural Tubulysins from Angiococcus disciformis An d48 and Cystobacter SBCb004
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The tubulysins are a family of complex peptides with promising cytotoxic activity against multi-drug-resistant tumors. To date, ten tubulysins have been described from the myxobacterial strains Angiococcus disciformis An d48 and Archangium gephyra Ar 315. We report here a third producing strain, Cystobacter sp. SBCb004. Comparison of the tubulysin biosynthetic gene clusters in SBCb004 and An d48 reveals a conserved architecture, allowing the assignment of cluster boundaries. A SBCb004 strain containing a mutant in the putative cyclodeaminase gene tubZ accumulates pretubulysin A, the proposed first enzyme-free intermediate in the pathway, whose structure we confirm by NMR. We further show, using a combination of feeding studies and structure elucidation by NMR and high-resolution tandem mass spectrometry, that SBCb004 and An d48 together biosynthesize 22 additional tubulysin derivatives. These data reveal the inherently diversity-oriented nature of the tubulysin biosynthetic pathway.
- Chai, Yi,Pistorius, Dominik,Ullrich, Angelika,Weissman, Kira J.,Kazmaier, Uli,Mueller, Rolf
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experimental part
p. 296 - 309
(2010/06/19)
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- Highly enantioselective catalytic dynamic resolution of N-boc-2-lithiopiperidine: Synthesis of (R)-(+)- N-boc-pipecolic acid, (S)-(-)-coniine, (S)-(+)-pelletierine, (+)-β-conhydrine, and (S)-(-)-ropivacaine and formal synthesis of (-)-lasubine II and (+)-cermizine C
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The catalytic dynamic resolution (CDR) of rac-2-lithio-N-Boc-piperidine using chiral ligand 8 or its diastereomer 9 in the presence of TMEDA has led to the highly enantioselective syntheses of both enantiomers of 2-substituted piperidines using a wide range of electrophiles. The CDR has been applied to the synthesis of (R)- and (S)-pipecolic acid derivatives, (+)-β-conhydrine, (S)-(+)-pelletierine, and (S)-(-)-ropivacaine and the formal synthesis of ()-lasubine II and (+)-cermizine C.
- Beng, Timothy K.,Gawley, Robert E.
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supporting information; experimental part
p. 12216 - 12217
(2010/12/25)
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- Asymmetrie substitutions of 2-lithiated N-boc-piperidine and N-boc-azepine by dynamic resolution
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Proton abstraction of N-tertbutoxycarbonyl-piperidine (N-Boc-piperidine) with sBuLi and TMEDA provides a racemic organolithium that can be resolved using a chiral ligand. The enantiomeric organolithiums can interconvert so that a dynamic resolution occurs. Two mechanisms for promoting enantioselectivity in the products are possible. Slow addition of an electrophile such as trimethylsilyl chloride allows dynamic resolution under kinetic control (DKR). This process occurs with high enantioselectivity and is successful by catalysis with substoichiometric chiral ligand (catalytic dynamic kinetic resolution). Alternatively, the two enantiomers of this organolithium can be resolved under thermodynamic control with good enantioselectivity (dynamic thermodynamic resolution, DTR). The best ligands found are based on chiral diamino-alkoxides. Using DTR, a variety of electrophiles can be used to provide an asymmetric synthesis of enantiomerically enriched 2-substituted piperidines, including (after Boc deprotection) the alkaloid (+)-ss-conhydrine. The chemistry was extended, albeit with lower yields, to the corresponding 2-substituted sevenmembered azepine ring derivatives.
- Coldham, Iain,Raimbault, Sophie,Whittaker, David T. E.,Chovatia, Praful T.,Leonori, Daniele,Patel, Jignesh J.,Sheikh, Nadeem S.
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supporting information; experimental part
p. 4082 - 4090
(2010/07/10)
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- Asymmetric deprotonation of N -boc piperidine: React IR monitoring and mechanistic aspects
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The high yielding asymmetric deprotonation trapping of N-Boc piperidine is successfully realized using s-BuLi and a (+)-sparteine surrogate. Monitoring of the lithiation by in situ React IR allowed the direct observation of a prelithiation complex.
