- Controlling the reactions of 1-bromogalactose acetate in methanol using ionic liquids as co-solvents
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The reactions of an acetobromogalactose in mixtures of methanol and one of seven different ionic liquids with varying constituent ions were studied. In general, small amounts of ionic liquid in the reaction mixture led to increases in the rate constant compared to methanol, whilst large amounts of ionic liquid led to decreases in the rate constant; this outcome differs significantly from previous reactions proceeding through this mechansim. Temperature dependent kinetic studies indicated that the dominant interaction driving these changes was between the ionic liquid and the transition state of the process. Through considering solvent parameters of ionic liquids, a relationship was found between the changes in the rate constant and both the hydrogen bond accepting ability and polarisability of the solvent, indicating that the interactions affecting reaction outcome are both specific and non-specific in nature; once more, these interactions were different to those observed in previous similar reactions. By changing the amount of ionic liquid in the reaction mixture, additional products not seen in the molecular solvent case were observed, the ratios of which are dependent on the anion of the ionic liquid and the proportion of ionic liquid in the reaction mixture. This demonstrates the importance of considering solvent effects on both the rate and product determining steps and the potential application of such changes is discussed.
- Gilbert, Alyssa,Haines, Ronald S.,Harper, Jason B.
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supporting information
p. 5442 - 5452
(2020/09/09)
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- Correlating ionic liquid solvent effects with solvent parameters for a reaction that proceeds through a xanthylium intermediate
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A unimolecular nucleophilic substitution reaction that proceeds through a xanthylium carbocation was studied in seven ionic liquid solvents. It was found that the general trend in the rate constant with changing proportion of ionic liquid in the reaction mixture was different to that seen for other unimolecular processes, with the rate constant increasing as more ionic liquid was added to the reaction mixture. A significant correlation was found between the natural logarithm of the rate constant and a combination of the Kamlet-Taft solvent parameters. This relationship indicated that the principal interaction involved hydrogen bonding between the ionic liquid and some species along the reaction coordinate. Further, this correlation enables prediction of the effects that other ionic liquids will have on this, and other, reactions that proceed through a similar intermediate.
- Gilbert, Alyssa,Bucher, G?tz,Haines, Ronald S.,Harper, Jason B.
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p. 9336 - 9342
(2019/11/13)
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- Stability of the zwitterionic liquid butyl-methyl-imidazol-2-ylidene borane
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Modification of the C2 position of the standard 1-butyl-3-methyl imidazolium cation by a borohydride group leads to a zwitterionic liquid (ZIL). The resulting imidazol-2-ylidene borane ZIL is liquid at room temperature. Dynamic viscosity as well as thermal and electrochemical stability are investigated. Thermal decomposition follows a similar pathway as in comparable imidazolium ionic liquids. The surprisingly low viscosity and good reductive stability make it a promising candidate for electrochemical applications.
- Tr?ger-Müller, Steffen,Antonietti, Markus,Liedel, Clemens
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p. 11437 - 11443
(2018/05/14)
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- Effect of Hydroxyl Groups in a Cation Structure on the Properties of Ionic Liquids
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Two series of imidazolium ionic liquids with the bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide anion were synthesized, which differ by the presence of a hydroxyl group at the ω-position of the alkyl substituent in the cation structure (nC = 2–8). The properties of the liquids were studied by DSC, TGA, and IR and NMR spectroscopy. Their thermal stability was studied, and the melting points, viscosity, and volatility in vacuum were measured. The effect of OH groups in the structure of the ionic liquid on its properties was evaluated.
- Krasovskiy,Chernikova,Glukhov,Kapustin,Koroteev
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p. 2379 - 2385
(2019/01/03)
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- Experimental Densities and Calculated Fractional Free Volumes of Ionic Liquids with Tri- and Tetra-substituted Imidazolium Cations
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Although it has been estimated that there are at least 1 million ionic liquids (ILs) that are accessible using commercially available starting materials, a great portion of the ILs that have been experimentally synthesized, characterized, and studied in a variety of applications are built around the relatively simple 1-n-alkyl-3-methylimidazolium ([Cnmim]) cation motif. Yet, there is no fundamental limitation or reason as to why tri- or tetra-functionalized imidazolium cations have received far less attention. Scant physical property data exist for just a few trifunctionalized imidazolium-based ILs and there is virtually no data on tetra-functionalized ILs. Thus, there are a broad experimental spaces on the "map" of ILs that are largely unexplored. We have sought to make an initial expedition into these "uncharted waters" and have synthesized imidazolium-based ILs with one more functional group(s) at the C(2), C(4), and/or C(5) positions of the imidazolium ring (as well as N(1) and N(3)). This manuscript reports the synthesis and experimental densities of these tri- and tetra-functionalized ILs as well as calculated densities and fractional free volumes from COSMOTherm. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of any detailed experimental measurements or computational studies relating to ILs with substitutions at the C(4) and C(5) positions.
