- Quantitative Synthesis and Formation of Cyclopentapyrene 3,4-Oxide under Simulated Atmospheric Conditions
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Cyclopentapyrene 3,4-oxide (2) has been synthesized in a one-step, quantitative reaction using dimethyldioxirane. The oxide, or its thermal rearrangement products cyclopentapyren-3(4H)-one and cyclopentapyren-4(3H)-one, is formed from cyclopentapyrene (1) under simulated environmental conditions. In one case these products are formed when 1 is adsorbed on model particulates and then exposed to the reaction products of tetramethylethylene and ozone in the gas phase.
- Murray, Robert W.,Singh, Megh
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- Preparative Flash Vacuum Thermolysis. A Short Synthesis of Cyclopentapyrene
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Flash vacuum thermolysis (FVT) of 1-chloro-1-(pyren-1-yl)ethene at 1000 deg C gives the combustion emittant cyclopentapyrene in good yields; the identification of 1-(pyren-1-yl)ethyne as an intermediate in the range 600-900 deg C indicates that cyclopentapyrene is formed via an ethynyl-ethylidene carbene rearrangement.
- Sarobe, Martin,Zwikker, Jan W.,Snoeijer, Judith D.,Wiersum, Ulfert E.,Jenneskens, Leonardus W.
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- The Sphol'skii fluorescence spectrum of cyclopenta[c,d]pyrene. Novel evidence for anomalous S2-emission
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The high resolution Sphol'skii fluorescence spectrum of the non-alternant polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon cyclopenta[c,d]pyrene (CPP, 1) in an n-hexane matrix at cryogenic temperature is reported. Two distinct narrow spectral lines at 378.0 and 379.6 nm representing two sites were found, whereas in n-octane no Sphol'skii effect was observed. In accordance with reported data on the fluorescence of CPP (1) these lines have to be assigned to anomalous S2-emission.
- Gooijer, Cees,Kozin, Igor,Velthorst, Nel H.,Sarobe, Martin,Jenneskens, Leonardus W.,Vlietstra, Edward J.
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- Use of external radical sources in flash vacuum pyrolysis to facilitate cyclodehydrogenation reactions in polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
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A new process to facilitate the cyclodehydrogenation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in flash vacuum pyrolysis (FVP) using an external radical source is described. Using hexanes as an external radical source the conversion of various PAHs to their cyclodehydrogenated products is vastly increased. Various other volatile organic compounds were also examined to determine their ability to act as external radical sources in FVP.
- Amick, Aaron W.,Martin, Sara E.
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p. 1338 - 1343
(2014/11/08)
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- Highly efficient fluorine-promoted intramolecular condensation of benzo[c]phenanthrene: A new prospective on direct fullerene synthesis
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Various functional groups have been tested as alternative promoters of the intramolecular condensation of benzo-[c]phenanthrene under flash vacuum pyrolysis conditions. Methyl and fluorine functionalization were found to be promising approaches. Unexpectedly high selectivity was observed in the cyclization of fluorinated benzo[c]phenanthrenes. The mechanism for the condensation reaction and the advantages of fluorine as a promoter for the rational synthesis of fullerenes are discussed. Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA.
- Amsharov, Konstantin Yu.,Kabdulov, Mikhail A.,Jansen, Martin
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scheme or table
p. 6328 - 6335
(2011/03/19)
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- Aryl-aryl bond formation by flash vacuum pyrolysis of benzannulated thiopyrans
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(Chemical Equation Presented) In contrast to fully unsaturated 7-membered ring sulfur heterocycles (thiepines), some of which extrude sulfur and give the ring-contracted hydrocarbon even at room temperature in solution, benzannulated thiopyrans (6-membere
- Amick, Aaron W.,Wakamiya, Atsushi,Scott, Lawrence T.
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p. 5119 - 5122
(2008/12/20)
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- Emission factors and importance of PCDD/Fs, PCBs, PCNs, PAHs and PM 10 from the domestic burning of coal and wood in the U.K.