- Stead, Darren,Carbone, Giorgio,O'Brien, Peter,Campos, Kevin R.,Coldham, Iain,Sanderson, Adam
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supporting information; experimental part
p. 7260 - 7261
(2010/07/13)
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- Complementary routes to both enantiomers of pipecolic acid and 4,5-dihydroxypipecolic acid derivatives
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Complementary new routes to both enantiomers of N-protected pipecolic acid and the corresponding 4,5-dihydroxylated derivatives are developed, which involve stereo-divergent allylation of a chiral N-allylimine and ring-closing metathesis as key steps.
- Chattopadhyay, Shital K.,Biswas, Titas,Biswas, Tanmoy
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p. 1365 - 1369
(2008/09/18)
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- A concise synthesis of (±) and a total synthesis of (+)-epiquinamide
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A total synthesis of the quinolizidine alkaloid (+)-epiquinamide 1 has been achieved starting from (-)-pipecolinic acid 3. The key step is the highly diastereoselective addition of a TBDMS-protected propargyl alcohol to a chiral aldehyde derived from 3 to give erythro alkynol 19, which is then easily transformed into the desired bicyclic skeleton.
- Tong, Sok Teng (Amy),Barker, David
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p. 5017 - 5020
(2007/10/03)
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- A highly enantioselective Lewis basic organocatalyst for reduction of N-aryl imines with unprecedented substrate spectrum
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L-Pipecolinic acid derived formamides have been developed as highly efficient and enantioselective Lewis basic organocatalysts for the reduction of N-aryl imines with trichlorosilane. Catalyst 4b afforded high isolated yields (up to 98%) and enantioselect
- Wang, Zhouyu,Ye, Xiaoxia,Wei, Siyu,Wu, Pengcheng,Zhang, Anjiang,Sun, Jian
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p. 999 - 1001
(2007/10/03)
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- The Baylis-Hillman reaction with chiral α-amino aldehydes under racemization-free conditions
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The Baylis-Hillman reaction with chiral α-amino aldehydes has been revisited. The reaction carried out under the influence of ultrasound avoids the aldehyde racemization almost completely, providing useful chiral substrates which can be used as starting materials for the synthesis of natural products. To demonstrate the synthetic applicability of these adducts, the easy preparation of a bicyclic lactam with an indolizidinic skeleton was accomplished. Georg Thieme Verlag Stuttgart.
- Coelho, Fernando,Diaz, Gaspar,Abella, Carlos A. M.,Almeida, Wanda P.
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p. 435 - 439
(2007/10/03)
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- In-depth study of tripeptide-based α-ketoheterocycles as inhibitors of thrombin. Effective utilization of the S1′ subsite and its implications to structure-based drug design
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Thrombin inhibitors are potentially useful in medicine for their anticoagulant and antithrombotic effects. We synthesized and evaluated diverse heterocycle-activated ketones based on the D-Phe-Pro-Arg, and related thrombin active-site recognition motifs, as candidate inhibitors. The peptide-based α-ketoheterocycles were typically prepared by either an imidate or a Weinreb amide route (Schemes 1 and 2), the latter of which proved to be more general. Test compounds were generally assayed for inhibition of human α-thrombin and bovine trypsin. From a structure-based design standpoint, the heterocycle allows one to explore and adjust interactions within the S1′ subsite of thrombin. The preferred α-ketoheterocycle is a π-rich 2-substituted azole with at least two heteroatoms proximal to the carbon bearing the keto group, and a preferred thrombin inhibitor is 2-ketobenzothiazole 3, with a potent Ki value of 0.2 nM and ca. 15-fold selectivity over trypsin. 