- Yue, Shuwen,Roveda, John D.,Mittenthal, Max S.,Shannon, Matthew S.,Bara, Jason E.
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p. 2522 - 2532
(2018/07/25)
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- Dissolution of oligo(tetrafluoroethylene) and preparation of poly(tetrafluoroethylene)-based composites by using fluorinated ionic liquids
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Fluorophilic ionic liquids (ILs) showing enhanced compatibility with poly(tetrafluoroethylene) (PTFE) have been newly synthesised. The as-designed ILs contributed both to the dissolution of PTFE oligomers and to the preparation of composites with PTFE with no fear of bleed-out of the ILs.
- Tsurumaki, Akiko,Ohno, Hiroyuki
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supporting information
p. 409 - 412
(2018/02/27)
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- Rationalising the effects of ionic liquids on a nucleophilic aromatic substitution reaction
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The nucleophilic aromatic substitution reaction between 1-fluoro-2,4-dinitrobenzene and ethanol was examined in a series of ionic liquids across a range of mole fractions. Temperature-dependent kinetic analyses were undertaken to determine the activation parameters for this reaction at the highest mole fraction. As the mole fraction of ionic liquid was increased, the rate constant of the reaction also increased, however the microscopic origin of the rate enhancement was shown to be different between different ionic liquids and also between different solvent compositions. These results indicate a balance between microscopic interactions that result in the observed solvent effects and a qualitative method for analysing such interactions is introduced.
- Hawker, Rebecca R.,Wong, Michaela J.,Haines, Ronald S.,Harper, Jason B.
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supporting information
p. 6433 - 6440
(2017/08/10)
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- Ionic liquids as solvents for rhodium and platinum catalysts used in hydrosilylation reaction
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A group of imidazolium and pyridinium based ionic liquids has been synthetized, and their ability to dissolve and activate the catalysts used in hydrosilylation reaction of 1-octane and 1,1,1,3,5,5,5-heptamethyltrisiloxane was investigated. An organometallic catalyst as well as inorganic complexes of platinum and rhodium dissolved in ionic liquids were used, forming liquid solutions not miscible with the substrates or with the products of the reaction. The results show that application of such a simple biphasic catalytic system enables reuse of ionic liquid phase with catalysts in multiple reaction cycles reducing the costs and decreasing the amount of catalyst needed per mole of product.
- Zielinski, Witold,Kukawka, Rafal,Maciejewski, Hieronim,Smiglak, Marcin
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- Stereoselective iron-catalyzed alkyne hydrogenation in ionic liquids
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Iron(0) nanoparticles in ionic liquids (ILs) have been shown to catalyse the semi-hydrogenation of alkynes. In the presence of a nitrile-functionalised IL or acetonitrile, stereoselective formation of (Z)-alkenes was observed. The biphasic solvent system allowed facile separation and re-use of the catalyst. The Royal Society of Chemistry 2014.
- Gieshoff, Tim N.,Welther, Alice,Kessler, Michael T.,Prechtl, Martin H.G.,Jacobi Von Wangelin, Axel
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supporting information
p. 2261 - 2264
(2014/03/21)
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- Size matters! on the way to ionic liquid systems without ion pairing
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Several, partly new, ionic liquids (ILs) containing imidazolium and ammonium cations as well as the medium-sized [NTf2]- (0.230 nm3; Tf=CF3SO3-) and the large [Al(hfip)4]- (0.581 nm3; hfip=OC(H)(CF3)2) anions were synthesized and characterized. Their temperature-dependent viscosities and conductivities between 25 and 80°C showed typical Vogel-Fulcher-Tammann (VFT) behavior. Ion-specific self-diffusion constants were measured at room temperature by pulsed-gradient stimulated-echo (PGSTE) NMR experiments. In general, self-diffusion constants of both cations and anions in [Al(hfip) 4]--based ILs were higher than in [NTf2] --based ILs. Ionicities were calculated from self-diffusion constants and measured bulk conductivities, and showed that [Al(hfip)4] --based ILs yield higher ionicities than their [NTf2] - analogues, the former of which reach values of virtually 100% in some cases.From these observations it was concluded that [Al(hfip) 4]--based ILs come close to systems without any interactions, and this hypothesis is underlined with a Hirshfeld analysis. Additionally, a robust, modified Marcus theory quantitatively accounted for the differences between the two anions and yielded a minimum of the activation energy for ion movement at an anion diameter of slightly greater than 1 nm, which fits almost perfectly the size of [Al(hfip)4]-. Shallow Coulomb potential wells are responsible for the high mobility of ILs with such anions. Looking for ideally non-associated ionic liquids (ILs)? By performing extensive NMR diffusion, viscosity, and conductivity measurements as well as applying a modified Marcus theory to a large set of ionic liquids (ILs), it was shown that the ideal noninteracting IL anion should have an optimum diameter of 1 nm and a fluorinated surface. Several of the here described [Al(hfip)4]- (hfip=OC(H)(CF3)2) ILs fulfill these criteria. Shallow Coulomb potential wells (see figure) are responsible for the high mobility of ILs with such anions.
