- Selective electrochemical oxidation of aromatic hydrocarbons and preparation of mono/multi-carbonyl compounds
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A selective electrochemical oxidation was developed under mild condition. Various mono-carbonyl and multi-carbonyl compounds can be prepared from different aromatic hydrocarbons with moderate to excellent yield and selectivity by virtue of this electrochemical oxidation. The produced carbonyl compounds can be further transformed into α-ketoamides, homoallylic alcohols and oximes in a one-pot reaction. In particular, a series of α-ketoamides were prepared in a one-pot continuous electrolysis. Mechanistic studies showed that 2,2,2-trifluoroethan-1-ol (TFE) can interact with catalyst species and generate the corresponding hydrogen-bonding complex to enhance the electrochemical oxidation performance. [Figure not available: see fulltext.]
- Li, Zhibin,Zhang, Yan,Li, Kuiliang,Zhou, Zhenghong,Zha, Zhenggen,Wang, Zhiyong
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p. 2134 - 2141
(2021/09/29)
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- Fe-S Catalyst Generated in Situ from Fe(III)- And S3?--Promoted Aerobic Oxidation of Terminal Alkenes
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An iron-sulfur complex formed by the simple mixture of FeCl3 with S3?- generated in situ from K2S is developed and applied to selective aerobic oxidation of terminal alkenes. The reaction was carried out under an atmosphere of O2 (balloon) and could proceed on a gram scale, expanding the application of S3?- in organic synthesis. This study also encourages us to explore the application of an Fe-S catalyst in organic reactions.
- Ai, Jing-Jing,Huang, Cheng-Mi,Li, Jian,Liu, Bei-Bei,Rao, Weidong,Wang, Fei,Wang, Shun-Yi
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supporting information
p. 4705 - 4709
(2021/06/28)
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- Pd-Catalysed carbonylative Suzuki-Miyaura cross-couplings using Fe(CO)5under mild conditions: generation of a highly active, recyclable and scalable ‘Pd-Fe’ nanocatalyst
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The dual function and role of iron(0) pentacarbonyl [Fe(CO)5] has been identified in gaseous CO-free carbonylative Suzuki-Miyaura cross-couplings, in which Fe(CO)5supplied COin situ, leading to the propagation of catalytically active Pd-Fe nanoparticles. Compared with typical carbonylative reaction conditions, CO gas (at high pressures), specialised exogenous ligands and inert reaction conditions were avoided. Our developed reaction conditions are mild, do not require specialised CO high pressure equipment, and exhibit wide functional group tolerance, giving a library of biaryl ketones in good yields.
- Zhu, Zhuangli,Wang, Zhenhua,Jian, Yajun,Sun, Huaming,Zhang, Guofang,Lynam, Jason M.,McElroy, C. Robert,Burden, Thomas J.,Inight, Rebecca L.,Fairlamb, Ian J. S.,Zhang, Weiqiang,Gao, Ziwei
-
supporting information
p. 920 - 926
(2021/02/09)
-
- Palladium nanoparticles on amino-modified silica-catalyzed C–C bond formation with carbonyl insertion
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Abstract: A practical and heterogeneously catalyzed Stille, homo-coupling, and Suzuki carbonylation reaction has been reported using Pd nanoparticles supported on amino-vinyl silica-functionalized magnetic carbon nanotube (CNT@Fe3O4@SiO2-Pd) for the efficient synthesis of symmetrical and unsymmetrical diaryl ketones from aryl iodides. A wide variety of symmetrical and unsymmetrical diaryl ketones were obtained in high yields under CO gas-free conditions using Mo(CO)6 as an efficient carbonyl source. Considering the atom economy of Ph3SnCl, less than an equimolar amount can be applied in Stille transformation, which is of great importance due to the toxicity of organotin derivatives. Moreover, no phosphine ligand and external reducing agent were necessary in these coupling carbonylation reactions. This heterogeneous Pd catalyst offers high activity with very low palladium leaching. Finally, the catalyst can be reused and recycled for six steps without loss in activity, exhibiting good example of sustainable methodology. Graphic abstract: [Figure not available: see fulltext.].
- Etemadi-Davan, Elham,Khalili, Dariush,Banazadeh, Ali Reza,Sadri, Ghazal,Arshad, Pourya
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p. 1891 - 1903
(2021/02/01)
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- Recyclable polyetheretherketone fiber-supported N-heterocyclic carbene catalysts for nucleophilic acylation of fluorobenzenes
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We report for the first time a novel support of polyetheretherketone fiber for the synthesis of recyclable N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) catalysts. The fiber catalysts were verified in nucleophilic acylation of fluorobenzenes with superior catalytic activities, and successfully recycled by a tiny pair of tweezers over 21 cycles with minimal loss of performance.
- Shi, Xian-Lei,Sun, Benyu,Hu, Qianqian,Liu, Kun,Li, Pengyu,Wang, Juanjuan
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supporting information
p. 11390 - 11393
(2020/10/12)
-
- Ruthenium-Catalyzed Dehydrogenation of Alcohols with Carbodiimide via a Hydrogen Transfer Mechanism
-
Ruthenium-catalyzed oxidative dehydrogenation of alcohols using carbodiimide as an efficient hydrogen acceptor has been developed. The protocol exhibits wide substrate scope with good to excellent yields. The results of the kinetic analysis indicated that the reaction mechanism includes the hydrogen transfer process and that the addition of carbodiimide is essential for the reaction system, and the resulting amidine also could react as a hydrogen acceptor.