2-Ketobenzothiazole 13 exhibited exceedingly potent thrombin inhibition (Ki = 0.000 65 nM; slow tight binding). Several α-ketoheterocycles had thrombin Ki values in the range 0.1-400 nM. The "Arg" unit in the α-ketoheterocycles can be sensitive to stereomutation under mildy basic conditions. For example, 2-ketothiazoles 4 and 59 readily epimerize at pH 7.4, although they are fairly stable stereochemically at pH 3-4; thus, suitable conditions had to be selected for the enzymatic assays. Lead D-Phe-Pro-Arg 2-benzothiazoles 3, 4, and 68 displayed good selectivity for thrombin over other key coagulation enzymes (e.g., factor Xa, plasmin, protein Ca, uPA, tPA, and streptokinase); however, their selectivity for thrombin over trypsin was modest (50 = 30-40 nM). They also proved to be potent anticoagulant/ antithrombotic agents in vivo on intravenous administration, as determined in the canine arteriovenous shunt (ED50 = 0.45-0.65 mg/kg) and the rabbit deep vein thrombosis (ED50 = 0.1-0.4 mg/kg) models. Intravenous administration of 3, and several analogues, to guinea pigs caused hypotension and electrocardiogram abnormalities. Such cardiovascular side effects were also observed with some nonguanidine inhibitors and inhibitors having recognition motifs other than D-Phe-Pro-Arg. 2-Benzothiazolecarboxylates 4 and 68 exhibited significantly diminished cardiovascular side effects, and benzothiazolecarboxylic acid 4 had the best profile with respect to therapeutic index. The X-ray crystal structures of the ternary complexes 3-thrombin-hirugen and 4-thrombin-hirugen depict novel interactions in the S1′ region, with the benzothiazole ring forming a hydrogen bond with His-57 and an aromatic stacking interaction with Trp-60D of thrombin's insertion loop. The benzothiazole ring of 3 displaces the Lys-60F side chain into a U-shaped gauche conformation, whereas the benzothiazole carboxylate of 4 forms a salt bridge with the side chain of Lys-60F such that it adopts an extended anti conformation. Since 3 has a 10-fold greater affinity for thrombin than does 4, any increase in binding energy resulting from this salt bridge is apparently offset by perturbations across the enzyme (viz. Figure 4). The increased affinity and selectivity of 2-ketobenzothiazole inhibitors, such as 3, may be primarily due to the aromatic stacking interaction with Trp-60D. However, energy contour calculations with the computer program GRID also indicate a favorable interaction between the benzothiazole sulfur atom and a hydrophobic patch on the surface of thrombin.
- Costanzo, Michael J.,Almond Jr., Harold R.,Hecker, Leonard R.,Schott, Mary R.,Yabut, Stephen C.,Zhang, Han-Cheng,Andrade-Gordon, Patricia,Corcoran, Thomas W.,Giardino, Edward C.,Kauffman, Jack A.,Lewis, Joan M.,De Garavilla, Lawrence,Haertlein, Barbara J.,Maryanoff, Bruce E.
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p. 1984 - 2008
(2007/10/03)
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- Heterocyclic compounds as inhibitors of rotomase enzymes
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Compounds of the formula: wherein R1, Y, W, A and R2are as defined above are inhibitors of rotamase enzymes in particular FKBP-12 and FKBP-52. The compounds therefore moderate neuronal regeneration and outgrowth and can be used for treating neurological disorders arising from neurodegenerative diseases and nerve damage.
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- Restricted conformation analogues of an anthelmintic cyclodepsipeptide
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Six analogues of the anthelmintic cyclodepsipeptide PF1022A were prepared, each containing a small ring fused to the macrocycle to restrict the number of conformations the larger ring can adopt. It was anticipated that such conformational changes could lead to enhanced biological activity and selectivity. The analogues form two series of three members each. In one series, a carbon-based molecular bridge joins the methyl of a leucine residue with the methyl of its closest lactic acid residue to form five-, six-, and seven-membered lactam rings. In the second series, a leucine residue is replaced with five-, six-, and seven-membered nitrogen heterocycles. Decreasing the size of the small ring in the lactam series increasingly distorts the macrocycle and consistently decreases activity relative to PF1022A. In the leucine series, a similar trend is observed. Molecular modeling of PF1022A along with the analogues described herein suggests that the ability to exist in a highly symmetrical conformational state is a necessary condition for biological activity.
- Dutton, Fred E.,Lee, Byung H.,Johnson, Sandra S.,Coscarelli, Eileen M.,Lee, Pil H.
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p. 2057 - 2073
(2007/10/03)
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- α-substituted hydroxamic acids as novel bacterial deformylase inhibitor-based antibacterial agents
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We report the synthesis and biological activity of analogues of VRC3375 (N-hydroxy-3-R-butyl-3-[(2-S-(tert-butoxycarbonyl)-pyrrolidin-1-ylcarbonyl] propionamide), an orally active peptide deformylase inhibitor. This study explores the structure-activity relationship of various chelator groups, alpha substituents, P2′ and P3′ substituents in order to achieve optimal antibacterial activity with minimal toxicity liability.