- Rupp, Alexander,Roznyatovskaya, Nataliya,Scherer, Harald,Beichel, Witali,Klose, Petra,Sturm, Carola,Hoffmann, Anke,Tuebke, Jens,Koslowski, Thorsten,Krossing, Ingo
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supporting information
p. 9794 - 9804
(2014/08/18)
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- Study on thermodynamic properties and estimation of polarity of ionic liquids {[Cnmmim][NTf2] (n = 2, 4)}
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Two bis(trifluoromethyl sulfonyl)imide ionic liquids [Cnmmim] [NTf2] (n = 2, 4) {1-alkyl-2,3-dimethyimidazolium-N,N- bis(trifluoromethyl sulfonyl)imide} were prepared and characterized by 1H NMR spectroscopy and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The values of their density, surface tension and refractive index were measured in the temperature range of (298.15 to 338.15 ± 0.01) K and the average contributions to the density, surface tension, and refractive index per methyl group in the alkyl chain and the addition of a methylene group in the imidazolium ring for the ILs were discussed. The dependence of volumetric properties, surface properties and molar refraction on temperature was discussed. Based on Kabo's method and Verevkin's experimental values, the molar enthalpies of vaporization, ΔHv, for [Cnmmim] [NTf2] (n = 2, 4) were estimated. As a new idea, it was put forward that ΔHv can be assumed to consist of two parts: a part corresponds with the induced energy, ΔHvn, and another part corresponds with orientation energy from the permanent dipole moment of the ion pair in ILs, ΔHvμ. The values of ΔHvn were calculated in terms of the Lawson-Ingham equation so that the values of ΔHvμ could be estimated. Using the values of ΔHv, ΔH vn and ΔHvμ, cohesive energy density, δ2 (δ is Hildebrand solubility parameter), the contribution of induced energy, δn2, and the contribution of orientation energy, δμ2, were obtained. If a liquid only has δn then it is a non-polar liquid and if a liquid not only has δn, but also has δμ then it is a polar liquid. Since the ion pairs in ILs have a permanent dipole moment, the ionic liquid has a certain polarity. Therefore, using δμ as the polarity scaling of ILs is very convenient because the values of δμ are very easy to calculate from the enthalpy of vaporization and refractive index data.
- Wei, Jie,Ma, Tianyou,Ma, Xiaoxue,Guan, Wei,Liu, Qingshan,Yang, Jiazhen
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p. 30725 - 30732
(2014/08/05)
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- Does the cation really matter? the effect of modifying an ionic liquid cation on an SN2 process
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The rate of reaction of a Menschutkin process in a range of ionic liquids with different cations was investigated, with temperature-dependent kinetic data giving access to activation parameters for the process in each solvent. These data, along with molecular dynamics simulations, demonstrate the importance of accessibility of the charged centre on the cation and that the key interactions are of a generalised electrostatic nature. The Royal Society of Chemistry.
- Tanner, Eden E. L.,Yau, Hon Man,Hawker, Rebecca R.,Croft, Anna K.,Harper, Jason B.
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supporting information
p. 6170 - 6175
(2013/09/12)
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- Probing the importance of ionic liquid structure: A general ionic liquid effect on an SNAr process
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The effect of a range of ionic liquids, with systematic variations in the cation and anion, on the rate constant of an aromatic substitution process was investigated. Temperature-dependent kinetic data allowed calculation of activation parameters for the process in each solvent. These data demonstrate a generalised ionic liquid effect, with an increase in rate constant observed in each ionic solvent, though the microscopic origins of the rate constant enhancement differ with the nature of the ionic liquid.