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This paper presents emission factors (EFs) derived for a range of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) when coal and wood were subject to controlled burning experiments, designed to simulate domestic burning for space heating. A wide range of POPs were emitted, with emissions from coal being higher than those from wood. Highest EFs were obtained for particulate matter, PM10, (～ 10 g/kg fuel) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (～ 100 mg/ kg fuel for ΣPAHs). For chlorinated compounds, EFs were highest for polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), with polychlorinated naphthalenes (PCNs), dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs) and dibenzofurans (PCDFs) being less abundant. EFs were on the order of 1000 ng/kg fuel for ΣPCBs, 100s ng/ kg fuel for ΣPCNs and 100 ng/kg fuel for ΣPCDD/Fs. The study confirmed that mono- to trichlorinated dibenzofurans, Cl1,2,3DFs, were strong indicators of low temperature combustion processes, such as the domestic burning of coal and wood. It is concluded that numerous PCB and PCN congeners are routinely formed during the combustion of solid fuels. However, their combined emissions from the domestic burning of coal and wood would contribute only a few percent to annual U.K. emission estimates. Emissions of PAHs and PM 10 were major contributors to U.K. national emission inventories. Major emissions were found from the domestic burning for Cl1,2,3DFs, while the contribution of PCDD/F-ΣTEQ to total U.K. emissions was minor.
- Lee, Robert G. M.,Coleman, Peter,Jones, Joanne L.,Jones, Kevin C.,Lohmann, Rainer
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p. 1436 - 1447
(2007/10/03)
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- Pah and soot emissions from burning components of medical waste: Examination/surgical gloves and cotton pads
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This is a laboratory investigation on the emissions from batch combustion of representative infectious ( red bag ) medical waste components, such as medical examination latex gloves and sterile cotton pads. Plastics and cloth account for the majority of the red bag wastes by mass and, certainly, by volume. An electrically heated, horizontal muffle furnace was used for batch combustion of small quantities of shredded fuels (0.5-1.5 g) at a gas temperature of ≈1000°C. The residence time of the post-combustion gases in the furnace was ≈1 s. At the exit of the furnace, the following emissions were measured: CO, CO2, NOx, particulates and polynuclear aromatic compounds (PACs). The first three gaseous emissions were measured with continuous gas analyzers. Soot and PAC emissions were simultaneously measured by passing the furnace effluent through a filter (to collect condensed-phase PACs) and a bed of XAD-4 adsorbent (to capture gaseous-phase PACs). Analysis involved soxhlet extraction, followed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Results were contrasted with previously measured emissions from batch combustion of pulverized coal and tire-derived fuel (TDF) under similar conditions. Results showed that the particulate (soot) and cumulative PAC emissions from batch combustion of latex gloves were more than an order of magnitude higher than those from cotton pads. The following values are indicative of the relative trends (but not necessarily absolute values) in emission yields: 26% of the mass of the latex was converted to soot, 11% of which was condensed PAC. Only 2% of the mass of cotton pads was converted to soot, and only 3% of the weight of that soot was condensed PAC. The PAC yields from latex were comparable to those from TDF. The PAC yields from cotton were higher than those from coal. A notable exception to this trend was that the three-ring gas-phase PAC yields from cotton were more significant than those from latex. Emission yields of CO and CO2 from batch combustion of cotton were, respectively, comparable and higher than those from latex, despite the fact that the carbon content of cotton was half that of latex. This is indicative of the more effective combustion of cotton. Nearly all of the mass of carbon of cotton gasified to CO and CO2, while only small fractions of the carbon in latex were converted to CO2 and CO (20% and 10%, respectively). Yields of NOx from batch combustions of latex and cotton accounted for 15% and 12%, respectively, of the mass of fuel nitrogen indicating that more fuel nitrogen was converted to NOx in the former case, possibly due to higher flame temperatures. No SO2 emissions were detected, indicating that during the fuel-rich combustion of latex, its sulfur content was converted to other compounds (such as H2S) or remained in the soot.
- Levendis, Yiannis A,Atal, Ajay,Carlson, Joel B.,Del Mar Esperanza Quintana, Maria
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p. 775 - 783
(2007/10/03)
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- Isomerization of linear to angular [3]phenylene and PAHs under flash vacuum pyrolysis conditions
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(matrix presented) Flash vacuum pyrolysis (FVP) of linear [3]phenylene affords its angular counterpart and the same mixture of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon isomers as that observed on FVP of angular [3]phenylene. A mechanism, supported by a 13C labeling study, is proposed to explain these results.
- Dosa, Peter I.,Schleifenbaum, Andreas,Vollhardt, K. Peter C.
