- Bioremediation of Explosive TNT by Trichoderma viride
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Nitroaromatic and nitroamine compounds such as 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) are teratogenic, cytotoxic, and may cause cellular mutations in humans, animals, plants, and microorganisms. Microbial-based bioremediation technologies have been shown to offer several advantages against the cellular toxicity of nitro-organic compounds. Thus, the current study was designed to evaluate the ability of Trichoderma viride to degrade nitrogenous explosives, such as TNT, by microbiological assay and Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) analysis. In this study, T. viride fungus was shown to have the ability to decompose, and TNT explosives were used at doses of 50 and 100 ppm on the respective growth media as a nitrogenous source needed for normal growth. The GC/MS analysis confirmed the biodegradable efficiency of TNT, whereas the initial retention peak of the TNT compounds disappeared, and another two peaks appeared at the retention times of 9.31 and 13.14 min. Mass spectrum analysis identified 5-(hydroxymethyl)-2-furancarboxaldehyde with the molecular formula C6H6O3 and a molecular weight of 126 g·mol?1 as the major compound, and 4-propyl benzaldehyde with a formula of C10H12O and a molecular weight of 148 g mol?1 as the minor compound, both resulting from the biodegradation of TNT by T. viride. In conclusion, T. viride could be used in microbial-based bioremediation technologies as a biological agent to eradicate the toxicity of the TNT explosive. In addition, future molecular-based studies should be conducted to clearly identify the enzymes and the corresponding genes that give T. viride the ability to degrade and remediate TNT explosives. This could help in the eradication of soils contaminated with explosives or other toxic biohazards.
- Al-Otaibi, Mohammed S.,Alothman, Zeid A.,Bahkali, Ali H.,Elgorban, Abdallah M.,Gabr, Sami A.,Ghfar, Ayman A.,Habila, Mohamed A.,Hadj Ahmed, Ahmed Yacine Badjah,Wabaidur, Saikh M.
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- Selective Aerobic Oxidation of Methylarenes to Benzaldehydes Catalyzed by N-Hydroxyphthalimide and Cobalt(II) Acetate in Hexafluoropropan-2-ol
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Efficient and highly selective catalytic conditions for the aerobic autoxidation of methylarenes to benzaldehydes, based on N-hydroxyphthalimide (NHPI) and cobalt(II) acetate in 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoropropan-2-ol (HFIP), were developed. The sustainable conditions enable a multigram scale preparation of benzaldehyde derivatives in high efficiency and with excellent chemoselectivity (up to 99 % conversion and 98 % selectivity).
- Gaster, Eden,Kozuch, Sebastian,Pappo, Doron
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supporting information
p. 5912 - 5915
(2017/05/12)
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- Preparation and application of novel Swern reagent
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The invention discloses 4-(2-(2-methyl sulfoxide)ethyl)-4-nitrobenzene)morpholine shown in the formula (I) and preparation and application thereof. A preparation method includes the steps that 2-(2-chlorine-5 nitro)phenethyl alcohol shown in the formula (II) and morpholine are mixed to prepare 2-(2-morpholine-5-nitrobenzene)ethanol shown in the formula (III); bis(trichloromethyl)carbonate ester, a sodium methyl mercaptide aqueous solution and an aqueous hydrogen peroxide solution are sequentially added dropwise to 2-(2-morpholine-5-nitrobenzene)ethanol shown in the formula (III), and finally 4-(2-methyl sulfoxide)ethyl)-4-nitrobenzene)morpholine is prepared. According to the application of 4-(2-methyl sulfoxide)ethyl)-4-nitrobenzene)morpholine, the obtained Swern reagent reacts with an alcohol compound shown in the formula (IV), and aldehyde or ketone is prepared after after-treatment. The defects of an existing Swern oxidation method are overcome, generation of a stink byproduct dimethyl sulfide and toxic carbon monoxide is avoided from the source, the reaction temperature is increased to be -30 DEG C to 0 DEG C, and an odorless byproduct novel sulfur ether can be recycled and reused. The formulas are shown in the description.