- Sueki, Shunsuke,Matsuyama, Mizuki,Watanabe, Azumi,Kanemaki, Arata,Katakawa, Kazuaki,Anada, Masahiro
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p. 4878 - 4885
(2020/06/02)
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- Novel and efficient bridged bis(N-heterocyclic carbene)palladium(II) catalysts for selective carbonylative Suzuki–Miyaura coupling reactions to biaryl ketones and biaryl diketones
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Bridged N,N′-substituted bisbenzimidazolium bromide salts (L1, L2, and L3) were synthesized and fully characterized. Reactions of palladium acetate with L1, L2, and L3 afforded corresponding new bridged bis(N-heterocyclic carbene)palladium(II) complexes (C1, C2, and C3) in high yields. The X-ray structure of complex C1 showed that the Pd(II) ion is bonded to the two carbon atoms of the bis(N-heterocyclic carbene) and two bromido ligands are in the cis position, resulting in a distorted square planar geometry. The three Pd(NHC)2Br2 complexes C1, C2, and C3 were evaluated in carbonylative Suzuki–Miyaura coupling reactions of aryl boronic acids with aryl halides and displayed high catalytic activity with low catalyst loading. The coupling reactions of aryl bromides were selective towards the carbonylation product at higher carbon monoxide pressure.
- El Ali, Bassam,Fettouhi, Mohammed,Mansour, Waseem
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- Endergonic addition of N -methylamines to aromatic ketones driven by photochemical offset of the entropic cost
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Intermolecular addition reactions are generally accompanied by an entropic penalty due to the decrease of molecular numbers during the reaction, which sometimes makes the reaction endergonic. Here we demonstrate that such an endergonic reaction can be promoted with light-energy as a driving force; N-methylamines were added to aromatic ketones to produce aminoalcohols under UV-light irradiation. The reaction represents an obvious example showing that the photochemical approach is effective to offset such an entropic cost, and thereby to drive thermodynamically uphill addition reactions. Moreover the present reactions are highly expedient from the synthetic view point, being transition-metal-catalyst-free, scalable, highly atom economical, and regioselective. The product amines can be converted in one step to functional multi-arylated enamines, which are potentially valuable compounds in electronic materials.
- Iwamoto, Takahiro,Hosokawa, Atsushi,Nakamura, Masaharu
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supporting information
p. 11683 - 11686
(2019/10/02)
-
- Reactions of hydrazones and hydrazides with Lewis acidic boranes
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The reaction of (diphenylmethylene)hydrazone or 1,4-bis-hydrazone-ylidene(phenylmethyl)benzene with Lewis acidic boranes B(2,4,6-F3C6H2)3 or B(3,4,5-F3C6H2)3 generates the Lewis acid-base adducts. Alternatively, when (9H-fluoren-9-ylidene)hydrazone is employed several products were isolated including 1,2-di(9H-fluoren-9-ylidene)hydrazone, the 2:1 borane adduct of NH2-NH2 and the 1-(diarylboraneyl)-2-(9H-fluoren-9-ylidene)hydrazone in which one ArH group has been eliminated. The benzhydrazide starting material also initially gives an adduct when reacted with Lewis acidic boranes which upon heating eliminates ArH generating a CON2B heterocycle.
- Gazis, Theodore A.,Dasgupta, Ayan,Hill, Michael S.,Rawson, Jeremy M.,Wirth, Thomas,Melen, Rebecca L.
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supporting information
p. 12391 - 12395
(2019/08/26)
-
- Ketone Synthesis by a Nickel-Catalyzed Dehydrogenative Cross-Coupling of Primary Alcohols
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An intermolecular coupling of primary alcohols and organotriflates has been developed to provide ketones by the action of a Ni(0) catalyst. This oxidative transformation is proposed to occur by the union of three distinct catalytic cycles. Two competitive oxidation processes generate aldehyde in situ via hydrogen transfer oxidation or (pseudo)dehalogenation pathways. As aldehyde forms, a Ni-catalyzed carbonyl-Heck process enables formation of the key carbon-carbon bond. The utility of this rare alcohol to ketone transformation is demonstrated through the synthesis of diverse complex and bioactive molecules.
- Verheyen, Thomas,Van Turnhout, Lars,Vandavasi, Jaya Kishore,Isbrandt, Eric S.,De Borggraeve, Wim M.,Newman, Stephen G.
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supporting information
(2019/05/08)
-
- Ketone Synthesis by a Nickel-Catalyzed Dehydrogenative Cross-Coupling of Primary Alcohols
-
An intermolecular coupling of primary alcohols and organotriflates has been developed to provide ketones by the action of a Ni(0) catalyst. This oxidative transformation is proposed to occur by the union of three distinct catalytic cycles. Two competitive oxidation processes generate aldehyde in situ via hydrogen transfer oxidation or (pseudo)dehalogenation pathways. As aldehyde forms, a Ni-catalyzed carbonyl-Heck process enables formation of the key carbon-carbon bond. The utility of this rare alcohol to ketone transformation is demonstrated through the synthesis of diverse complex and bioactive molecules.