- Tanner, Eden E. L.,Hawker, Rebecca R.,Yau, Hon Man,Croft, Anna K.,Harper, Jason B.
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supporting information
p. 7516 - 7521
(2013/11/06)
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- Steric, hydrogen-bonding and structural heterogeneity effects on the nucleophilic substitution of N-(p-fluorophenyldiphenylmethyl)-4-picolinium chloride in ionic liquids
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The nucleophilic substitution of N-(p-fluorophenyldiphenylmethyl)-4- picolinium chloride was investigated using water and a range of alcoholic nucleophiles in ionic liquid solvents. The reactivity patterns across the nucleophiles examined could be attributed to steric factors, which mediated the relative nucleophilicities. Reducing the hydrogen-bond acidity of the ionic liquid cation was found to generally increase the rate of reaction, however, the magnitude of this rate effect could be influenced by the steric bulk of the nucleophile and the structural heterogeneity of the ionic liquid. Preferential solvation phenomena in binary mixtures of ionic liquids were examined and suggest that the mechanism behind the hydrogen-bond solvation phenomenon arises from direct cation-mediated, rather than indirect anion-mediated, effects. The Royal Society of Chemistry 2013.
- Weber, Cameron C.,Masters, Anthony F.,Maschmeyer, Thomas
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p. 2534 - 2542
(2013/06/05)
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- Standard pKa scales of carbon-centered indicator acids in ionic liquids: Effect of media and structural implication
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Energetics of bond dissociation, especially the R-H bond heterolysis free energy (pKa), has played a central role in promoting chemistry to become a rational science. Despite the oceans of acidity studies in the literature, the current knowledge is limited to that in the classical molecular solvents and is unable to be extended to anticipate the acidity changes in ionic media. As the latter is now very popular for replacing volatile organic solvents, it becomes highly desirable to know how the driving force of bond cleavage is varied as the medium composition is switched from neutral molecules to the charged ions. Here we describe a general approach to measure absolute pKa's in pure ionic liquid (IL). The standard conditions warranting accurate measurement were outlined. The pKa's of the selected 18 C-H type indicator acids in four ILs were determined and a convenient indicator platform was constructed for easy expansion of acidity scales. These absolute pKa's make possible, for the first time, direct comparisons of bond energies in IL with those in molecular solvent and in the gas phase and should be able to serve as the standard parameters for calibrating computational methods suitable for the studies in ionic media. The effect of cation and anion in IL in relation to structure was analyzed.
- Deng, Hui,Li, Xin,Chu, Yuan,He, Jiaqi,Cheng, Jin-Pei
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p. 7291 - 7298
(2012/11/07)
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- 1-Alkyl-2,3-dimethylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide ionic liquids as highly safe electrolyte for Li/LiFePO4 battery
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Several 1-alkyl-2,3-dimethylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide ionic liquids (alkyl-DMimTFSI) were prepared by changing carbon chain lengths and configuration of the alkyl group, and their electrochemical properties and compatibility with Li/LiFePO4 battery electrodes were investigated in detail. Experiments indicated the type of ionic liquid has a wide electrochemical window (-0.16 to 5.2 V vs. Li+/Li) and are theoretically feasible as an electrolyte for batteries with metallic lithium as anode. Addition of vinylene carbonate (VC) improves the compatibility of alkyl-DMimTFSI-based electrolytes towards lithium anode and LiFePO4 cathode, and enhanced the formation of solid electrolyte interface to protect lithium anodes from corrosion. The electrochemical properties of the ionic liquids obviously depend on carbon chain length and configuration of the alkyl, including ionic conductivity, viscosity, and charge/discharge capacity etc. Among five alkyl-DMimTFSI-LiTFSI-VC electrolytes, Li/LiFePO4 battery with the electrolyte-based on amyl-DMimTFSI shows best charge/discharge capacity and reversibility due to relatively high conductivity and low viscosity, its initial discharge capacity is about 152.6 mAh g-1, which the value is near to theoretical specific capacity (170 mAh g-1). Although the battery with electrolyte-based isooctyl-DMimTFSI has lowest initial discharge capacity (8.1 mAh g-1) due to relatively poor conductivity and high viscosity, the value will be dramatically added to 129.6 mAh g-1 when 10% propylene carbonate was introduced into the ternary electrolyte as diluent. These results clearly indicates this type of ionic liquids have fine application prospect for lithium batteries as highly safety electrolytes in the future.
