- Arene Cyanation via Cation-Radical Accelerated-Nucleophilic Aromatic Substitution
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Herein we describe a cation radical-accelerated-nucleophilic aromatic substitution (CRA-SNAr) of alkoxy arenes utilizing a highly oxidizing acridinium photoredox catalyst and acetone cyanohydrin, an inexpensive and commercially available cyanide source. This cyanation is selective for carbon-oxygen (C-O) bond functionalization and is applicable to a range of methoxyarenes and dimethoxyarenes. Furthermore, computational studies provide a model for predicting regioselectivity and chemoselectivity in competitive C-H and C-O cyanation of methoxyarene cation radicals.
- Holmberg-Douglas, Natalie,Nicewicz, David A.
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supporting information
p. 7114 - 7118
(2019/09/07)
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- Synthesis of heterobiaryls via Suzuki-Miyaura coupling reaction of potassium aryltrifluoroborates with heteroaryl halides in aqueous systems
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A variety of heterobiaryl compounds have been synthesized by the Suzuki-Miyaura coupling reactions of heteroaryl halides with potassium aryltrifluoroborates. Pd (OAc)2 was found to be highly efficient for the Suzuki-Miyaura coupling reactions of various heteroaryl halides with potassium aryltrifluoroborates in aqueous systems, delivering the corresponding heterobiaryl compounds in good to excellent yields.
- Liu, Leifang,Zhao, Kai,Li, Wenbo,Liu, Mingli,Chen, Yuting,Dong, Yan
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- [2,2′-bipyridin]-6(1 H)-one, a Truly Cooperating Ligand in the Palladium-Mediated C-H Activation Step: Experimental Evidence in the Direct C-3 Arylation of Pyridine
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The ligand [2,2′-bipyridin]-6(1H)-one (bipy-6-OH) has a strong accelerating effect on the Pd-catalyzed direct arylation of pyridine or arenes. The isolation of relevant intermediates and the study of their decomposition unequivocally show that the deprotonated coordinated ligand acts as a base and assists the cleavage of the C-H bond. Mechanistic work indicates that the direct arylation of pyridine with this ligand occurs through a Pd(0)/Pd(II) cycle. Because of this dual ligand-intramolecular base role, there is no need for an available coordination site on the metal for an external base, a difficulty encountered when chelating ligands are used in coupling reactions that involve a C-H cleavage step.
- Salamanca, Vanesa,Toledo, Alberto,Albéniz, Ana C.
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supporting information
p. 17851 - 17856
(2019/01/04)
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- Identification of Adenine and Benzimidazole Nucleosides as Potent Human Concentrative Nucleoside Transporter 2 Inhibitors: Potential Treatment for Hyperuricemia and Gout
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To test the hypothesis that inhibitors of human concentrative nucleoside transporter 2 (hCNT2) suppress increases in serum urate levels derived from dietary purines, we previously identified adenosine derivative 1 as a potent hCNT2 inhibitor (IC50 = 0.64 μM), but further study was hampered due to its poor solubility. Here we describe the results of subsequent research to identify more soluble and more potent hCNT2 inhibitors, leading to the discovery of the benzimidazole nucleoside 22, which is the most potent hCNT2 inhibitor (IC50 = 0.062 μM) reported to date. Compound 22 significantly suppressed the increase in plasma uric acid levels after oral administration of purine nucleosides in rats. Because compound 22 was poorly absorbed orally in rats (F = 0.51%), its pharmacologic action was mostly limited to the gastrointestinal tract. These findings suggest that inhibition of hCNT2 in the gastrointestinal tract can be a promising approach for the treatment of hyperuricemia.