- Verheyen, Thomas,Van Turnhout, Lars,Vandavasi, Jaya Kishore,Isbrandt, Eric S.,De Borggraeve, Wim M.,Newman, Stephen G.
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supporting information
p. 6869 - 6874
(2019/05/10)
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- Efficient N-heterocyclic carbene palladium(II) catalysts for carbonylative Suzuki-Miyaura coupling reactions leading to aryl ketones and diketones
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New N, N′-substituted imidazolium salts (L1 and L2) and their corresponding diiodopyridinepalladium(II) complexes (C1 and C2) were successfully synthesized and characterized. Reactions of palladium iodide with the newly synthesized N, N′-substituted imidazolium iodides in pyridine afforded the corresponding new palladium-N-heterocyclic carbene pyridine complexes in high yields. The new palladium(II) complex C1 was characterized by single crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. The Pd(II) ion is bonded to the nitrogen atom of the pyridine, the carbon atom of the NHC carbene ligand and two trans iodides resulting in distorted square planar geometry. The two Pd-NHC-Py complexes C1 and C2 displayed higher catalytic activity in the carbonylative Suzuki-Miyaura coupling reactions with much lower catalyst loading as compared to the catalytic systems reported in the literature.
- Ibrahim, Mansur,Malik, Imran,Mansour, Waseem,Sharif, Muhammad,Fettouhi, Mohammed,El Ali, Bassam
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- Synthesis and palladium(II) metal chemistry of thiazoline/imidazoline derived ligands: An efficient catalyst for cross-coupling reactions of arylboronic acids with acid chlorides and aryl halides
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The synthesis, reactivity, spectroscopic characterization and catalytic activities of a series of Pd(II) complexes bearing the chelating ligands 2-(4,5-dihydrothiazol-2-yl)aniline (2) and 2-(4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-yl)aniline (3) are reported. The reactions of 2 with [Pd(COD)Cl2] in 1:1 and 1:2 (ligand into metal and metal into ligand) molar ratios afforded the mononuclear complexes, PdCl2{κ2?N,S ? 2?(4,5-dihydrothiazol-2-yl)aniline} (4), Pd{κ2?N,N’?2?(4,5-dihydrothiazol-2-yl)aniline}2 (5) and Pd{κ12?N,N’?κ22?N,S ? 2?(4,5-dihydrothiazol-2-yl)aniline}2 (6), respectively, in good yields. The neutral mononuclear palladium complexes PdCl2{κ2?N,N’?(4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-yl)aniline} (7) and Pd{κ2?N,N’?2?(4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-yl)aniline}2 (8) were synthesized using [Pd(COD)Cl2] with appropriate molar ratios. The palladium complexes 4–8 were evaluated for their catalytic activities in base assisted cross coupling reactions between acid chlorides and aryl halide with boronic acids. The complex 4 was found to be an efficient catalyst for producing unsymmetrical ketones (TOF = 19.8 min?1) while complex 7 was effective for making biaryls (TOF = 19.8 min?1).
- Sudharsan, Murugesan,Suresh
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p. 598 - 608
(2018/09/18)
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- Palladium-catalyzed synthesis of diaryl ketones from aldehydes and (hetero)aryl halides via C-H bond activation
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We developed a palladium-catalyzed C-H transformation that enabled the synthesis of ketones from aldehydes and (hetero)aryl halides. The use of picolinamide ligands was key to achieving the transformation. Heteroaryl ketones, as well as diaryl ketones, were synthesized in good to excellent yields, even in gram-scale, using this reaction. Results of density functional theory (DFT) calculations support the C-H bond activation pathway.
- Wakaki, Takayuki,Togo, Takaya,Yoshidome, Daisuke,Kuninobu, Yoichiro,Kanai, Motomu
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p. 3123 - 3128
(2018/04/14)
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- At normal pressure fragrant ketone copper catalytic synthesis method
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The invention discloses a method of synthesizing diaryl ketone under normal pressure by virtue of copper catalysis. The method is as follows: in a solvent alcohol or aqueous liquor of alcohol, under action of alkali and acid, adding a copper catalyst, alkyl iodide, alkyl boric acid and carbon monoxide to directly carry out crossed coupling reaction to prepare diaryl ketone compounds. According to the invention, the method of preparing diaryl ketone compounds by carbonylation Suzuki coupling reaction has the advantages as follows: the catalyst is wide in source, cheap and small in toxicity; the reaction is free of ligand in reaction and good in activity; the reaction is carried out under the normal pressure and selectivity is high; a substrate source is wide and stable; functional group compatibility is good and scope of application for the substrate is wide; a reaction medium is environment-friendly and recyclable. Under the condition of optimizing reaction conditions, the target product separating yield is 95%.
- -
-
Paragraph 0026; 0027; 0030
(2017/07/14)
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- Carbonylative Suzuki Coupling Reaction Catalyzed by a Hydrospirophosphorane Palladium Complex
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A Pd complex with the H-spirophosphorane ligand, PdCl2{P(OCMe2CMe2O)OC6H4NH2} (Cat. 1), was used as the catalyst in the carbonylative Suzuki coupling of substituted iodobenzenes with arylboronic acids and with sodium tetraphenylborate. Substituted diarylketones were obtained in good to excellent yields and a selectivity over 95 % under 1 atm of CO with 1.5 mol % of the catalyst. The promoting role of the H-spirophosphorane ligand in the catalytic process was evidenced. We used X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, TEM, and 31P NMR spectroscopy to reveal that during the reaction Cat. 1 undergoes transformation into Pd complexes that bear the spirophosphorane ligand or other P ligands formed by its dealkylation and to Pd nanoparticles. All these Pd species contribute to the high productivity of the system.