- Yan, Cai,Zaijun, Li,Hailang, Zhang,Yinjun, Fang,Xu, Fan,Junkang, Liu
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experimental part
p. 4728 - 4733
(2010/10/02)
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- Esterification in ionic liquids: The influence of solvent basicity
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(Chemical Equation Presented) The second-order rate constant (k 2) for the esterification of methoxyacetic acid with benzyl alcohol is reported in a range of ionic and molecular solvents. The solvent effects on esterification rate are examined by using a linear solvation energy relationship based on the Kamlet-Taft solvent scales (α, β, and π*). It is shown that the hydrogen bond basicity of the solvent is the dominant parameter in determining the esterification rate and that the best rates are achieved in low basicity solvents.
- Wells, Thomas P.,Hallett, Jason P.,Williams, Charlotte K.,Welton, Tom
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p. 5585 - 5588
(2008/12/20)
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- A rationalization of the solvent effect on the Diels-Alder reaction in ionic liquids using multiparameter linear solvation energy relationships
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The Diels-Alder reaction between cyclopentadiene and three dienophiles (acrolein, methyl acrylate and acrylonitrile) having different hydrogen bond acceptor abilities has been carried out in several ionic liquids and molecular solvents in order to obtain information about the factors affecting reactivity and selectivity. The solvent effects on these reactions are examined using multiparameter linear solvation energy relationships. The collected data provide evidence that the solvent effects are a function of both the solvent and the solute. For a solvent effect to be seen, the solute must have a complimentary character; selectivities and rates are determined by the solvent hydrogen bond donation ability (α) in the reactions of acrolein and methyl acrylate, but not of acrylonitrile. The Royal Society of Chemistry 2008.
- Bini, Riccardo,Chiappe, Cinzia,Mestre, Veronica Llopsis,Pomelli, Christian Silvio,Welton, Thomas
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supporting information; experimental part
p. 2522 - 2529
(2009/02/02)
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- Bicyclic imidazolium-based ionic liquids: synthesis and characterization
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We previously reported the use of imidazole as starting compound for preparing a bicyclic imidazolium ionic liquid, [b-3C-im][NTf2], with an overall 29% isolated yield in four synthetic steps. This new room temperature ionic liquid was shown to be far more chemically stable than commonly used [bmim][PF6], [bdmim][PF6], and [bdmim][NTf2]. Because of this intriguing chemical stability, it prompted us to develop a more generalized and high yielding synthesis so that molecular diversity of bicyclic ionic liquids may be explored. In this work, we amended the previous synthetic route by employing 4-chlorobutyronitrile or 5-chlorovaleronitrile as starting materials and successfully developed a five-step synthesis of a series of novel bicyclic imidazolium-based ionic liquids in 40-53% overall isolated yields. We investigated intrinsic reactivity of all bicyclic ionic liquids prepared and found that, under strongly basic conditions, among all tested ionic liquids the 5,5-membered [R-3C-im][NTf2] ionic liquids were most stable to solvent deuterium isotope exchange while the previously reported [bdmim][NTf2] ionic liquid was 50% deuterium exchanged at its C-2 methyl in 30 min at ambient temperature. Under identical condition, the commonly used [bmim][NTf2] ionic liquid was deuterium exchanged instantaneously at its C-2 hydrogen. In the absence of bases, only [bmim][PF6] was deuterium exchanged (50% within 1 h) and all other ionic liquids gave no detectable exchanges even after 25 days at ambient temperature. Moreover, both [bmim][NTf2] and [bdmim][NTf2] ionic liquids were readily methylated at C-2 position with methyl iodide under basic condition at room temperature. Under the same condition, [R-3C-im][NTf2] and [R-4C-im][NTf2] ionic liquids were completely stable and chemically inert. We envisioned that [R-3C-im][NTf2] should be well suited as solvents for organic synthesis.
- Kan, Huang-Chuan,Tseng, Ming-Chung,Chu, Yen-Ho
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p. 1644 - 1653
(2007/10/03)
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- How to predict the physical properties of ionic liquids: A volume-based approach
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(Chemical Equation Presented) The molecular volume Vm (that is, the sum of the ionic volumes Vion of the constituent ions) of an ionic liquid (IL) in combination with an anion-dependent empirical relationship is all one needs to predict physical properties such as viscosity, conductivity, and density of [N(CN)2]-, [BF4]-, [PF6]-, and [N(SO2CF3) 2]- ionic liquids, including those which may as yet only exist on paper.