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Paragraph 0062; 0063; 0064; 0065; 0087; 0089
(2016/12/01)
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- PRODUCTION OF PARA-PROPYLBENZALDEHYDE
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The present invention is a process for preparing a 4-alkylbenzaldehyde (para-alkylbenzaldehyde). An alkylbenzene, solvated in a solvent comprising at least one aliphatic solvent having in the range of 3 to 15 carbons, is reacted with carbon monoxide, in the presence of an aluminum halide and a hydrogen halide acid. Disproportionation is reduced and proportion of para-alkyl-benzaldehyde is increased with respect to other methods.
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Paragraph 0057
(2016/03/12)
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- Palladium(0)-catalyzed cross-coupling of 1,1-diboronates with vinyl bromides and 1,1-dibromoalkenes
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Palladium-catalyzed cross-coupling reactions of 1,1-diboronates with vinyl bromides and dibromoalkenes were found to afford 1,4-dienes and allenes, respectively. These reactions utilize the high reactivities of both 1,1-diboronates and allylboron intermediates generated in the initial coupling.
- Li, Huan,Zhang, Zhikun,Shangguan, Xianghang,Huang, Shan,Chen, Jun,Zhang, Yan,Wang, Jianbo
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supporting information
p. 11921 - 11925
(2015/01/09)
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- Core-shell structured MgAl-LDO@Al-MS hexagonal nanocomposite: An all inorganic acid-base bifunctional nanoreactor for one-pot cascade reactions
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A core-shell structured nanocomposite, with hexagonal Mg-Al mixed oxide nanoplates derived from LDHs as the inner core and Al-containing mesoporous silica as the outer shell, was prepared using an inorganic, low cost and simple route. The mesoporous silica shell was not only capable of protecting the MgAl-LDO core, but also offered a high surface area for the derivation of functional acid catalytic sites. The MgAl-LDO@Al-MS nanocomposite served as an efficient acid-base bifunctional nanoreactor for one-pot multistep cascade reaction sequences, due to the good spatial separation of antagonistic sites via the core-shell structure design, confinement and enrichment effect of the reaction species endowed by the nanoreactor features.
- Li, Ping,Yu, Yu,Huang, Pei-Pei,Liu, Hua,Cao, Chang-Yan,Song, Wei-Guo
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p. 339 - 344
(2014/01/06)
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- ANTIBACTERIAL AGENTS: ARYL MYXOPYRONIN DERIVATIVES
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The invention provides compounds of formula la, lb and Ic: [Formula Ia, Ib, and Ic] and salts thereof, wherein variables are as described in the specification, as well as compositions comprising a compound of formula Ia-Ic, methods of making such compounds, and methods of using such compounds, e.g., as inhibitors of bacterial RNA polymerase and as antibacterial agents.
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Page/Page column 75
(2014/01/09)
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- Negishi cross-coupling of secondary alkylzinc halides with aryl/heteroaryl halides using Pd-PEPPSI-IPent
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Pd-PEPPSI-IPent has proven to be an excellent catalyst for the Negishi cross-coupling reaction of secondary alkylzinc reagents with a wide variety of aryl/heteroaryl halides. Importantly, β-hydride elimination/migratory insertion of the organometallic leading to the production of isomeric coupling products has been significantly reduced using the highly-hindered Ipent ligand.
- Alimsiz, Seluk,Organ, Michael G.
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supporting information; experimental part
p. 5181 - 5183
(2011/06/09)
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- Mechanistic pathways in CF3COOH-mediated deacetalization reactions
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(Chemical Equation Presented) It has been widely accepted that both the protection of carbonyls and the deprotection of acetals and ketals involve the participation of a water molecule: formation of acetals and ketals is a dehydration process, whereas the deprotection is often referred to as hydrolysis, which, as implied by its name, always requires the presence of water. Herein, we report experimental evidence and mechanistic investigations that provide an alternative view to this process. We have demonstrated that water is not required to convert acetals and ketals to the corresponding carbonyls. The 1H NMR experimental results revealed that the TFA-mediated transformation of acetal to aldehyde occurs via a hemiacetal TFA ester intermediate, which differentiates itself from the classic acid-catalyzed hydrolysis, where the hemiacetal is the putative intermediate responsible for the formation of the aldehyde. More interestingly, alcohols are not the final byproducts as they are in the classical hydrolysis, rather, the two alcohol molecules are converted to two TFA esters under the reaction conditions. On the basis of theNMRevidence, we have proposed that the two TFA esters are formed in two separate steps via a different mechanism along the reaction pathway. Formation of the TFA esters renders the reaction irreversible. To the best of our knowledge, the cascade reaction pathway presented by the TFA-mediated conversion of acetals and ketals to carbonyls has never been previously postulated.