- Wójcik, Przemys?aw,Sygellou, Labrini,Gniewek, Andrzej,Skar?yńska, Anna,Trzeciak, Anna
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p. 4397 - 4409
(2017/11/21)
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- Chemoselective generation of acyl phosphates, acylium ion equivalents, from carboxylic acids and an organophosphate ester in the presence of a Br?nsted acid
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We describe the chemoselective conversion of carboxylic acids to functional aromatic ketones promoted by a tailored organophosphate ester in the presence of a Br?nsted acid. The protonated phosphate ester reacts with the carboxylic acid to form acyl phosphate, which reacts with benzenes to give aromatic ketones, probably through the acylium ion or its equivalent. The reaction time is short even at room temperature, and the reaction is compatible with various other functional groups, including amines, olefins, esters, amides and nitriles.
- Sumita, Akinari,Otani, Yuko,Ohwada, Tomohiko
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supporting information
p. 1482 - 1485
(2017/02/05)
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- Coupling of aromatic aldehydes with aryl halides in the presence of nickel catalysts with diazabutadiene ligands
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Nickel catalysts with diazabutadiene ligands promote cross-coupling of benzaldehydes with aryl halides in the presence of zinc as reducing agent, which leads to the corresponding benzhydrols and benzophenones. The benzophenone percentage considerably increases when lithium chloride additive is used.
- Asachenko,Valaeva,Kudakina,Uborsky,Izmer,Kononovich,Voskoboynikov
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p. 456 - 463
(2017/03/08)
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- Carbonylative Suzuki-Miyaura coupling catalyzed by palladium supported on aminopropyl polymethylsiloxane microspheres under atmospheric pressure of CO
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Carbonylative Suzuki-Miyaura cross-coupling reactions of various aryl iodides with phenylboronic acids were catalyzed by palladium supported on amino-modified silica microspheres. Reactions performed with a very low concentration of Pd, under the atmospheric pressure of CO, led to high/moderate yields of multiple benzophenones.
- Zawartka, Wojciech,Po?piech, Piotr,Cypryk, Marek,Trzeciak, Anna M.
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- An unusual chemoselective oxidation strategy by an unprecedented exploration of an electrophilic center of DMSO: A new facet to classical DMSO oxidation
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A conceptually new dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) based oxidation process without the use of any activator has been demonstrated for the oxidation of active methylenes and benzhydrols. The developed protocol utilizes the electrophilic center of DMSO for oxidation, which was unexplored before. Mechanistic investigation has confirmed that the source of oxygen is DMSO.
- Chebolu, Rajesh,Bahuguna, Ashish,Sharma, Reena,Mishra, Vivek Kumar,Ravikumar
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supporting information
p. 15438 - 15441
(2015/10/20)
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- A Convenient Palladium-Catalyzed Carbonylative Suzuki Coupling of Aryl Halides with Formic Acid as the Carbon Monoxide Source
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A practical palladium-catalyzed carbonylative Suzuki coupling of aryl halides under carbon monoxide gas-free conditions has been developed. Here, formic acid was utilized as the carbon monoxide source for the first time with acetic anhydride as the additive. A variety of diarylketones were produced in moderate to excellent yields from the corresponding aryl halides and arylboronic acids.
- Qi, Xinxin,Jiang, Li-Bing,Li, Hao-Peng,Wu, Xiao-Feng
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supporting information
p. 17650 - 17656
(2015/12/05)
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- An efficient and recyclable thermoregulated phosphine-palladium catalyst for the carbonylative Suzuki coupling of aryl halides with arylboronic acids in water
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An efficient protocol has been developed for the carbonylative Suzuki coupling of aryl halides using the thermoregulated phosphine-palladium as a reusable catalyst in pure water. This protocol was applied to a wide variety of hindered and functionalized aryl iodides and bromides with arylboronic acids, to afford the desired biaryl ketones in good to high yields. The palladium catalyst was easily recovered in the aqueous phase and reused up to eight cycles without a significant decrease in its activity.
- Hao, Yuanping,Jiang, Jingyang,Wang, Yanhua,Jin, Zilin
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p. 106 - 110
(2015/09/28)
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- Transition-metal-free, ambient-pressure carbonylative cross-coupling reactions of aryl halides with potassium aryltrifluoroborates
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We disclose an unprecedented transition-metal-free carbonylative cross coupling of aryl halides with potassium aryl trifluoroborates even at atmospheric pressure of carbon monoxide. This protocol is efficient, operationally simple, and shows wide scope with regard to both aryl halides and potassium aryl trifluoroborates containing a series of active functional groups.
- Jin, Fengli,Han, Wei
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supporting information
p. 9133 - 9136
(2015/06/08)
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- In situ generation of palladium nanoparticles: Ligand-free palladium catalyzed pivalic acid assisted carbonylative Suzuki reactions at ambient conditions
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Highly selective carbonylative Suzuki reactions of aryl iodides with arylboronic acids using an in situ generated nanopalladium system furnished products in high yields. The reactions were performed under ambient conditions and in the absence of an added ligand. The key to success is the addition of pivalic acid, which can effectively suppress undesired Suzuki coupling. The synthesis can be easily scaled up, and the catalytic system can be reused up to nine times. The nature of the active catalytic species are discussed.
