- Electro-Oxidative Selective Esterification of Methylarenes and Benzaldehydes
-
A mild and green electro-oxidative protocol to construct aromatic esters from methylarenes and alcohols is herein reported. Importantly, the reaction is free of metals, chemical oxidants, bases, acids, and operates at room temperature. Moreover, the design of the electrolyte was found critical for the oxidation state and structure of the coupling products, a rarely documented effect. This electro-oxidative coupling process also displays exceptional tolerance of many fragile easily oxidized functional groups such as hydroxy, aldehyde, olefin, alkyne, as well as neighboring benzylic positions. The enantiomeric enrichment of some chiral alcohols is moreover preserved during this electro-oxidative coupling reaction, making it overall a promising synthetic tool.
- Yu, Congjun,?zkaya, Bünyamin,Patureau, Frederic W.
-
supporting information
p. 3682 - 3687
(2021/02/01)
-
- Assessment of the regioselectivity in the condensation reaction of unsymmetrical o-phthaldialdehydes with alanine
-
One approach for the synthesis of isoindolinones, a privileged bioactive heterocyclic core structure, involves a condensation reaction of o-phthaldialdehydes with a suitable nitrogen-containing nucleophile. This fascinating reaction is revisited here in the context of the use of o-phthaldialdehydes that contain additional substituents in the aromatic ring leading to a detailed analysis of the regioselectivity of the reaction. Eleven monosubstituted o-phthaldialdehydes were synthesised and reacted with alanine. The regioselectivity observed across the eleven substrates led to the design of a disubstituted substrate that reacted with very high control. A gram-scale reaction followed by esterification gave one major regioisomer in high yield. In addition, the regioselectivity observed on reaction of two novel monodeuterated substrates led to an increased mechanistic understanding.
- D'Hollander, Agathe C.A.,Westwood, Nicholas J.
-
supporting information
p. 224 - 239
(2017/12/08)
-
- Series of structural and functional models for the ES (enzyme-substrate) complex of the Co(II)-containing quercetin 2,3-dioxygenase
-
A series of mononuclear CoII-flavonolate complexes [Co IILR(fla)] (LRH = 2-{[bis(pyridin-2-ylmethyl) amino]methyl}-p/m-R-benzoic acid; R = p-OMe (1), p-Me (2), m-Br (4), and m-NO2 (5); fla = flavonolate) were designed and synthesized as structural and functional models for the ES (enzyme-substrate) complexes to mimic the active site of the Co(II)-containing quercetin 2,3-dioxygenase (Co-2,3-QD). The metal center Co(II) ion in each complex shows a similar distorted octahedral geometry. The model complexes display high enzyme-type dioxygenation reactivity (oxidative O-heterocyclic ring opening of the coordinated substrate flavonolate) at low temperature, presumably due to the attached carboxylate group in the ligands. The reactivity exhibits a substituent group dependent order of -OMe (1) > -Me (2) > -H (3)14b > -Br (4) > -NO2 (5), and the Hammett plot is linear (ρ = -0.78). This can be explained as the electronic nature of the substituent group in the ligands may influence the conformation and redox potential of the bound flavonolate and finally bring different reactivity. The structures, properties, and reactivity of the model complexes show some dependence on the substituent group in the supporting model ligands, and there is some relationship among them. This study is the first example of a series of structural and functional ES models of Co-2,3-QD, with focus on the effects of the electronic nature of substituted groups and the carboxylate group of the ligands to the dioxygenation reactivity, that will provide important insights into the structure-property-reactivity relationship and the catalytic role of Co-2,3-QD.
- Sun, Ying-Ji,Huang, Qian-Qian,Zhang, Jian-Jun
-
p. 2932 - 2942
(2014/04/03)
-
- Isosteric analogs of lenalidomide and pomalidomide: Synthesis and biological activity
-
A series of analogs of the immunomodulary drugs lenalidomide (1) and pomalidomide (2), in which the amino group is replaced with various isosteres, was prepared and assayed for immunomodulatory activity and activity against cancer cell lines. The 4-methyl and 4-chloro analogs 4 and 15, respectively, displayed potent inhibition of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) in LPS-stimulated hPBMC, potent stimulation of IL-2 in a human T cell co-stimulation assay, and anti-proliferative activity against the Namalwa lymphoma cell line. Both of these analogs displayed oral bioavailability in rat.
- Ruchelman, Alexander L.,Man, Hon-Wah,Zhang, Weihong,Chen, Roger,Capone, Lori,Kang, Jian,Parton, Anastasia,Corral, Laura,Schafer, Peter H.,Babusis, Darius,Moghaddam, Mehran F.,Tang, Yang,Shirley, Michael A.,Muller, George W.