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p. 1017 - 1020
(2007/10/03)
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- Analysis of hydrocarbons and ash particles formed from contaminated industrial biowaste under combustion-like conditions
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A concept of multizone combustion of pulp and paper-generated biowaste was investigated. The biowaste was initially fed into the low-temperature region (1250 K) and then subjected to the high-temperature treatment (1770 K), which was followed by sudden quenching in a second lowtemperature zone (1250 K). This type of burning is called the low-high-low temperature process (LHL). It was found that destruction of selected polycyclic aromatic compounds occurred during the LHL process before they were emitted into the atmosphere. The biowaste material underwent dramatic morphological changes, which influenced segregation of metals within ash particles and their leachability. The heavy metals (Cr, Cd, Pb) were encapsulated and immobilized within the ash particle core surrounded by a compact shell consisting of condensed layers of light nonhazardous metals (Si, Al, Na, K). It seems that the multizone combustion of biowaste may be an attractive and useful way for the clean and efficient disposal of contaminated biowastes.
- Kozinski, Janusz A.,Zheng, Guohui,Uloth, Vic,Gangli, Peter,Hutny, Wes
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p. 4318 - 4325
(2007/10/03)
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- Characterization of the combustion products of polyethylene
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Polyethylene (PE) was burned in a tube-type furnace with an air flow at a temperature of 600~900°C. Combustion products were collected with glass wool, glass fiber filter, and XAD-2 adsorbent. The analysis of the products was performed with GC-FID and GC-MSD. At low temperature, hydrocarbons were the major components, while at higher temperature the products were composed of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. With the high performance of the Hewlett-Packard 6890GC-5973MSD, more compounds were identified in comparison with previous studies.
- Piao, Mingjun,Chu, Shaogang,Zheng, Minghui,Xu, Xiaobai
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p. 1497 - 1512
(2007/10/03)
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- 1,2-shifts of hydrogen atoms in aryl radicals
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An energy barrier on the order of 60 kcal/mol is predicted for the 1,2- shift of hydrogen atoms in aryl radicals. Such rearrangements are, therefore, not expected to occur under ordinary laboratory conditions, but they should be prevalent in the aryl radicals formed during combustion, flash vacuum pyrolysis, and other high-temperature gas-phase processes. As a demonstration of this rearrangement, the 2-benzo[c]phenanthryl radical (1) was generated by flash vacuum pyrolysis of the corresponding aryl bromide (9). A 1,2-shift of hydrogen out of the sterically congested cove region of 1, followed by cyclization and rearomatization of the resulting radical (Scheme 1), is proposed to explain the observation of benzo[ghi]fluoranthene (4) as the dominant monomeric product formed. Under the same conditions, [ 1,3,4,5- 2H4]-2-bromobenzo[c]phenanthrene (13) gives [ 1,2,3,4-2H4]- benzo[ghi]fluoranthene (15) as the dominant monomeric product (Scheme 6), in accord with the expectation of a deuterium atom 1,2-shift.
- Brooks, Michele A.,Scott, Lawrence T.
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p. 5444 - 5449
(2007/10/03)
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- Flash vacuum thermolysis of acenaphtho[1,2-a]acenaphthylene, fluoranthene, benzo[k]- and benzo[j]fluoranthene - Homolytic scission of carbon-carbon single bonds of internally fused cyclopenta moieties at T ≥ 1100°C
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Flash vacuum thermolysis (FVT, 1000 °C ≥ T ≥ 1200 °C) of acenaphtho[1,2-a]acenaphthylene (3, C22H12) gave the C22H12 cyclopenta-fused polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (CP-PAH) acenaphtho[1,2- e]acenaphthylene (4), cyclopenta[cd]perylene (5) and cyclopenta[def]benzo[hi]chrysene (6). Whereas the formation of 4 is explained by a ring contraction/ring expansion rearrangement of 3, the identification of 5 and 6 suggests that 3 also undergoes homolytic scission of a five- membered ring's carbon-carbon single bond furnishing the transient diradical intermediate 7. Ring closure of 7 to form 8 after rotation around the carbon- carbon single bond of the intact five-membered ring followed by hydrogen shifts will give 6. The latter can rearrange subsequently into 5 by ring contraction/ring expansion. The structural assignment of 4 and 5 was supported by independent FVT of 6,12-bis(1-chloroethenyl)chrysene (14) and 3- (1-chloroethenyl)perylene (23), respectively. FVT of 14 (900-1200 °C) gave in a consecutive process 6,12-bis(ethynyl)chrysene (15), 9- ethynylbenz[j]acephenanthrylene (16) and bis(cyclopenta[hi,qr])chrysene (17). Although at T ≥ 900 °C 17 selectively rearranges into 4 by ring contraction/ring expansion, at 1200 °C the latter is converted into 5 presumably via a diradical intermediate obtained by homolytic scission of a single carbon-carbon bond of a five-membered ring. FVT of 23 gave in situ 3- ethynylperylene (25), which at 1000 °C is nearly quantitatively converted into 5. The propensity of internal cyclopenta moieties to undergo homolytic scission of a five-membered ring's carbon-carbon single bond was corroborated by independent FVT of benzo[k]- (11) and benzo[j]fluoranthene (12). Previously unknown thermal pathways to important (CP)-PAH combustion effluents are disclosed at T≥ 1000 °C.