- Zhou, Qing,Wei, Shaohua,Han, Wei
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p. 1454 - 1460
(2014/03/21)
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- Copper-catalyzed carbonylative Suzuki coupling of aryl iodides with arylboronic acids under ambient pressure of carbon monoxide
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An efficient and ligandless nanocopper-catalyzed carbonylative cross-coupling of aryl iodides with arylboronic acids at ambient CO pressure in poly(ethylene glycol), has been developed. This protocol is general, practical, and recyclable, and offers an attractive alternative to the corresponding palladium-mediated carbonylative Suzuki process for the construction of biaryl ketone scaffolds.
- Cheng, Laijin,Zhong, Yanzhen,Ni, Zhuchao,Du, Hongyan,Jin, Fengli,Rong, Qi,Han, Wei
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p. 44312 - 44316
(2014/12/10)
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- In situ generated nickel nanoparticle-catalyzed carbonylative Suzuki reactions of aryl iodides with arylboronic acids at ambient CO pressure in poly(ethylene glycol)
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A general in situ generated nickel nanoparticle-catalyzed carbonylative Suzuki reactions of aryl iodides with arylboronic acids at atmospheric CO pressure in poly(ethylene glycol) has been demonstrated. A wide range of aryl iodides and arylboronic acids can be coupled to the corresponding biarylketones with high yields even in the absence of an added ligand and at low catalyst loading. The nature of the active catalytic species is discussed. This journal is
- Zhong, Yanzhen,Gong, Xinxing,Zhu, Xiaoshu,Ni, Zhuchao,Wang, Haoyang,Fu, Jinglin,Han, Wei
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p. 63216 - 63220
(2015/02/19)
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- Palladium-Catalyzed Synthesis of Biaryl Ketones via tert -Butyl Isocyanide Insertion
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A simple and efficient palladium-catalyzed carbonylative Suzuki coupling via tert-butyl isocyanide insertion has been developed, which demonstrates the utility of isocyanides in intermolecular C-C bond construction. This methodology provides a novel pathway for the synthesis of diaryl ketones in moderate to good yields. The approach is tolerant to a wide range of substrates and applicable to library synthesis. A possible reaction mechanism was proposed based on the experimental results. Georg Thieme Verlag Stuttgart. New York.
- Chen, Zhong,Duan, Huaqing,Jiang, Xiao,Wang, Jinmei,Zhu, Yongming,Yang, Shilin
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supporting information
p. 1425 - 1430
(2014/06/23)
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- A phosphane-free, atom-efficient cross-coupling reaction of triarylbismuths with acyl chlorides catalyzed by MCM-41-immobilized palladium complex
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The first phosphane-free, heterogeneous, atom-efficient cross-coupling reaction of triarylbismuths and acyl chlorides was achieved in N-methylpyrrolidone (NMP) with Bu3N as the base at 80 °C in the presence of 1.5 mol-% MCM-41-immobilized bidentate nitrogen palladium complex [MCM-41-2N-Pd(OAc)2, MCM = mobile crystalline material] to yield a variety of unsymmetrical biaryl ketones in good to excellent yields. This heterogeneous palladium catalyst exhibited a high activity, which was similar to that of Pd(PPh3)4. The catalyst can be recovered by a simple filtration of the reaction solution and recycled in at least 10 consecutive trials without any decrease in activity. Our system not only avoids the use of phosphane ligands, but also solves the basic problem of palladium catalyst recovery and reuse. The first phosphane-free, heterogeneous, atom-efficient cross-coupling reaction of triarylbismuth compounds and acyl chlorides was achieved in N-methylpyrrolidone with Bu3N as the base at 80 °C in the presence of 1.5 mol-% MCM-41-immobilized bidentate nitrogen palladium complex [MCM-41-2N-Pd(OAc)2] to yield a variety of unsymmetrical biaryl ketones in good to excellent yields. Copyright
- Zhao, Hong,Yin, Lin,Cai, Mingzhong
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p. 1337 - 1345
(2013/04/10)
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- COMPOSITIONS AND METHODS FOR INHIBITION OF CATHEPSINS
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This invention is directed to compound of Formula I and methods of using these compounds in the treatment of conditions in which modulation of a cathepsin, particularly cathepsin K or cathepsin L, will be therapeutically useful.
- -
-
Paragraph 0121
(2013/10/08)
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- An air-tolerant approach to the carbonylative suzuki-miyaura coupling: Applications in isotope labeling
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Carbonylative Suzuki-Miyaura coupling conditions have been developed that proceed without the exclusion of oxygen and in the presence of nondegassed and nondried solvents. By adapting the method to a two-chamber setup, the direct handling of carbon monoxide, produced from stable CO precursors, is avoided. The protocol afforded the desired benzophenones with excellent functional group tolerance and in good yields. Substituting the CO precursor, in the CO-producing chamber, with its carbon-13 labeled version generated the corresponding carbon-13 labeled benzophenones. Finally, the developed system was applied in the synthesis and isotope labeling of two pharmaceuticals, nordazepam and Tricor.