-
p. 360 - 365
(2013/02/23)
-
- Metabolically stable dibenzo[ b, e ]oxepin-11(6 H)-ones as highly selective p38 MAP kinase inhibitors: Optimizing anti-cytokine activity in human whole blood
-
Five series of metabolically stable disubstituted dibenzo[b,e]oxepin-11(6H) -ones were synthesized and tested in a p38α enzyme assay for their inhibition of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) release in human whole blood. Compared to the monosubstituted dibenzo[b,e]oxepin-11(6H)-one derivatives, it has been shown that the additional introduction of hydrophilic residues at position 9 leads to a substantial improvement of the inhibitory potency and metabolic stability. Using protein X-ray crystallography, the binding mode of the disubstituted dibenzoxepinones and the induction of a glyince flip in the hinge region were confirmed. The most potent compound of this series, 32e, shows an outstanding biological activity on isolated p38α, with an IC50 value of 1.6 nM, extraordinary selectivity (by a factor >1000, Kinase WholePanelProfiler), and low ATP competitiveness. The ability to inhibit the release of TNF-α from human whole blood was optimized down to an IC50 value of 125 nM. With the promising dibenzoxepinone inhibitor 3i, a pharmacokinetic study in mice was conducted.
- Baur, Benjamin,Storch, Kirsten,Martz, Kathrin E.,Goettert, Marcia I.,Richters, André,Rauh, Daniel,Laufer, Stefan A.
-
supporting information
p. 8561 - 8578
(2013/12/04)
-
- ESTROGEN RECEPTOR MODULATORS AND USES THEREOF
-
Described herein are compounds that are estrogen receptor modulators. Also described are pharmaceutical compositions and medicaments that include the compounds described herein, as well as methods of using such estrogen receptor modulators, alone and in combination with other compounds, for treating diseases or conditions that are mediated or dependent upon estrogen receptors.
- -
-
Page/Page column 115
(2012/01/05)
-
- FARNESOID X RECEPTOR AGONISTS
-
The present invention relates to famesoid X receptors (FXR, NR1H4) FXR is a member of the nuclear receptor class of ligand-activate transcription factors More particularly, the present invention relates to compounds useful as agonists for FXR, pharmaceutical formulations comprising such compounds, and therapeutic use of the same Novel isoxazole compounds are disclosed as part of pharmaceutical compositions for the treatment of a condition mediated by decreased FXR activity, such as obesity, diabetes, cholestatic liver disease, liver fibrosis, and metabolic syndrome
- -
-
Page/Page column 214
(2009/03/07)
-
- ISOINDOLE DERIVATIVES
-
This invention relates to compounds of formula (I) or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, a process of making these compounds, pharmaceutical compositions containing one or more of these compounds or their salts, and their use for the treatment of schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, or other central nervous system disorders.
- -
-
Page/Page column 35
(2010/11/30)
-
- Isoindol-1,3-dione and isoindol-1-one derivatives with high binding affinity to β-amyloid fibrils
-
Based on the structural features of Indoprofen and PIB, a series of isoindol-1,3-diones 1a-k and isoindol-1-ones 2a-l were designed and synthesized. These 23 compounds were evaluated by competitive binding assay against aggregated Aβ42 fibrils using [125I]TZDM. All the isoindolone derivatives showed very good binding affinities with Ki values in the subnanomolar range (0.42-0.94 nM). Among them, isoindol-1,3-diones 1i and 1k and isoindol-1-ones 2c and 2i exhibited excellent binding affinities (Ki = 0.42-0.44 and 0.46-0.49 nM) than those of Indoprofen (Ki = 0.52 nM) and PIB (Ki = 0.70 nM). These results suggest that isoindolones could be served as a scaffold for potential AD diagnostic probes to monitor Aβ fibrils.
- Lee, Hyu Ji,Lim, Soo Jeong,Oh, Seung Jun,Moon, Dae Hyuk,Kim, Dong Jin,Tae, Jinsung,Yoo, Kyung Ho
-
p. 1628 - 1631
(2008/09/19)
-
- BICYCLIC DERIVATIVES AS P38 KINASE INHIBITORS
-
New bicyclic derivatives of formula (I); wherein the meanings for the various substituents are as disclosed in the description. These compounds are useful as p38 kinase inhibitors.
- -
-
Page/Page column 39
(2010/11/25)
-
- FXR AGONISTS
-
Compounds of formula wherein variables are as defined herein and their pharmaceutical compositions and methods of use are disclosed as useful for treating dyslipidemia and related diseases.
- -
-
Page/Page column 50
(2008/06/13)
-
- 2,3-DIHYDRO-ISOINDOL-1-ONES WITH MAO-B INHIBITING ACTIVITY
-
2,3 Dihydro-isoindol-1-one derivatives, processes for their production, their use as pharmaceuticals and pharmaceutical compositions comprising them, for the prevention and treatment of diseases which are mediated by monoamine oxidase B inhibitors.