- Jain,Sundram,Lopez,Neckermann,Wu,Hackbarth,Chen,Wang,Ryder,Weidmann,Patel,Trias,White,Yuan
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p. 4223 - 4228
(2007/10/03)
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- Diastereoselective esterification of (±)-N-trifluoroacetyl pipecolic acid using (S)-α-methyl pantolactone: Synthesis of (S)-N-Boc pipecolic acid and (S)-N-Boc-2-piperidinemethanol
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Racemic N-trifluoroacetyl pipecolic acid has been converted into (S)-N-Boc-pipecolic acid or (S)-N-Boc-2-piperidinemethanol by DCC/DMAP-induced diastereoselective esterification with (S)-α-methyl pantolactone, followed by a saponification or a reduction reaction and N-Boc protection.
- Calmes, Monique,Escale, Francoise,Rolland, Marc,Martinez, Jean
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p. 1685 - 1689
(2007/10/03)
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- HYDROXAMIC ACID DERIVATIVES
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Novel hydroxamic acid derivatives, e.g., of formula (I), wherein R1, R2, R3 and R4 are as defined, are found to be useful as pharmaceuticals, e.g., for the suppression of TNF release and the treatment of autoimm
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Page/Page column 28
(2008/06/13)
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- Discovery and initial structure-activity relationships of trisubstituted ureas as thrombin receptor (PAR-1) antagonists
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Thrombin is the most potent agonist of platelet activation, and its effects are predominantly mediated by platelet thrombin receptors. Therefore, antagonists of the thrombin receptor have potential utility for the treatment of thrombotic disorders. Screening of combinatorial libraries revealed 2 to be a potent antagonist of the thrombin receptor. Modifications of this structure produced 11k, which inhibits thrombin receptor stimulated secretion and aggregation of platelets.
- Barrow, James C,Nantermet, Philippe G,Selnick, Harold G,Glass, Kristen L,Ngo, Phung L,Young, Mary Beth,Pellicore, Janetta M,Breslin, Michael J,Hutchinson, John H,Freidinger, Roger M,Condra, Cindra,Karczewski, Jerzy,Bednar, Rodney A,Gaul, Stanley L,Stern, Andrew,Gould, Robert,Connolly, Thomas M
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p. 2691 - 2696
(2007/10/03)
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- Enantioselective syntheses of 2-alkyl- and 2,6-dialkylpiperidine alkaloids: preparations of the hydrochlorides of (-)-coniine, (-)-solenopsin A, and (-)-dihydropinidine.
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[reaction: see text] Sequences of lithiation-substitution, enantioselective hydrogenation, and diastereoselective lithiation-substitution provide efficient highly enantioselective syntheses of 2-substituted and cis and trans 2,6-disubstituted piperidines.
- Wilkinson,Stehle,Beak
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p. 155 - 158
(2007/10/03)
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- FKBP inhibitors
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Compounds of formula (I), their salts and solvates, wherein the substituents are as described herein, are FKBP inhibitors.
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- Brain-targeted chemical delivery of [Leu2, Pip3]-TRH: Synthesis and biological evaluation
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A chemical targeting system for [Leu2, Pip3]-TRH (Gln,Leu,Pip) was synthesized in order to allow its specific delivery to the central nervous system (CNS). Sequential metabolism of the obtained 'packaged' chemical delivery system, (CDS), DHT-Pro-Pro-Gln-Leu-Pip-OCh, should yield a 'locked- in' precursor following the oxidative conversion of the dihydrotrigonellyl (DHT) to the trigonellyl (T+) moiety, followed by removal of the cholesteryl function and cleavage of the T+-Pro-Pro by prolyl endopeptidase. The antagonism of barbiturate-induced sleeping time was used to assess the activity of the CDS. The sleeping time after administration of vehicle and [Leu2]-TRH was 100.5 ± 6.3 min, and 78.2 ± 4.7 min, respectively. The [Leu2, Pip3]-TRH-CDS showed a significant decrease in sleeping time (58.2 ± 3.4 min) compared to the vehicle or [Leu2]-TRH. These results indicate successful brain delivery of the precursor construct, and an effective release of the active GlnLeuPip in the brain. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science Ltd.
- Yoon, Sung-Hwa,Wu, Jiaxiang,Wu, Whei-Mei,Prokai, Laszlo,Bodor, Nicholas
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p. 1059 - 1063
(2007/10/03)
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- Inhibitors of farnesyl-protein transferase
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The present invention comprises analogs of the CAAX motif of the protein Ras that is modified by farnesylation in vivo. These CAAX analogs inhibit farnesyl-protein transferase. Furthermore, these CAAX analogues differ from those previously described as inhibitors of farnesyl-protein transferase in that they do not have a thiol moiety. The lack of the thiol offers unique advantages in terms of improved pharmacokinetic behavior in animals, prevention of thiol-dependent chemical reactions, such as rapid autoxidation and disulfide formation with endogenous thiols, and reduced systemic toxicity. Further contained in this invention are chemotherapeutic compositions containing these farnesyl transferase inhibitors and methods for their production.