- Ahlburg, Andreas,Lindhardt, Anders T.,Taaning, Rolf. H.,Modvig, Amalie E.,Skrydstrup, Troels
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p. 10310 - 10318
(2013/11/06)
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- Study of the chemoselectivity of Grignard reagent addition to substrates containing both nitrile and Weinreb amide functionalities
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Several substrates containing both cyano and Weinreb amide functionalities have been synthesized to study the chemoselectivity of their reactions with organomagnesium bromides (ArMgBr and RMgBr). Excellent chemoselectivity towards the Weinreb amide was observed in most cases, even in the presence of excess Grignard reagent, affording cyano ketones in good-to-excellent yields. The reactions of various substrates containing both nitrile and Weinreb amide functionalities with Grignard reagents have been studied. The Weinreb amide reacts chemoselectively with excess Grignard reagent to give the corresponding cyano ketones in good yields. This chemoselectivity has been exploited for the synthesis of a key coumarin intermediate towards the 5-lipoxygenase inhibitor MK-0633. Copyright
- Harikrishna, Kommidi,Rakshit, Ananya,Aidhen, Indrapal Singh
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p. 4918 - 4932
(2013/08/23)
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- Ultrasound-assisted synthesis of benzophenones by Stille cross-coupling reactions. Optimization via experimental design
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A series of diaryl ketones have been synthesized in moderate to excellent yields through the selective cross-coupling reaction of benzoyl chlorides with arylstannanes using a sonochemical variation of the Stille coupling. Ultrasound significantly enhances this useful organometallic transformation affording the desired products in higher yields and shorter reaction times than conventional reactions. The scope of the protocol has been explored with a selection of arylstannanes and different aroyl chlorides as reaction partners. Remarkably, no by-products resulting from homo-coupling could be detected. The ultrasound-promoted cross-coupling reaction was optimized through experimental design.
- Luong, Martín,Domini, Claudia E.,Silbestri, Gustavo F.,Chopa, Alicia B.
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- Efficient light emitters in the solid state: Synthesis, aggregation-induced emission, electroluminescence, and sensory properties of luminogens with benzene cores and multiple triarylvinyl peripherals
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Benzene-cored luminogens with multiple triarylvinyl units are designed and synthesized. These propeller-shaped molecules are nonemissive when dissolved in good solvents, but become highly emissive when aggregated in poor solvents or in the solid state, showing the novel phenomenon of aggregation-induced emission. Restriction of intramolecular motion is identified as the main cause for this effect. Thanks to their high solid-state fluorescence quantum yields (up to unity) and high thermal and morphological stabilities, light-emitting diodes with the luminogens as emitters give sky-blue to greenish-blue light in high luminance and efficiencies of 10800 cd m-2, 5.8 cd A-1, and 2.7%, respectively. The emissions of the nanoaggregates of the luminogens can be quenched exponentially by picric acid, or selectively by Ru3+, with quenching constants up to 105 and ~2.0 × 10 5 L mol-1, respectively, making them highly sensitive (and selective) chemosensors for explosives and metal ions. Benzene-cored luminogens with multiple triarylvinyl units exhibit aggregation-induced emission. The high solid-state fluorescence quantum yields and high thermal and morphological stabilities of such emitters gave light-emitting diodes with sky-blue to greenish-blue light in high luminance and efficiencies. The emission could be quenched exponentially by picric acid, or selectively by Ru3+, making them highly sensitive (and selective) chemosensors for explosives and metal ions. Copyright
- Chan, Carrie Y. K.,Zhao, Zujin,Lam, Jacky W. Y.,Liu, Jianzhao,Chen, Shuming,Lu, Ping,Mahtab, Faisal,Chen, Xiaojun,Sung, Herman H. Y.,Kwok, Hoi Sing,Ma, Yuguang,Williams, Ian D.,Wong, Kam Sing,Tang, Ben Zhong
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experimental part
p. 378 - 389
(2012/06/30)
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- Intermolecular N-heterocyclic carbene catalyzed hydroacylation of arynes
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A formal introduction: The conceptually new N-heterocyclic carbene catalyzed formal insertion of arynes into the Cformyl-H bond of aldehydes demonstrates the compatibility of nucleophilic NHCs with electrophilic arynes. This NHC-catalyzed hydroacylation of arynes allows the conversion of aliphatic, α,β-unsaturated, and aromatic aldehydes into aryl ketones; 27 examples and a preliminary mechanistic investigation are provided. Copyright
- Biju, Akkattu T.,Glorius, Frank
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supporting information; experimental part
p. 9761 - 9764
(2011/03/16)
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- Steric control in the synthesis of p-benziporphyrins. formation of a doubly n-confused benzihexaphyrin macrocycle
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The use of 1,4-phenylene-containing tripyrrane analogs provides a general route to expanded p-benziporphyrins. The course of macrocyclization shows a striking dependence on the steric bulk of meso substituents.