- Sarobe, Martin,Kwint, Huibert C.,Fleer, Theun,Havenith, Remco W.A.,Jenneskens, Leonardas W.,Vlietstra, Edward J.,Van Lenthe, Joop H.,Wesseling, Jolanda
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p. 1191 - 1200
(2007/10/03)
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- Characterization of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon particulate and gaseous emissions from polystyrene combustion
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The partitioning of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) between the particulate and gaseous phases resulting from the combustion of polystyrene was studied. A vertical tubular flow furnace was used to incinerate polystyrene spheres (100-300 μm) at different combustion temperatures (800- 1200 °C) to determine the effect of temperature and polystyrene feed size on the particulate and gaseous emissions and their chemical composition. The furnace reactor exhaust was sampled using real-time instruments (differential mobility particle sizer and/or optical particle counter) to determine the particle size distribution. For chemical composition analyses, the particles were either collected on Teflon filters or split into eight size fractions using a cascade impactor with filter media substrates, while the gaseous products were collected on XAD-2 adsorbent. Gas chromatography/mass spectroscopy (GC/MS) was used to identify and quantify the specific PAH species, their partitioning between the gas and particulate phases, and their distribution as a function of emission particle size. The total mass and number of PAH species in both the particulate and gas phases were found to decrease with increasing incineration temperature and decreasing polystyrene feed size, while the mean diameter of the particles increases with increasing incineration temperature and decreasing feed size. In addition, the PAH species in the particulate phase were found to be concentrated in the smaller aerosol sizes. The experimental results have been analyzed to elucidate the formation mechanisms of PAHs and particles during polystyrene combustion. The implications of these results are also discussed with respect to the control of PAH emissions from municipal waste-to-energy incineration systems. The partitioning of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) between particulate and gaseous phases resulting from the combustion of polystyrene was studied. A vertical tubular flow furnace was used to incinerate polystyrene spheres to determine the effect of temperature and polystyrene feed size on the particulate and gaseous emissions and their chemical composition. The furnace reactor exhaust was sampled using real-time instruments to determine the particle size distribution. The total mass and number of PAH species in both the particulate and gas phases were found to decrease with increasing incineration temperature and decreasing polystyrene feed size, while the mean diameter of the particles increases with increasing incineration temperature and decreasing feed size. In addition, the PAH species in the particulate phase were found to be concentrated in the smaller aerosol sizes.
- Durlak, Susan K.,Biswas, Pratim,Shi, Jichun,Bernhard, Mary Jo
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p. 2301 - 2307
(2007/10/03)
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- Thermolysis of benzo[c]phenanthrene-5,6-dicarboxylic anhydride and 6H-benzo[cd]pyren-6-one. Entries to the combustion effluents benzo[ghi]fluoranthene and cyclopenta[cd]pyrene
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Thermolysis of the oxy-PAH benzo[c]phenanthrene 5,6-dicarboxylic anhydride (3) and 6H-benzo[cd]pyren-6-one (4) gave the abundant C18H10 CP-PAH combustion effluents benzo[gh]]fluoranthene (1) and cyclopenta[cd]pyrene (2).
- Sarobe, Martin,Jenneskens, Leonardus W.,Wiersum, Ulfert E.