- Tatani, Kazuya,Hiratochi, Masahiro,Kikuchi, Norihiko,Kuramochi, Yu,Watanabe, Shinjiro,Yamauchi, Yuji,Itoh, Fumiaki,Isaji, Masayuki,Shuto, Satoshi
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supporting information
p. 3719 - 3731
(2016/05/19)
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- METHOD FOR PRODUCING 14 GROUP METAL LITHIUM COMPOUND
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PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To provide a method for quantitatively producing a group 14 metal lithium compound under a mild condition. SOLUTION: The method for producing a group 14 metal lithium compound represented by formula (4): R4-nMLin comprises reacting a compound represented by formula (1): R4-nMXn and lithium in the presence of a polycyclic aromatic compound represented by formula (2) or formula (3). [In formula (1) and formula (2), R is a hydrocarbon group; M is a metal atom selected from Si, Ge and Sn; X is a halogen atom or R3M- (R and M are the same as mentioned above); and n is 1 or 2] and [R1 is H or a hydrocarbon group; and m is an integer of 0 to 5.] SELECTED DRAWING: None COPYRIGHT: (C)2016,JPOandINPIT
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Paragraph 0085-0087
(2016/10/31)
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- Palladium-catalyzed decarboxylative cross-coupling of 3-pyridyl and 4-pyridyl carboxylates with aryl bromides
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Decarboxylative cross-coupling of 3-pyridyl and 4-pyridyl carboxylates with aryl bromides is reported. Using a bimetallic system of Cu2O and Pd(PPh3)4, the scope of the reaction is demonstrated by the synthesis of 27 pyridine-containing biaryls in moderate to good yields.
- Chennamaneni, Lohitha Rao,William, Anthony D.,Johannes, Charles W.
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p. 1293 - 1296
(2015/03/04)
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- Stannyl-Lithium: A Facile and Efficient Synthesis Facilitating Further Applications
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We have developed a highly efficient, practical, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH)-catalyzed synthesis of stannyl lithium (Sn-Li), in which the tin resource (stannyl chloride or distannyl) is rapidly and quantitatively transformed into Sn-Li reagent at room temperature without formation of any (toxic) byproducts. The resulting Sn-Li reagent can be stored at ambient temperature for months and shows high reactivity toward various substrates, with quantitative atom efficiency.
- Wang, Dong-Yu,Wang, Chao,Uchiyama, Masanobu
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p. 10488 - 10491
(2015/09/28)
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- Efficient phosphine ligands for the one-pot palladium-catalyzed borylation/Suzuki-Miyaura cross-coupling reaction
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We report the synthesis of 2-(anthracen-9-yl)-1H-inden-3-yl dicyclohexylphosphine and its use in palladium-catalyzed borylation/Suzuki-Miyaura cross-coupling reaction to prepare a variety of symmetrical and unsymmetrical biaryl compounds in excellent yield. This journal is
- Chen, You,Peng, Hui,Pi, Yun-Xiao,Meng, Tong,Lian, Ze-Yu,Yan, Meng-Qi,Liu, Yan,Liu, Sheng-Hua,Yu, Guang-Ao
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supporting information
p. 3236 - 3242
(2015/03/18)
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- In Situ Trapped and Immobilized Palladium Nanoparticles as Active and Clean Catalysts for Suzuki-Miyaura Reaction
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Active palladium nanoparticles were trapped and immobilized in situ by Pd-catalyzed Suzuki-Miyaura reaction to form heterogeneous Pd catalysts. This Pd@PhPad2 catalyst was found to be highly active, recyclable and clean for the Suzuki-Miyaura reaction. Both the anchored diadamantylphosphine ligand and the formation of polyphenylene polymer improved the activity and stability of the Pd@PhPad2 catalyst for Suzuki-Miyaura reaction. The Pd@PhPad2 catalyst was reusable, and no contamination (P ligand or Pd) was detected from the catalyst system for the coupling reaction.
- Li, Yan,Mao, Fei,Chen, Ting,Zhou, Zhicheng,Wang, Yong,Huang, Jun
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supporting information
p. 2827 - 2832
(2015/09/28)
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- Silver-catalyzed arylation of (hetero)arenes by oxidative decarboxylation of aromatic carboxylic acids
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A long-standing challenge in Minisci reactions is achieving the arylation of heteroarenes by oxidative decarboxylation of aromatic carboxylic acids. To address this challenge, the silver-catalyzed intermolecular Minisci reaction of aromatic carboxylic acids was developed. With an inexpensive silver salt as a catalyst, this new reaction enables a variety of aromatic carboxylic acids to undergo decarboxylative coupling with electron-deficient arenes or heteroarenes regardless of the position of the substituents on the aromatic carboxylic acid, thus eliminating the need for ortho-substituted aromatic carboxylic acids, which were a limitation of previously reported methods.