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- HIV protease inhibitors
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HIV protease inhibitors, obtainable by chemical synthesis, inhibit or block the biological activity of the HIV protease enzyme, causing the replication of the HIV virus to terminate. These compounds, as well as pharmaceutical compositions that contain these compounds and optionally other anti-viral agents as active ingredients, are suitable for treating patients or hosts infected with the HIV virus, which is known to cause AIDS.
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- Asymmetric syntheses of N-Boc 2-substituted pyrrolidines and piperidines by intramolecular cyclization
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Asymmetric lithiation-substitutions by n-BuLi/(-)-sparteine with the N- Boc-N-(3-halopropyl)allylamines 1-4 provide the N-Boc-2-alkenylpyrrolidines (S)-5, (S)-6, and (S)-7 in yields of 3193% with enantiomeric ratios (ers) from 65:35 to 90:10. These reactions are shown to involve an initial asymmetric deprotonation, but the enantiodetermining step is a subsequent asymmetric cyclization under the influence of the chiral ligand. Extension to formation of a piperidine is illustrated by reaction of N-Boc-(4- chlorobutyl)cinnamylamine (9) to afford (S)-N-Boc-2-(trans-β- styryl)piperidine ((S)-10) in 68% yield with an enantiomeric ratio (er) of 84:16. Analogous reactions with epoxide ring openings of N-Boc-N- (oxaalkenyl)benzylamines 11 and 12 afford the corresponding N-Boc-2-phenyl- 3-(hydroxymethyl)pyrrolidine (13) in 67% yield with a diastereomeric ratio (dr) of 50:50 and ers of 97:3 and 95:5 and the corresponding N-Boc-2-phenyl- 3-(hydroxymethyl)piperidine (14) in 29% yield with a dr of 86:14 and ers of 81:19 and 86:14.
- Serino,Stehle,Yong Sun Park,Florio,Beak
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p. 1160 - 1165
(2007/10/03)
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- Asymmetric synthesis and pharmacology of methylphenidate and its para- substituted derivatives
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We report the first asymmetric synthesis of the individual enantiomers of methylphenidate (1). From d-pipecolic acid, the (2R,2'R) and (2S,2'R) enantiomers of 1 were obtained in >99% optical purity while the (2S,2'S) and (2R,2'S) enantiomers of 1 were der
- Thai, Dung L.,Sapko, Michael T.,Reiter, Clara T.,Bierer, Donald E.,Perel, James M.
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p. 591 - 601
(2007/10/03)
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- Short syntheses of (S)-pipecolic acid, (R)-coniine, and (S)-δ-coniceine using biocatalytically-generated chiral building blocks
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The kinetic resolutions of both (±)-N-(benzyloxycarbonyl-2- (hydroxymethyl)piperidine [(±)-5] and (±)-N(tert-butoxycarbonyl)-2- (hydroxymethyl)piperidine [(±)-6] catalyzed by the enzyme acylase I from Aspergillus species (AA-I) afforded the chiral building blocks (S)-5 and (S)- 6, respectively; which were used for the syntheses of the title natural products and derivatives of (S)-pipecolic acid. The syntheses were short (2- 4 steps) and proceeded with satisfactory overall yield.
- Sanchez-Sancho, Francisco,Herradon, Bernardo
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p. 1951 - 1965
(2007/10/03)
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- Synthesis of 2-piperidinecarboxylic acid derivatives as potential anticonvulsants
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A variety of 2-piperidinecarboxamides were synthesized and evaluated for anticonvulsant activity using the MES and sc PTZ tests in mice and rats. Neurotoxicity was determined by the rotorod test. Several N-(benzyl)-2- piperidinecarboxamides exhibited potent MES activity in mice [2-CF3 14, ED50 = 29 mg/kg; 3-F 16, ED50 = 31 mg/kg; and 3-CF3 17, ED50 = 24 mg/kg]. The most active compounds in the MES test in mice were the 2,6- dimethylanilides [(R,S)-34, ED50 = 5.8 mg/kg; (R)-35, ED50 = 5.7 mg/kg; and (S)-36, ED50 = 14.8 mg/kg]. The enantiomer (S)-36 was about two-fold less potent in the MES test than (R)-35 and also was less neurotoxic. Acylation of the piperidine ring nitrogen of 12 anal 34 led to a decrease in the MES activity. In the N-(α-methylbenzyl)-2-piperidine-carboxamides, the stereochemistry at either the 2-position of the piperidine ring or at the α- position of the N-(α-methylbenzyl) group does not significantly affect MES activity.
