- Upon the Structure of Room Temperature Halogenoaluminate Ionic Liquids
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The X-ray structure of a monoclinic crystal of 1-methyl-3-ethylimidazolium iodide, I, reveals the presence of discrete hydrogen-bonded ion-pairs I(1-)> = 0.293 nm>: the structural implications of the presence of hydrogen-bonding in ionic liquids based upon X-AlX3 (X = Cl or Br) mixtures are discussed.
- Abdul-Sada, Ala'a K.,Greenway, Anthony M.,Hitchcock, Peter B.,Mohammed, Thamer J.,Seddon, Kenneth R.,Zora, Jalal A.
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- Evidence for Hydrogen Bonding in Solution of 1-Ethyl-3-methylimidazolium Halides, and its Implications for Room-temperature Halogenoaluminate(III) Ionic Ligands
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Multinuclear NMR spectroscopy and conductivity measurements showed that the 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium cation, (1+), not only forms strong hydrogen bonds (using all three ring protons H2, H4 and H5) with halide ions in polar molecular solvents (e.g. ethanenitrile) and ionic liquids, but that it exists in a quasi-molecular state, X, in non-polar solvents (e.g. trichloro- and dichloromethane), showing a conventional aromatic stacking phenomenon.
- Avent, Anthony G.,Chaloner, Penelope A.,Day, Martin P.,Seddon, Kenneth R.,Welton, Thomas
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- Kinetics of the synthesis of 1-alkyl-3-methylimidazolium ionic liquids in dilute and concentrated solutions
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The kinetics of the reactions of 1-methylimidazole with iodoethane, 1-iodobutane, 1-bromobutane, 1-bromohexane, 1-bromooctane resulting in the formation of corresponding 1-alkyl-3-methylimidazolium halide ionic liquids in acetonitrile and cyclopentanone solutions has been studied in a wide range of concentrations and degrees of conversion. The studied reactions were found to follow the SN2 rate law in the dilute solutions. The significant deviations from the simple SN2 rate law observed at higher concentrations of the reactants were assigned to the concentration dependence of activity coefficients for the reactants and the transition states. The experimental data were processed with the conductor-like screening model-segment activity coefficient (COSMO-SAC) model and the Scatchard-Hildebrand equation. The latter was found to provide somewhat better description of the experimental results; however, the former has a wider predictive ability. The Arrhenius activation energies and the activation enthalpies were calculated for the investigated systems. The rate constants at infinite dilution were obtained for a large number of 1-haloalkane + 1-methylimidazole + solvent systems with the use of the COSMO-SAC model. It was demonstrated that the rate constants of the studied reactions in various non-hydrogen-bonding solvents can be estimated from a correlation with the Hildebrand solubility parameter.
- Firaha, Dzmitry S.,Paulechka, Yauheni U.
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- Neoteric optical media for refractive index determination of gems and minerals
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Refractive index determination of minerals and gems often requires their immersion in fluids with the same refractive index. However, these natural materials frequently have refractive indices above the ranges of common organic solvents. Most available high refractive index immersion materials are solid at room temperature, toxic, noxious, corrosive, carcinogenic, or any combination thereof. Since the physical properties of ionic liquids can be tuned by varying the cation and/or anion, we have developed immersion fluids for mineralogical studies which are relatively benign. We report here the syntheses of a range of ionic liquids (many novel) based on the 1-alkyl-3-methylimidazolium cation, which all have refractive indices greater than 1.4, and can be used as immersion fluids for optical mineralogy studies. We further show that for a series of ionic liquids with the same anion, the refractive indices can be adjusted by systematic changes in the cation. the Royal Society of Chemistry and the Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique 2006.
- Deetlefs, Maggel,Seddon, Kenneth R.,Shara, Michael
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- Ionic liquids containing plant derived benzoate as anions, exhibiting supramolecular polymeric aggregation: Impact of the aggregation on organic catalysis in aqueous medium
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Naturally occurring benzoic acid (BA) derived anions have been used to prepare halogen free hydrophilic ionic liquids (ILs 1–4). The supramolecular polymeric aggregation behaviour of these ILs has been studied through high-resolution electron spray ioniza
- Javed, Muhammad Naveed,Ali Hashmi, Imran,Muhammad, Shoaib,Bari, Ahmed,Ghulam Musharraf, Syed,Junaid Mahmood, Syed,Javed, Saima,Imran Ali, Firdous,Rafique, Faisal,Amjad Ilyas, Muhammad,Ahmed Waseem, Waqas
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- Bidentate cation-anion coordination in the ionic liquid 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate supported by vibrational spectra and NBO, AIM and SQMFF calculations
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Experimental attenuated total reflectance (ATR) and Raman spectra for the synthesized ionic liquid 1-Ethyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate [EMIM+][PF6 ?] have been combined with the functional hybrid B3LYP and the 6-31G? and 6-311++G?? basis sets in order to evaluate the coordination mode of [PF6 ?] anion and determine the its structural, electronic, topological and vibrational properties. The scaled quantum mechanical force fields (SQMFF) methodology allowed us to obtain a set of scaled force constants fitting the observed wavenumbers because, so far, they have not reported. Experimental ATR and Raman spectra for the ionic liquid [EMIM+][PF6 ?] in the solid phase are consistent with the corresponding predicted by using both levels of theory. Here, complete vibrational assignments of 72 normal modes of vibration expected for ionic liquid were performed by using B3LYP/6-311++G?? level and considering that the [PF6 ?] anion adopts a bidentate coordination mode. Atomic Merz-Kollman (MK) charges and bond orders studies have revealed a distorted octahedral symmetry of anion in the ionic liquid and have suggested bidentate coordination of anion by two C–H?F hydrogen bonds, as experimentally was also proposed. Natural bond orbital (NBO) and atoms in molecules (AIM) calculations support the high stability of ionic liquid and its high dipole moment value. Frontier orbitals for the three species show that the [PF6 ?] anion increases the reactivity of ionic liquid. Here, we determine that the B3LYP/6-311++G?? molecular force field for the ionic liquid [EMIM+][PF6 ?] with the bidentate coordination mode adopted by [PF6 ?] anion is well represented, as also was supported by the scaled force constants calculated for both C–H?F hydrogen bonds.