- Kan, Jian,Huang, Shijun,Lin, Jin,Zhang, Min,Su, Weiping
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supporting information
p. 2199 - 2203
(2015/02/19)
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- Synthesis of heteroaryl compounds through cross-coupling reaction of aryl bromides or benzyl halides with thienyl and pyridyl aluminum reagents
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An efficient method for synthesis of useful biaryl building blocks containing 2-thienyl, 3-thienyl, 2-pyridyl, and 3-pyridyl moieties was provided through cross-coupling reactions of aryl bromides or benzyl halides with heteroaryl aluminum reagents in the presence of Pd(OAc)2 and (o-tolyl)3P. The coupling reaction also worked efficiently with heteroaryl bromides affording series of heterobiaryl compounds. The reaction of phenylbromide with in situ prepared 3-pyridyl aluminum was demonstrated to afford the product 8a in high yield. Additionally, the catalytic system was also suited well for the coupling reaction of benzyl halides with pyridyl aluminum reagents to afford series of pyridyl-arylmethane.
- Chen, Xu,Zhou, Lingmin,Li, Yimei,Xie, Tao,Zhou, Shuangliu
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p. 230 - 239
(2014/01/17)
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- Direct arylation of pyridines without the use of a transition metal catalyst
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A method for achieving the direct arylation of pyridines with phenylhydrazine hydrochloride was developed in this study. This new reaction proceeds readily at room temperature without the use of any transition metal catalysts. This method allows rapid access to various arylated heterocycles that are more difficult to access through traditional methods.
- Li, Yahui,Liu, Wei,Kuang, Chunxiang
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supporting information
p. 7124 - 7127
(2014/07/07)
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- Catalytic palladium nanoparticles supported on nanoscale MOFs: A highly active catalyst for Suzuki-Miyaura cross-coupling reaction
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Pd nanoparticles have been successfully supported on nanoscale metal-organic frameworks (NMOFs) by using a simple and effective microwave-assisted impregnation process. The resulting composite, representing as a highly active NMOFs supported metal nanoparticles catalyst for the Suzuki cross-coupling reaction between aryl/heteroaryl halides and arylboronic acids, is well characterized, and its high activity and good recyclability are discussed in details. It reveals that, compared to the corresponding bulk MOFs and conventional active carbon materials, nanoscale MOFs as novel support materials for heterogeneous catalysts can exhibit superior performance in the catalytic reactions.
- Zhang, Linjie,Su, Zixue,Jiang, Feilong,Zhou, Youfu,Xu, Wentao,Hong, Maochun
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p. 9237 - 9244
(2013/10/01)
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- Metal-free arylation of benzene and pyridine promoted by amino-linked nitrogen heterocyclic carbenes
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An amino-linked nitrogen heterocyclic carbene (amino-NHC), 1-tBu, has been shown to mediate carbon-carbon coupling through the direct C-H functionalization of benzene and pyridine in the absence of a metal catalyst. Using EPR, the first spectroscopic evidence corroborating the single electron transfer mechanism for the metal-free carbon-carbon coupling manifold, as reported by others, is introduced.