- -
-
-
- Novel cyclic amide derivatives
-
Novel compounds represented by the following formula (I) that act as a ligand to sigma receptor/binding cite and a medicament comprising the same as an active ingredient: wherein X represents an alkyl group, an aryl group, a heterocyclic group or the like; Q represents a group represented by —CH2—, —CO—, —O—, —CH(OR7)— or the like wherein R7 represents a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group or the like; n represents an integer of from 0 to 5; R1 and R2 each represent a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group or the like; B represents either of the following groups: wherein R3, R4, R5, and R6 each represent a hydrogen atom, a halogen atom, an alkoxyl group or the like; m represents 1 or 2; and the ring of: represents an aromatic heterocyclic ring.
- -
-
-
- Regioselectivity of the Base-Induced Ring Cleavage of 1-Oxygenated Derivatives of Cyclobutabenzene
-
Oxy anions 3 generated from 1,2-dihydrocyclobutabenzen-1-ones 1 through addition of a charged nucleophile or from 1-hydroxy-1,2-dihydrocyclobutabenzenes 2 by deprotonation with base lead to stable products through distal and/or proximal cleavage of the strained four-membered ring via benzyl carbanion 4 and/or aryl carbanion 5. A systematic study of this process reveals the relative stability of the two isomeric carbanions 4 and 5 as a key factor in determining the course of the ring-cleavage reaction. While benzyl carbanions 4 can be trapped with carbon electrophiles, attempts at trapping aryl carbanions 5 with electrophiles other than H+ failed. In protic solvents, the magnesium salt of the tertiary alcohol 2 shows an increased rate of proximal cleavage as compared to its alkali salts. From this, we conclude that, in contrast to benzyl carbanions 4, free aryl carbanions 5 are of transient existence only. Proximal C,C-bond cleavage seems to occur either through protonation of 5 from a fast, reversible equilibrium 3?5 in which 3 strongly predominates, or in protic solvents possibly even through a rate-limiting protonation of 3 at the aromatic C-atom, bypassing free anion 5 altogether. Thus, additional factors other than just the relative stability of isomeric carbanions 4 and 5 are of importance in determining the regiochemistry of the base-induced C,C-bond cleavage in ketones 1 and in alcohols 2.
- Gokhale, Abha,Schiess, Peter
-
p. 251 - 267
(2007/10/03)
-
- QUINOLINE DERIVATIVE
-
This invention relates to a compound (a quinoline derivative) represented by the formula (I): STR1 The quinoline derivative of this invention has a strong leukotriene antagonistic action and is extremely useful as an antiallergic medicine and an anti-inflammatory medicine.
- -
-
-
- Diels-Alder Reactions with 2H-Pyran-2-ones: Reactivity and Selectivity
-
2H-Pyran-2-ones 1 react with maleic anhydride (2) in a double Diels-Alder reaction to give bicyclooct-2-ene-5,6:7,8-tetracarboxylic dianhydrides 5; the syn/syn structure was established.As expected, the reactivity of 1 was increased by electron donor substituents (OR, alkyl) and diminished by electron withdrawing substituents (CO2R).The steric influence of substituents at C-6 also decrease the reactivity of 1. - Methyl propiolate (6) and phenylacetylene (9) react with 1 to form the Diels-Alder products 7 which suffer CO2 elimination to yield methyl benzoates 8 with low and biphenyls 10 with high regioselectivity, respectively.
- Effenberger, Franz,Ziegler, Thomas
-
p. 1339 - 1346
(2007/10/02)
-
- Directed Lithiation of Tertiary β-Amino Benzamides
-
The directed ortho-lithiation-alkylation of several tertiary β-amino benzamides was studied.The ortho-substituted β-amino benzamides were hydrolyzed directly with 6 N hydrochloric acid, or by a three-step, one-pot reaction involving methylation, elimination, and treatment with aqueous acid. o-Toluic acid, 2-n-butylbenzoic acid, 2-methoxy-6-methylbenzoic aicd, and 4-methoxy-2-methylbenzoic acid were prepared by using this ortho-metalation-hydrolysis methodology.Ortho-lithiation and reaction with benzaldehyde or dimethylformamide followed by hydrolysis with aqueous acid gave lactones in good yield.Methanolysis of N-(4-methoxy-2-methyl benzoyl)-N'-methylpiperizine with sulfuric acid/methanol gave methyl 4-methoxy-2-methylbenzoate in 71percent yield.The conversion of tertiary benzamides into ketones and aldehydes was examined.Treatment of certain tertiary benzamides with alkyllithium reagents gave ketones, while reaction with a modified aluminum hydride reagent gave aldehydes
- Comins, Daniel L.,Brown, Jack D.
-
p. 3566 - 3572
(2007/10/02)
-
- THERMAL ADDITION REACTIONS TO BENZOCYCLOBUTENONES STUDIED BY FLASH PHOTOLYSIS
-
Ortho-quinoid vinylketenes 2 have been generated thruogh flash photolysis of benzocyclobutenones 1.A kinetic study of intermolecular addition reactions of 2 competing with the recyclization 2 -> 1 reveals strikingly different substituent effects for the addition of methanol and of dienophiles.
- Schiess, P.,Eberle, M.,Huys-Francotte, M.,Wirz, J.
-
p. 2201 - 2204
(2007/10/02)
-