- Li, Wei,Li, Jianchang,Wu, Yuchuan,Fuller, Nathan,Markus, Michelle A.
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supporting information; experimental part
p. 1077 - 1086
(2010/04/04)
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- Deprotection of acetals and ketals in a colloidal suspension generated by sodium tetrakis(3,5-trifluoromethylphenyl)borate in water
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Deprotection of acetals and ketals can be achieved by using sodium tetrakis(3,5-trifluoromethylphenyl)borate (NaBArF4) as the catalyst in water at 30°C. For example, a quantitative conversion of 2-phenyl-1,3-dioxolane into benzaldehyde was accomplished within five minutes by using this sodium salt (0.1 mol%) in water. Georg Thieme Verlag Stuttgart.
- Chang, Chih-Ching,Liao, Bei-Sih,Liu, Shiuh-Tzung
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p. 283 - 287
(2007/10/03)
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- Indium(III) trifluoromethanesulfonate as an efficient catalyst for the deprotection of acetals and ketals
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(Chemical Equation Presented) Acetals and ketals are readily deprotected under neutral conditions in the presence of acetone and catalytic amounts of indium(III) trifluoromethanesulfonate (0.8 mol %) at room temperature or mild microwave heating conditions to give the corresponding aldehydes and ketones in good to excellent yields.
- Gregg, Brian T.,Golden, Kathryn C.,Quinn, John F.
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p. 5890 - 5893
(2008/02/09)
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- Novel imidazole derivatives with anti-inflammatory activity
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Novel imidazole derivatives of formula I and their salts, solvates and prodrugs, wherein the meanings of the different radicals are as shown in the description. Said compounds are useful as anti-inflammatory agents.
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- The effect of vinyl esters on the enantioselectivity of the lipase-catalysed transesterification of alcohols
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The enantioselectivity of the lipase from Pseudomonas cepacia (PCL) in the transesterification of 2-phenyl-1-propanol 1 was studied using a series of vinyl 3-arylpropanoates as acyl donors. The most enantioselective transesterification reaction of the alcohol was attained by using vinyl 3-(p-iodophenyl)- or 3-(p-trifluoromethylphenyl)propanoates, with enantiomer ratios, E, of 116 and 138, respectively. Vinyl 3-phenylpropanoate was also effective for the resolution of 1 mediated by lipases from P. fluorescens and porcine pancreas and for the PCL-catalysed transesterification of several 2-phenyl-1-alkanols. The enantiomeric resolution of 1 was practically carried out by the first enantioselective transesterification using PCL and vinyl 3-(p-iodophenyl)propanoate to afford (R)-1 and then the enantioselective hydrolysis of the resultant ester to afford (S)-1.
- Kawasaki, Masashi,Goto, Michimasa,Kawabata, Shigeki,Kometani, Tadashi
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p. 585 - 596
(2007/10/03)
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- Photoionization of (p-alkylphenyl)triphenylporphyrins in neutral and positively and negatively charged vesicles: Effects of alkyl chain length and addition of chloroalkanes
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The photoionization of (p-alkylphenyl)triphenylporphyrins (CnPtPP) in cationic dioctadecyldimethylammonium chloride (DODAC), neutral dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC), and anionic dihexadecyl phosphate (DHP) frozen vesicles has been studied by electron spin resonance (ESR) with visible light irradiation at 77 K with and without addition of chloroalkanes (CCl4, CHCl3, CH2Cl2, or CH3CH2CH2Cl) as electron acceptors. CnPtPP (n = 3, 6, 9, and 12) were synthesized and used to study the effects of alkyl chain length. The photoionization efficiency was found to decrease with increasing alkyl chain length of CnPtPP. The relative photoyield of the porphyrin cation radical (CnPtPP+) measured by ESR decreased in the order DODAC > DPPC > DHP. The addition of CCl4, CHCl3, CH2Cl2, or CH3CH2CH2Cl into C9PtPP/DHP vesicles enhanced the C9PtPP+ radical photoyield. All four chloroalkanes acted as better electron acceptors in competition with water at the vesicle interface. The results are discussed in terms of the alkyl chain length of CnPtPP, the vesicle surface charge, and the effects of chloroalkanes as electron acceptors.