- Stepien, Marcin,Szyszko, Bartosz,Latos-Grazynski, Lechostaw
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supporting information; experimental part
p. 3930 - 3933
(2009/12/05)
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- N-heterocyclic carbene-catalyzed nucleophilic aroylation of fluorobenzenes
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(Chemical Equation Presented) In N-heterocyclic carbene (NHCs) catalyzed nucleophilic substitution of fluorobenzenes, fluoro groups are replaced by aroyl groups, which are derived from aromatic aldehydes. 1,3,4,5-Tetramethylimidazol- 2-ylidene is found to be an efficient catalyst. The catalyst loading can be reduced to 1 mol % without a significant decrease in the product yields. Polysubstituted benzophenones are synthesized from fluorobenzenes and benzaldehydes by the NHC-catalyzed aroylation.
- Suzuki, Yumiko,Ota, Shinya,Fukuta, Yoshinori,Ueda, Yuki,Sato, Masayuki
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p. 2420 - 2423
(2008/09/19)
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- Efficient catalyst-free bi- and triaroylation of aromatic rings in a single step
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(Chemical Equation Presented) The exceptional leaving group ability of the trimethylstannyl group in electrophilic aromatic substitutions makes possible the synthesis, in a single step, of bi- and triaroylarenes through the catalyst-free, regioselective reaction of bi- and tristannylarenes with different aroyl halides in o-dichlorobenzene as solvent. Specific di- and triketones are obtained in good to excellent yields (45-83%).
- Lo Fiego, Marcos J.,Badajoz, Mercedes A.,Silbestri, Gustavo F.,Lockhart, Maria T.,Chopa, Alicia B.
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supporting information; experimental part
p. 9184 - 9187
(2009/04/11)
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- Synthesis of ketones from α-oxocarboxylates and aryl bromides by Cu/Pd-catalyzed decarboxylative cross-coupling
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(Chemical Equation Presented) The power of two metals: A Pd/Cu catalyst system mediates the in situ formation of acyl nucleophiles by decarboxylation of readily accessible and stable salts of α-oxocarboxylic acids and their cross-coupling with aryl or heteroaryl bromides to give ketones. The reaction may be usedin the presence of many functional groups and provides good yields.
- Goossen, Lukas J.,Rudolphi, Felix,Oppel, Christoph,Rodriguez, Nuria
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p. 3043 - 3045
(2008/12/23)
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- Atom-efficient cross-coupling reactions of triarylbismuths with acyl chlorides under Pd(0) catalysis
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The atom-efficient cross-coupling reaction of triarylbismuths with a variety of aliphatic, aromatic, and hetero-aromatic acyl chlorides was demonstrated to afford high yields of cross-coupled ketones under palladium catalysis. The corresponding cross-coupling reaction with diacid chlorides also furnished bis-coupled ketones in good yields.
- Rao, Maddali L.N.,Venkatesh, Varadhachari,Banerjee, Debasis
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p. 12917 - 12926
(2008/03/28)
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- Similarities and differences between azomethines and ketimines: Synthesis, materials characterization and structure of novel imines compounds
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Imines (ketimines and azomethines) derived from p-dibenzoylbenzene (DB) and terephthalic aldehyde (TA) and two aromatic amines: aniline and 2,6-dimethylaniline have been investigated. Compounds were synthesized via condensation of amines with carbonyl monomers in DMA or amine solution. When using DMA as a solvent, azomethines with high yields were obtained. On the other hand, the amines used as a monomers served also as an effective solvent for the synthesis of the ketanils. This different reactivity of the aldehyde and ketone groups in DMA and in amine depends on the dehydration mechanism being dominated by a kinetic process or thermodynamic one. On the basis of FTIR, 13C and 1H NMR, UV-vis spectra, thermal characteristic and theoretical calculations conclusions are drawn regarding the similarities and differences between azomethines and ketimines. {A figure is presented}.
- Iwan, Agnieszka,Kaczmarczyk, Bozena,Janeczek, Henryk,Sek, Danuta,Ostrowski, Slawomir
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p. 1030 - 1041
(2008/02/03)
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- Synthesis and photochromism of novel phenylene-linked photochromic bispyrans
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(Chemical Equation Presented) Phenylene-linked bisnaphthopyrans were synthesized in good yields via the one-pot reaction of bis-propargyl alcohols with naphthols. Temperature-dependent photochromism in 1,4-phenylene-linked bispyrans leads to up to 60 nm bathochromic shift between the colored species formed at room temperature and at -20°C. Better fatigue resistance and higher colorability was observed in 1,4-phenylene-linked bis-[2H]-naphtho[1,2-b] pyrans by comparison to the 1,3-phenylene linked bis-[2H]-naphtho[1,2-b]pyrans.
- Zhao, Weili,Carreira, Erick M.
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- New synthetic applications of indium organometallics in cross-coupling reactions
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The use of indium organometallics in multifold and sequential cross-coupling reactions is reported. Triorganoindium reagents (R3In) react, under palladium catalysis, with oligohaloarenes affording the multiple cross-coupling products in a single operation. In the reaction, the three organic groups (alkyl, aryl, alkenyl or alkynyl) attached to indium are efficiently transferred to the electrophile, with only a slight excess of organometallic reagent. We demonstrate that indium organometallics are useful reagents for sequential cross-coupling reactions. This reaction illustrates the high chemoselectivity of R3In. Georg Thieme Verlag Stuttgart.
- Pena, Miguel A.,Perez Sestelo, Jose,Sarandeses, Luis A.
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p. 485 - 492
(2007/10/03)
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- Nucleophilic acylation of arylfluorides catalyzed by imidazolidenyl carbene
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Imidazolidenyl carbene catalyzes nucleophilic acylation reaction of arylfluorides with electron withdrawing groups to give benzophenone derivatives.