- Ho, Bin,Venkatarangan, Prabha M.,Cruse, Sharon F.,Hinko, Christine N.,Andersen, Peter H.,Crider, Albert M.,Adloo, Ahmad A.,Roane, David S.,Stables, James P.
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- Highly practical methodology for the synthesis of D- and L-α-amino acids, N-protected α-amino acids, and N-methyl-α-amino acids
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Full details are provided for an exceedingly practical method to synthesize D- and L-α-amino acids, N-protected α-amino acids, and N-methyl-α-amino acids, employing as a key step the asymmetric alkylation of pseudoephedrine glycinamide (1) or pseudoephedrine sarcosinamide (2). Practical procedures for the synthesis of 1 and 2 from pseudoephedrine and glycine methyl ester or sarcosine methyl ester, respectively, are presented. Optimum protocols for the enolization and subsequent alkylation of 1 and 2 are described. Alkylation reactions of 1 and 2 are found to be quite efficient with a wide range of alkyl halide substrates, and the products are formed with high diastereoselectivity. The products of these alkylation reactions are hydrolyzed efficiently and with little to no racemization simply by heating in water or water-dioxane mixtures. This protocol provides an exceedingly practical method for the preparation of salt-free α-amino acids of high enantiomeric purity. Alternatively, the alkylation products may be hydrolyzed in high yield and with little to no racemization by heating with aqueous sodium hydroxide. The alkaline hydrolyzate can then be treated with an acylating reagent to provide directly highly enantiomerically enriched N-protected derivatives such as N-Boc and N-Fmoc. Key features necessary for the successful execution of these experimental procedures are identified.
- Myers, Andrew G.,Gleason, James L.,Yoon, Taeyoung,Kung, Daniel W.
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p. 656 - 673
(2007/10/03)
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- (-)-Sandramycin: Total synthesis and characterization of DNA binding properties
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Full details of the total synthesis of the potent antitumor antibiotic (-)-sandramycin (1), a cyclic decadepsipeptide possessing a 2-fold axis of symmetry, is described and constitutes the first total synthesis of a member of the growing class of naturall
- Boger, Dale L.,Chen, Jyun-Hung,Saionz, Kurt W.
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p. 1629 - 1644
(2007/10/03)
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- HIV protease inhibitors
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HIV protease inhibitors, obtainable by chemical synthesis, inhibit or block the biological activity of the HIV protease enzyme, causing the replication of the HIV virus to terminate. These compounds, as well as pharmaceutical compositions that contain these compounds and optionally other anti-viral agents as active ingredients, are suitable for treating patients or hosts infected with the HIV virus, which is known to cause AIDS.
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- Intermediate and process for making
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The present invention provides novel HIV protease inhibitors, pharmaceutical formulations containing those compounds and methods of treating and/or preventing HIV infection and/or AIDS.
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- A Versatile Method for the Synthesis of (S)- or (R)-Cycloalkylglycines, (S)- or (R)-N-Heterocyclic and α,β-Unsaturated N-Heterocyclic α-Amino Acids
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Two different types of cyclic α-amino acids, cycloalkylglycines and N-heterocyclic α-amino acids, were prepared in optically pure form from the same chiral synthon 1-(R) (or 1-(S)) simply by altering the quantity or type of base required for anion formation.Elaboration of the heterocyclic intermediate 3 provided α,β-unsaturated N-heterocyclic α-amino acids.