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p. 4689 - 4692
(2007/10/03)
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- Fullerene tectonics. Part 2. Synthesis and pyrolysis of halogenated benzo[c]phenanthrenes
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Halogenated benzo[c]phenanthrenes with a halogen in the hindered fiord region are prepared by the photochemical cyclisation of appropriately substituted stilbenes. Pyrolysis gives the corresponding benzo[ghi]fluoranthrenes in moderate yields. At higher temperatures a competing rearrangement pathway to cyclopenta[cd]pyrene occurs.
- Plater, M. John
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p. 2903 - 2909
(2007/10/03)
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- Migration of redundant ethynyl substituents along polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon peripheries. Consequences for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon build up
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The formation of cyclopenta[cd]pyrene (5) and benzo[ghi]fluoranthene (6) upon FVT of 3,9-bisethynylphenanthrene (1) and 8-ethynylfluoranthene (2), respectively, suggests that redundant ethynyl substituents, which cannot give five- and/or six-membered ring formation via ethynyl ethylidene carbene equilibration followed by carbene C-H insertion, can migrate along the PAH periphery at high temperatures.
- Sarobe, Martin,Jenneskens, Leonardus W.,Kleij, Arjan,Petroutsa, Maria
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p. 7255 - 7258
(2007/10/03)
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- Thermolysis of benzo[c]phenanthrene: Conversion of an alternant C18H12 PAH into non-alternant C18H10 PAHs
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The product composition of the pyrolysates obtained upon thermolysis of the alternant C18H12 PAH benzo[c]phenanthrene (1) is markedly pressure dependent. At 0.1-0.5 Torr (N2 carrier gas, 1050-1150°C) 1 is converted into the non-alternant C18H10PAH's cyclopenta[cd]pyrene (4) and benzo[ghi]fluoranthene (5) which have been identified as abundant combustion effluents and are associated with fullerene formation.
- Sarobe,Jenneskens,Wiersum
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p. 1121 - 1122
(2007/10/03)
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- Reactivity of the 1-hydropyrenyl anion towards α,ω-dibromoalkanes
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The reactivity of the 1-hydropyrenyl mono-anion (1-) towards 1,2-dibromoethane, 1,3-dibromopropane and 1,4-dibromobutane has been examined.Six novel products were isolated from these reactions and characterised: spiro (2), 1,3a-dihydro-1,3a-ethanopyrene (3), 9,10,11, 11a-tetrahydro-8bH-cyclopentapyrene (4), 2,3,3a,12a-tetrahydro-1H-cyclopentapyrene (5), 3a-(3-bromopropyl)-3,3a-dihydropyrene (6) and 8b,9,10,11,12,12a-hexahydrobenzolpyrene (7).The formation of these products could be rationalised by initial attack of the dibromoalkane at positions 3a and 5 of 1-.Deprotonation of the initial ω-bromoalkyldihydropyrenes leads to intramolecular alkylation, the course of which depends on the length of the alkyl chain.Attempts to aromatize the products resulted, except in the case of 5, in the fully aromatic pyrene derivatives cyclopentapyrene, benzopyrene, pyrene and the new cyclopenta-fused pyrene derivative, 10,11-dihydro-9H-cyclopentapyrene (9).
- Dijk, Joost T. M. van,Lugtenburg, Johan,Cornelisse, Jan
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p. 1489 - 1496
(2007/10/02)
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- Cylopentacepyrylene, Cyclopentacepyrylene and Cyclopentacepyrylene: Novel C20H10 Cyclopenta-fused Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons
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Flash vacuum thermolysis of 1,8- (2a), 1,6- (2b) and 1,3-bis(1-chloroethenyl)pyrene (2c) gives the novel C20H10 cyclopenta-fused Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (CP-PAHs) cyclopent- (1a), cyclopent- (1b) and cyclopentacepyrylene (1c), respectively; bis(cyclopenta-fusion) topology has a profound influence on their properties.
- Sarobe, Martin,Flink, Simon,Jenneskens, Leonardus W.,Poecke, Bart L. A. van,Zwikker, Jan W.