- Suzuki, Yumiko,Toyota, Tomonori,Imada, Fumie,Sato, Masayuki,Miyashita, Akira
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p. 1314 - 1315
(2007/10/03)
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- A facile synthesis of 1,4-diacylbenzenes
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An efficient method for the synthesis of 1,4-diacylbenzenes has been developed employing bis-tetrabutylammonium dichromate as an oxidant. By this methodology, a series of aldehydes and ketones have been synthesised under mild reaction conditions in moderate yields.
- Suhana, Harindran,Srinivasan, Panyencheri C.
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p. 3097 - 3102
(2007/10/03)
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- Palladium-catalyzed direct conversion of carboxylic acids into ketones with organoboronic acids promoted by anhydride activators
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A new type of catalytic process to convert carboxylic acids and organoboron compounds into unsymmetrical ketones in one-pot under mild and neutral conditions was presented. The method allowed the use of an α, β-unsatuarted carboxylic acids such as trans-c
- Yamamoto,Kakino,Narahashi,Shimizu
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p. 1333 - 1345
(2007/10/03)
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- W(CO)6-Mediated desulfuroligomerization of bis-dithioacetals. New synthesis of substituted oligo(phenylene-vinylenes)
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Treatment of bisdithioacetals of 1,4-diaroylbenzenes (4) with W(CO)6 in refluxing chlorobenzene afforded the corresponding substituted oligophenylenevinylenes (OPVs) (5). Average molecular weights determined by GPC indicate that OPVs 5 have 5-13 repetitive substituted phenylenevinylene units with narrow polydispersities. Emission in the blue-green to green region was observed for these OPVs depending on the nature of the substituent. The electron-donating alkoxy substituent shifted the emission to the longer wavelength whereas the electron-withdrawing trifluoromethyl group caused a blue shift in the fluorescence spectra.
- Shiau, Chung-Wai,Shen, Clifton K.F.,Pan, Wei,Kuo, Chi-Hong,Kao, Shen Chung,Luh, Tien-Yau
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- Trifluoromethanesulfonic acid catalyzed novel friedel-crafts acylation of aromatics with methyl benzoate
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Methyl benzoate, protolytically activated by superacidic trifluoromethanesulfonic acid, reacts with aromatic compounds to give benzophenone derivatives in good to excellent yields (70-93%). Even highly deactivated nitrobenzene as well as benzotrifluoride
- Hwang, Je Pil,Surya Prakash,Olah, George A.
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p. 7199 - 7203
(2007/10/03)
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- Photochemistry and photophysics of (p-benzoylphenyl)diphenylmethyl and (p-benzoylphenyl)bis(4-tert-butylphenyl)methyl radicals in different solvents
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The photochemical reactions of (p-benzoylphenyl)diphenylmethyl (1) and (p-benzoylphenyl)bis(4-tert-butylphenyl)methyl (2) in various solvents were investigated. The photophysical parameters of the first excited doublet state of the radicals were measured using spectroscopic and kinetic methods and led to a 'molecular rotor' model to characterize the excited-state behavior. The charge-transfer excited state for both radicals was observed. Photoproducts separated from the photolysis of 1 and 2 in benzene suggest photodecomposition proceeds via H-abstraction (55%), fragmentation (20%), cyclization (10%), and addition (10%).
- Jarikov, Viktor V.,Nikolaitchik, Alexandre V.,Neckers, Douglas C.
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p. 5131 - 5140
(2007/10/03)
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- Palladium-catalyzed carbonylative cross-coupling of organoboranes with hypervalent iodonium salts: Synthesis of aromatic ketones
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The cross-coupling reaction of organoboronic acids and carbon monoxide (1 atm) with aryl-, alkenyl-, and alkynyliodonium salts at room temperature afforded unsymmetric aromatic ketones in moderate yields.
- Kang, Suk-Ku,Lim, Kwon-Ho,Ho, Pil-Su,Yoon, Seok-Keun,Son, Hoe-Joo
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p. 1481 - 1489
(2007/10/03)
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- Direct Formation and Reaction of Thienyl-Based Organocopper Reagents
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The preparation of a highly reactive zerovalent copper complex by the direct reduction of lithium (2-thienylcyano)cuprate with preformed lithium naphthalenide is described.This active copper species oxidatively adds to carbon-halogen bonds to form organocopper reagents.The ability to directly form the organocopper reagent from organic halides and active copper allows for the incorporation of a wide variety of functionalities to be present in the organic halides and the organocopper reagents.Significantly, this formulation of active copper was able to oxidatively add to allyl chlorides and acetates at low temperatures to allow the direct formation of allylic organocopper reagents without Wurtz-type homocoupling.These functionalized organocopper compounds are able to undergo a variety of reactions, such as cross-coupling with acid chlorides, 1,4-conjugate addition with α,β-unsaturated carbonyl compounds, and intermolecular and intramolecular epoxide-opening reactions.Subsequently, this copper species avoids the use of phosphine ligands affording the product isolation much more convenient than with phosphine-based organocopper reagents.
- Rieke, Reuben D.,Klein, Walter R.,Wu, Tse-Chong
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p. 2492 - 2500
(2007/10/02)
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