- Pauly, Regine,Sasaki, N. Andre,Potier, Pierre
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p. 237 - 240
(2007/10/02)
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- Synthesis and Structure-Activity Relationships of a Series of Penicillin-Derived HIV Proteinase Inhibitors: Heterocyclic Ring Systems Containing P'1 and P'2 Substituents
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As an extension of our earlier work based upon a single penicillin-derived thiazolidine moiety we have found that the decahydroisoquinoline grouping, also present in Ro 31-8959, is an effective replacement for one of the thiazolidine units in C2 symmetric penicillin-derived dimers.Reaction of racemic epoxide 6 with -decahydro-N-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-3-isoquinolinecarboxamide gave diastereoisomers 34a and 34b.The stereochemistry of the hydroxyl grouping of 34a was determined to be (S).Reaction of the amines derived from 34a and 34b with thiazolidine 8a gave 50 and 51, respectively.Compound 50 was a potent inhibitor of HIV proteinase (IC50 = 23 nM) with antiviral activity against HIV-1 in vitro (EC50 C8166 cells = 50 nM).However, a poor pharmacokinetic profile in the dog for compound 50 and its analogues, in keeping with earlier studies on penicillin-derived dimers in three species, precluded their development as potential antivirals.
- Kitchin, John,Bethell, Richard C.,Cammack, Nicholas,Dolan, Simon,Evans, Derek N.,et al.
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p. 3707 - 3716
(2007/10/02)
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- Synthesis and in Vitro Characterization of Novel Amino Terminally Modified Oxotremorine Derivatives for Brain Muscarinic Receptors
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A series of novel 2-substituted acetylenic pyrrolidines and piperidines related to oxotremorine (1) were prepared and evaluated in vitro as muscarinic cholinergic agents at brain M1 and M2 receptors.One analogue, 3-(2-oxo-1-pyrrolidinyl)-1--1-propyne hydrogen oxalate (6a), was found to be a partial agonist producing a PI hydrolysis response at cortical M1 receptors approximately 3-fold larger than that produced by 1.The intrinsic activity profile of 6a at brain muscarinic receptors is similar to those of azetidine oxo analogue 2 and dimethylamino oxo analogue (3).All three compounds are partial M1 agonists and full M2 agonists; however, the profile of 6a in binding studies is significantly different.While 2 and 3 exhibit large M2 selectivities ranging between 8-fold to several hundred-fold, the binding profile of 6a shows almost no subtype selectivity.
- Garvey, David S.,Wasicak, James T.,Chung, John Y.-L.,Shue, Youe-Kong,Carrera, George M.,et al.
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p. 1550 - 1557
(2007/10/02)
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- Total synthesis of FK506 and an FKBP probe reagent, (C8,C9-13C2)-FK506
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Asymmetric syntheses of FK506 and (C8,C9-13C2)-FK506 are reported. The latter compound was designed to facilitate an investigation of the interactions between FK506 and its receptor, the recently discovered immunophilin, FKBP. The syntheses involved the preparation of intermediates 7-9 in nonracemic form; the key coupling reactions included a Cram-selective addition of the vinyl Grignard reagent derived from bromide 9 to aldehyde 8 and the addition of the lithioanion of phosphonamide 7 to aldehyde 51, followed by thermal elimination. Dithiane 65 was then hydrolyzed, and glycolic ester 6 (or 6*) was added via an aldol reaction that allowed the introduction of 13C labels at C8 and C9. Elaboration to FK506 proceeded via a Mukaiyama lactamization reaction and a selective deprotection/oxidation sequence, the efficiency of which was critically dependent upon the order of protecting group removal.
- Nakatsuka, Masashi,Ragan, John A.,Sammakia, Tarek,Smith, David B.,Uehling, David E.,Schreiber, Stuart L.
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p. 5583 - 5601
(2007/10/02)
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- Synthesis of Pro-Leu-Gly-NH2 Analogues Modified at the Prolyl Residue and Evaluation of Their Effects on the Receptor Binding Activity of the Central Dopamine Receptor Agonist, ADTN
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Several analogues of L-prolyl-L-leucylglycinamide (PLG) were synthesized wherein the prolyl residue was replaced with other heterocyclic amino acid residues.Among the analogues synthesized were D-Pro-Leu-Gly-NH2 (2), 3,4-Pro-Leu-Gly-NH2 (7), and D-Δ3,4-Pro-Leu-Gly-NH2 (8).These analogues were tested for their ability to enhance the binding of the agonist 2-amino-6,7-dihydroxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalene to central dopamine receptors.Analogues 2,3, and 5-7 showed activity comparable to that of PLG, while the tripeptides 4 and 8 were found to be inactive.The results show that the N-terminal prolyl residue of PLG is not essential requirement for this tripeptide's ability to modulate dopamine receptors.
- Johnson, Rodney L.,Rajakumar, G.,Yu, Kuo-Long,Mishra, Ram K.
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p. 2104 - 2107
(2007/10/02)
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