- Slattery, John M.,Daguenet, Corinne,Dyson, Paul J.,Schubert, Thomas J. S.,Krossing, Ingo
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p. 5384 - 5388
(2008/03/15)
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- Synthesis of fused tetrahydro-β-carbolinequinoxalinones in 1-n-butyl-2,3-dimethylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide ([bdmim][Tf2N]) and 1-n-butyl-2,3-dimethylimidazolium perfluorobutylsulfonate ([bdmim][PFBuSO3]) ionic liquids
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Starting from tryptophan methyl ester, a three-step synthesis of fused tetrahydro-β-carbolinequinoxalinones in two new ionic liquids, [bdmim][Tf2N] and [bdmim][PFBuSO3], was described. Both ionic liquids can be readily prepared from commercially available starting materials in high yields. Unlike the commonly used [PF6]-based ionic liquids that evidently undergo slow hydrolysis of the PF6 anion with the concomitant release of HF, ionic liquids of [bdmim][Tf2N] and [bdmim][PFBuSO3] are not only chemically stable but also apparently inert to hydrolysis and therefore organic reactions carried out in both ionic liquids proceed smoothly with good yields. The overall isolated yields for this three-step synthesis of tetrahydro-β-carbolinequinoxalinones were 34-55%. To the best of our knowledge, the preparation of fused tetrahydro-β- carbolinequinoxalinones was unprecedented.
- Tseng, Ming-Chung,Liang, Yang-Min,Chu, Yen-Ho
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p. 6131 - 6136
(2007/10/03)
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- Method of producing nitrile compounds
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The present invention relates to the manufacture of nitrile compounds from unsaturated organic compounds by reaction with hydrogen cyanide. It relates more particularly to the manufacture of nitrile compounds of use in the synthesis of adiponitrile, an important chemical intermediate in the manufacture of major chemical compounds, such as hexamethylenediamine and ε-caprolactam. The invention provides a process for the manufacture of organic compounds comprising at least one nitrile functional group by carrying out a hydrocyanation reaction between hydrogen cyanide and an organic compound comprising at least one ethylenic unsaturation. This reaction is carried out in the presence of a catalytic system comprising a metal element chosen from the group consisting of nickel, platinum and palladium and an organophosphorus ligand, the reaction medium additionally comprising an ionic liquid in the liquid state at least at the temperature at which the hydrocyanation reaction is carried out.
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- Solvent-solute interactions in ionic liquids
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A range of ionic liquids was studied utilizing the Kamlet-Taft parameters hydrogen bond acidity (α), hydrogen bond basicity (β), and dipolarity/polarizability effects (π*). Some of the ionic liquids studied were methanol, acetonitrile, acetone, dichloromethane, toluene, hexane, and water. π* was high for all the ionic liquids investigated and varied with both anion and cation. α was generally moderate and depended chiefly on the cation. β was also moderate and depended mainly on the anion. Comparison was made with other polarity measurements in ionic liquids.
- Crowhurst, Lorna,Mawdsley, Philip R.,Perez-Arlandis, Juan M.,Salter, Paul A.,Welton, Tom
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p. 2790 - 2794
(2007/10/03)
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- Process of telomerizing conjugated dienes
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The present invention is related to a process for telomerizing a conjugated diene which comprises reacting said conjugated diene with a compound containing active hydrogen in the presence of a catalyst system comprising at least one transition metal compound, at least one phosphorus-containing compound, and at least one salt which forms a liquid under the conditions of the telomerization process.
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- Imidazolium salts and the use of these ionic liquids as a solvent and as a catalyst
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New 1,2,3- or 1,2,3,4- or 1,2,3,4,5- substituted imidazolium salts and their uses as solvent in catalyzed organic reactions, as well as compositions containing them and a transition metal compound. They can be used in the following reactions : the telomerisation of conjugated dienes, the dimerisation of olefins, the oligomerisation of olefins, the polymerization of olefins, the alkylation of olefins, the hydrogenation of olefins, the olefin metathesis, the hydroformylation of olefins, the ring-closing metathesis of olefins, the ring-opening metathesis polymerisation of olefins, the symetric or asymetric epoxidation of olefins (including heteroatom substituted olefins) and the cyclopropanation of olefins, the condensation reaction, the hydrogenation reaction, the isomerization reaction, the Suzuki cross-coupling reactions, the amination reaction, the partial oxidation of alkancs, the kinetic resolution of racemic mixtures, the hydrogenation of imines, the hydrogenation of ketones, the transfer hydrogenation and the hydroxylation of aromatic organic compounds.
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