- Chen, Wen-Ching,Hsu, Yu-Chen,Shih, Wei-Chun,Lee, Ching-Yu,Chuang, Wen-Han,Tsai, Yi-Fang,Chen, Peter Ping-Yu,Ong, Tiow-Gan
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supporting information; experimental part
p. 6702 - 6704
(2012/07/14)
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- Structural similarity of hydrogen-bonded networks in crystals of isomeric pyridyl-substituted diaminotriazines
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Crystals of isomeric pyridyl-substituted diaminotriazines 1a-c and elongated analogues 2a-b were grown under various conditions, and their structures were solved by X-ray crystallography. Analysis of the structures revealed three shared features: (1) The compounds favor flattened conformations; (2) they participate in approximately coplanar hydrogen bonding according to motifs characteristic of diaminotriazines; and (3) these interactions play a key role in directing molecular organization. Together, the consistent molecular topologies and the shared presence of a dominant site of association ensure that the compounds crystallize similarly to give structures that feature chains, tapes, and layers. In certain cases, in fact, the molecular organization adopted by different pyridyl-substituted diaminotriazines is virtually identical, even when the length of the molecule or the orientation of the pyridyl group has been changed. Together, these observations show how functional groups such as diaminotriazinyl, which can control association by forming multiple directional intermolecular interactions according to reliable patterns, can be incorporated within more complex molecular structures to determine how crystallization will occur.
- Duong, Adam,Maris, Thierry,Wuest, James D.
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experimental part
p. 287 - 294
(2012/07/13)
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- Ligand-promoted C3-selective arylation of pyridines with Pd catalysts: Gram-scale synthesis of (±)-preclamol
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The first example of Pd-catalyzed, C3-selective arylation of unprotected pyridines has been developed by employing a catalytic system consisting of Pd(OAc)2 and 1,10-phenanthroline. This protocol provides an expeditious route to an important class of 3-arylpyridines and 3-arylpiperidines frequently found in bioactive compounds. A brief synthesis of the drug molecule (±)-preclamol is also reported.
- Ye, Mengchun,Gao, Guo-Lin,Edmunds, Andrew J. F.,Worthington,Morris, James A.,Yu, Jin-Quan
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supporting information; experimental part
p. 19090 - 19093
(2012/01/07)
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- 2-Pyridyl and 3-pyridylzinc bromides: direct preparation and coupling reaction
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A facile synthetic approach to the direct preparation of 2-pyridyl and 3-pyridylzinc bromides has been demonstrated using Rieke zinc with 2-bromopyridine and 3-bromopyridine, respectively. A variety of different electrophiles have been coupled with the resulting organozinc reagents to give the corresponding cross-coupling products in moderate to good yields.
- Kim, Seung-Hoi,Rieke, Reuben D.
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scheme or table
p. 3135 - 3146
(2010/06/13)
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- Efficient diphosphane-based catalyst for the palladium-catalyzed suzuki cross-coupling reaction of 3-pyridylboronic acids
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A highly active catalyst system derived from PdCl2 and 2,2',6,6'- tetramethoxy-4,4'-bis(diphenylphosphanyl)-3,3'-bi- pyridine (P-Phos) has been developed for the Suzuki cross- coupling reaction of pyridylboronic acid with a variety of aryl halides in good to excellent yields, even in the presence of hindered and functional groups. In addition, P-Phos also exhibited high activity in the palladium-catalyzed Suzuki reaction of 2,6-dimethoxypyridylboronic acid in excellent yields with a fast rate. The steric and electronic effects of the P- Phos-palladium complex to this cross-coupling reaction were also discussed.
- Fu, Xing-Li,Wu, Lei-Lei,Fu, Hai-Yan,Chen, Hua,Li, Rui-Xiang
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experimental part
p. 2051 - 2054
(2009/09/06)
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- N-heterocyclic carbene derived Nickel-Pincer complexes: Efficient and applicable catalysts for Suzuki-Miyaura coupling reactions of aryl/alkenyl tosylates and mesylates
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Catalytic activities of NHC-derived nickel-pincer complexes for the Suzuki-Miyaura coupling reactions of aryl/alkenyl to- sylates and mesylates are described. In the presence of a catalytic amount of nickelacycle 1a, a wide array of tosylates and mesylates reacted with several aryl- and alkenylboronic acids to afford the coupling products, generally in high yields. Fine tuning of the reaction conditions for each class of electrophiles was achieved only by choosing the appropriate reaction medium (DME for tosylates, dioxane for mesylates).