- Sung-Suh, Hyung Mi,Kevan, Larry
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p. 1414 - 1418
(2007/10/03)
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- Binding of Phenylalkylamine Derivatives at 5-HT1C and 5-HT2 Serotonin Receptors: Evidence for a Lack of Selectivity
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Certain phenyalkylamine derivatives have been considered to bind selectively at 5-HT2 serotonin receptors.It is now recognized that the most widely used derivatives, i.e., 1-(2,5-dimethoxy-4-X-phenyl)-2-aminopropanes where X = Me (DOM), Br (DOB), and I (DOI) (1-3, respectively) also bind at the more recently identified population of serotonin 5-HT1C receptors.The purpose of the present investigation was to determine whether simple phenylalkylamines bind selectively at one population of receptors over the other.An examination of 34 derivatives reveals (i) similar structure-affinity relationships and (ii) a significant correlation (r = >0.9, n = 25) between 5-HT1C and 5-HT2 affinity.None of the compounds included in the present study displayed more than a 10-fold selectivity for one population of these receptors over the other; the results suggest that these compounds (including the widely used 5-HT2 agonists DOB and DOI) are 5-HT1C/5-HT2 agents.
- Glennon, Richard A.,Raghupathi, Reva,Bartyzel, Piotr,Teitler, Milt,Leonhardt, Sigrun
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p. 734 - 740
(2007/10/02)
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- New potent antagonists of leukotrienes C4 and D4. 1. Synthesis and structure-activity relationships
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(p-Amylcinnamoyl)anthranilic acid (3a) had moderate antagonist activities against LTD4-induced smooth muscle contraction on guinea pig ileum and LTC4-induced bronchoconstriction in anesthetized guinea pigs. Modifications were made in the hydrophobic part (cinnamoyl moiety) and the hydrophilic part (anthranilate moiety) of 3a. A series of 8-(benzoylamino)-2-tetrazol-5-yl-1,4-benzodioxans and 8-(benzoylamino)-2-tetrazol-5-yl-4-oxo-4H-1-benzopyrans were revealed to be potent antagonists of leukotrienes C4 and D4. Among both series, ONO-RS-347 (18k) and ONO-RS411 (19h) were the most potent and orally active antagonists, respectively. Structure-activity relationships are discussed.
- Nakai,Konno,Kosuge,Sakuyama,Toda,Arai,Obata,Katsube,Miyamoto,Okegawa,Kawasaki
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- Synthesis of Unbranched 4-Alkylbenzaldehydes
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The preparation of unbranched 4-alkylbenzaldehydes free of positional and branched-chain isomers by different methods is described.A one-step preparation of the aldehydes is reported which involves the direct hydrogenation of a Friedel-Craft's complex in the presence of Pd/C catalyst.
- Osman, Maged A.
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p. 2448 - 2449
(2007/10/02)
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- 2-Aminoalkyl-3,3a,4,5,6,7-hexahydro-3-phenyl-7(phenylmethylene)-2H-indazoles
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Compounds of the following formula and their acid addition and quaternary salts and N-oxides SPC1 Wherein X is hydrogen, chloro, fluoro, trifluoromethyl, lower alkyl, or lower alkoxy, R is hydrogen or lower alkyl, A is alkylene of 1 to 8 carbons, and B is --NH2, EQU1 wherein R1 is lower alkyl and R2 is phenyl or phenyl-lower alkyl are disclosed. These compounds are useful as central nervous system depressants.
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- LOW-MELTING NEMATIC 4,4 prime -BIS-(ALKYLBENZAL)-2-CHLORO-1,4-PHENYLENEDIAMINES.
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A series of 4,4 prime -bis(alkylbenzal)-2-chloro-1,4-phenylenediamines were prepared and their mesomorphic behavior characterized. All homologues showed nematic behavior with broad mesophases and rather low-melting points. The mesomorphic behavior is compared with that obtained from the 4,4 prime -bis-(alkoxybenzal)-1,4-phenylenediamine series and the 4,4 prime -bis-(alkoxybenzal)-2-chloro-1,4-phenylenediamine series.
- Cole,Sowa
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p. 149 - 153,150, 151
(2007/10/09)
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