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p. 2415 - 2416
(2007/10/03)
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- Synthesis and Hydropyrolysis of Bis-trimethylsilyl Substituted 3-(4H-Cyclopentaphenanthrylidene)-1,4-pentadiyne. A New Route to Corannulene
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3-(4H-Cyclopentaphenanthrylidene)-1,5-bis-(trimethylsilyl)-1,4-pentadiyne (3) was synthesized and converted by hydropyrolysis into corannulene (1) besides others in reasonable yields.It represents a new route of the simplest bowl-shaped polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon starting from an easily accessible precursor.
- Zimmermann, Gerhard,Nuechter, Uta,Hagen, Stefan,Nuechter, Matthias
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p. 4747 - 4750
(2007/10/02)
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- Synthesis of Benzofluoranthenes from 1-Halobenzophenanthrenes by Flash Vacuum Pyrolysis
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1-Chlorobenzophenanthrene 23 was prepared via the oxidative photochemical cyclisation of suitably halogenated stilbenes and was cyclised to benzofluoranthene 2 by flash vacuum pyrolysis.
- Plater, M. John
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p. 6147 - 6150
(2007/10/02)
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- Proposed Fullerene Precursor Corannulene Identified in Flames Both in the Presence and Absence of Fullerene Production
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Corannulene, C20H10, a bowl-shaped polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon whose curvature and carbon framework are similar to those of fullerenes, has been widely hypothesized to be a fullerene precursor but has never been identified in flames, either in the presence or absence of fullerene production.In research on the mechanism and prevalence of fullerene formation in flames, we have identified corannulene in fullerene-producing flames and also in conventional flames that do not produce fullerenes.The identification was achieved using a combination of analytical methods including high performance liquid chromatography with UV-vis spectrometric detection, and gas chromatography coupled with infrared and mass spectrometric detection.The presence of corannulene in fullerene-forming flames is consistent with the hypothesis that corannulene is a fullerene precursor.The presence of corannulene in fullerene-deficient flames does not necessarily contradict this hypothesis and instead may suggest that at least some stages of fullerene formation chemistry are more generally operative in flames than had previously been known.
- Lafleur, Arthur L.,Howard, Jack B.,Marr, Joseph A.,Yadav, Tapesh
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p. 13539 - 13543
(2007/10/02)
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- INVESTIGATION OF THE FORMATION OF HIGH MOLECULAR HYDROCARBONS AND SOOT IN PREMIXED HYDROCARBON-OXYGEN FLAMES.
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Measurements of concentrations of high molecular hydrocarbons in laminar flat low pressure flames with various hydrocarbons under sooting conditions are reported. The results show that for all fuels investigated in that region of the flames where the bulk of soot is formed besides the main combustion products some characteristic groups of species are to be found. Within these groups of species only few fuel specific characteristics are stated. The main fuel specific influence lies in the relative concentration for the species. A reaction scheme for the qualitative explanation of the results found is discussed.
- Bockhorn,Fetting,Wenz
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p. 1067 - 1073
(2007/10/02)
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- Convenient synthesis of cyclopentapyrene and 3,4-dihydrocyclopentapyrene. The reactivity of the pyrene dianion
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The reactivity of the pyrene dianion has been investigated.Initial attack by electrophiles on the pyrene dianion has been shown to take place exclusively at the 4(9)-position, leading to monoanions (11,15) which can be converted into 9-substituted 1,9-dihydropyrene derivatives (12,16).The latter can be rearranged to give the novel 4-substituted 4,5-dihydropyrene derivatives (13,17), which provide access to 4-substituted pyrene derivatives (14,5).Cyclopentapyrene (1) and 3,4-dihydrocyclopentapyrene (2), two widespread environmental contaminants, have been synthesizedfrom pyrene in four (64percent) and in five (62percent), respectiveliy, utilizing the chemical properties of the pyrene dianion.In these easy and straightforward syntheses the thus far unknown 4,5-dihydro-4-pyreneacetic acid (17) plays a major role.
- Tintel, C.,Cornelisse, J.,Lugtenburg, J.
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- Synthesis of Cyclopentapyrene via a High Yield One-step Preparation of Pyren-4-ylacetic Acid from Pyrene
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In a single step and in 95percent yield pyrene can be converted into pyren-4-ylacetic acid from which subsequently cyclopentapyrene (CPP) can be obtained in an overall yield of 60percent.
- Tintel, Kees,Lugtenburg, Johan,Cornelisse, Jan
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p. 185 - 186
(2007/10/02)
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