- Kuroda, Jun-Ichi,Inamoto, Kiyofumi,Hiroya, Kou,Doi, Takayuki
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experimental part
p. 2251 - 2261
(2009/08/09)
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- Scope of the suzuki-Miyaura cross-coupling reactions of potassium heteroaryltrifluoroborates
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A wide variety of bench-stable potassium heteroaryltrifluoroborates were prepared, and general reaction conditions were developed for their cross-coupling to aryl and heteroaryl halides. The cross-coupled products were obtained in good to excellent yields. This method represents an efficient and facile installation of heterocyclic building blocks onto preexisting organic substructures.
- Molander, Gary A.,Canturk, Belgin,Kennedy, Lauren E.
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supporting information; experimental part
p. 973 - 980
(2009/07/11)
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- Pincer-type bis(carbene)-derived complexes of nickel(II): Synthesis, structure, and catalytic activity
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Air- and moisture-stable NHC (N-heterocyclic carbene)-derived CNC-type pincer complexes of nickel(II) 4a-d were successfully synthesized, and their structures were fully characterized using X-ray crystallography and analytical and spectroscopic methods. These complexes exhibit a high catalytic activity for the Suzuki-Miyaura coupling reaction of aryl bromides and chlorides with aryl- and alkenylboronic acids, providing an array of biphenyls and stilbenes generally in high yields.
- Inamoto, Kiyofumi,Kuroda, Jun-ichi,Kwon, Eunsang,Hiroya, Kou,Doi, Takayuki
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experimental part
p. 389 - 396
(2009/04/13)
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- A facile synthetic approach to the preparation of 3-pyridyl derivatives: Preparations and coupling reactions of 3-pyridylzinc and its analogues
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A facile synthetic approach to the direct preparation of 3pyridylzinc bromide has been demonstrated using Rieke zinc with 3-bromopyridine in the presence of a catalytic amount of lithium chloride. A variety of different electrophiles have been coupled to give the corresponding cross-coupling products in moderate to good yields. Also, this methodology has been expanded to the preparation of the corresponding organozinc reagents of 3-bromopyridine analogues. Georg Thieme Verlag Stuttgart.
- Kim, Seung-Hoi,Slocum, Tim B.,Rieke, Reuben D.
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experimental part
p. 3823 - 3827
(2010/03/04)
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- One-pot Negishi cross-coupling reactions of in situ generated zinc reagents with aryl chlorides, bromides, and triflates
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(Chemical Equation Presented) In situ generated aryl, heteroaryl, alkyl, or benzylic poly-functional zinc reagents obtained by the addition of zinc and LiCl to the corresponding organic iodides undergo smooth Pd(0)-catalyzed cross-coupling reactions with
- Sase, Shohei,Jaric, Milica,Metzger, Albrecht,Malakhov, Vladimir,Knochel, Paul
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supporting information; experimental part
p. 7380 - 7382
(2009/05/07)
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- Highly efficient cyclopalladated ferrocenylimine catalyst for Suzuki cross-coupling reaction of 3-pyridylboronic pinacol ester with aryl halides
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The Suzuki cross-coupling reaction of 3-pyridylboronic pinacol ester with aryl iodides, bromides and chlorides was carried out in DMF/H2O (3/1, v/v) at 110 °C in the presence of cyclopalladated ferrocenylimine I and K2CO3 or CsCO3 (1.0 equiv.) without the protection of inert gas. By using this method the synthesis of 3-pyridyl biaryl compounds could be readily achieved.
- Zhang, Jinli,Zhao, Liang,Song, Maoping,Mak, Thomas C.W.,Wu, Yangjie
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p. 1301 - 1306
(2007/10/03)
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- Generation of 3-Pyridyl Biaryl Systems Via Palladium-Catalyzed Suzuki Cross-Couplings of Aryl Halides with 3-Pyridylboroxin
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The synthesis of 3-pyridyl biaryl systems can be readily achieved by means of palladium-catalyzed Suzuki cross-coupling reactions between aryl halides and 3-pyridyl-boroxin. A series of cross-couplings were conducted in order to investigate the scope and limitations of this protocol.
- Cioffi, Christopher L.,Spencer, William T.,Richards, Justin J.,Herr, R. Jason
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p. 2210 - 2212
(2007/10/03)
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