- Assenine, Mohammed Amin,Brandán, Silvia Antonia,Bresson, Serge,Haddad, Boumediene,Paolone, Annalisa,Villemin, Didier
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- Eutectic ionic liquids as potential electrolytes in dye-sensitized solar cells: Physicochemical and conductivity studies
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Ionic liquids (ILs) have been introduced as the electrolyte in dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSC) to replace organic solvents due to their non-flammability, chemical, and thermal stability, as well as less prone to evaporation and leakage. A series of eutectic ILs mixtures composed of 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium iodide, [C2C1im]I, 1-ethylpyridinium iodide [C2py]I, 1-propylpyridinium iodide, [C3py]I and 1-butylpyridinium iodide, [C4py]I was developed. The structures and purity of the compounds were validated by nuclear magnetic resonance and Karl Fischer Titration. Their physicochemical properties, such as viscosities and ionic conductivities were evaluated for their potential use as electrolytes in DSSCs. The melting temperature of pure ionic liquids and the mixtures were determined using differential scanning calorimetry in the temperature range of 123.15 K to 393.15 K. It is found that eutectic mixtures were formed at the molar ratios of {0.75[C2py]I:0.25[C2C1im], {0.25[C2py]I:0.75[C2C1im]I}, {0.50[C2py]I:0.50[C2C1im]I}, {0.25[C2C1im]I:0.75 [C4py]I}, {0.75[C2C1im]I:0.25[C4py]I}, and {0.50[C2C1im]I:0.50[C4py]I} with the latter forming a highly stable liquid with no apparent melting peak in the studied temperature range. To understand the formation of eutectic composition, a correlation between molecular structures and the interaction energies of the cations and anions of ILs was performed using the Conductor-like Screening Model for Real Solvents (COSMO-RS). Dynamic viscosities of the binary mixtures were evaluated in the temperature range of 283.15 K to 353.15 K with 10 K increment. The highest ionic conductivity was exhibited by the eutectic ILs electrolyte {0.50[C2C1im]I:0.50[C4py]I:I2(50 wt%)} at 9.67 mS·cm?1 showing its potential for electrolyte application in DSSC.
- Kurnia, Kiki Adi,Mohd Faridz Hilmy, Nurfathiah Izzaty,Yahya, Wan Zaireen Nisa
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- Photocatalytic C-F Bond Borylation of Polyfluoroarenes with NHC-boranes
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The first photoredox-catalyzed defluoroborylation of polyfluoroarenes with NHC-BH3 has been facilely achieved at room temperature via a single-electron-transfer (SET)/radical addition pathway. This new strategy makes full use of the advantage of photoredox catalysis to generate the key boryl radical via direct activation of a B-H bond. Good functional group tolerance and high regioselectivity offer this protocol incomparable advantages in preparing a wide array of valuable polyfluoroarylboron compounds. Moreover, both computational and experimental studies were performed to illustrate the reaction mechanism.
- Chen, Kai,Chen, Xiao-Qing,Hu, Yuan-Zhuo,Xia, Peng-Ju,Xiang, Hao-Yue,Xiao, Jun-An,Yang, Hua,Ye, Zhi-Peng
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supporting information
p. 1742 - 1747
(2020/03/24)
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- Ionic Liquids Catalyzed Friedel–Crafts Alkylation of Substituted Benzenes with CCl4 Toward Trichloromethylarenes
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Abstract: An ionic liquid catalyzed Friedel–Crafts alkylation reaction of substituted benzenes with CCl4 was developed. The reaction proceeded efficiently under mild conditions, gave corresponding trichloromethylarenes with diversity functional groups in moderate to good yields. The influence of Lewis acidity of ionic liquids on the conversion of the alkylation reaction has been investigated. Notably, the probable mechanism of this reaction has been proposed with the assistance of 27Al NMR spectroscopy. It was noteworthy that the predominance of [Al2Cl7]? species in EmimCl–AlCl3, N = 0.67 could be detected by 27Al NMR spectral analysis, and [AlCl4]? was generated at the beginning of reaction. Additionally, it was found that [AlCl4]? could be transformed into [Al2Cl7]? when the reaction finished. Some control experiments confirmed that the interaction between Lewis acidic species [Al2Cl7]? of the ionic liquid and CCl4 led to the change in speciation of aluminum during the alkylation reactions. Graphical Abstract: [Figure not available: see fulltext.].
- Lyu, Xinyu,Wang, Wencheng,Sun, Yiqun,Zhao, Qian,Qiu, Tao
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p. 665 - 671
(2019/01/04)
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- Europium metal-organic frameworks as recyclable and selective turn-off fluorescent sensors for aniline detection
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Seven Eu-(H)BDC compounds, [RMI][Eu2(BDC)3Cl] (R = ethyl (1), propyl (2), butyl (3), H2BDC = 1,4-benzenedicarboxylic acid), [EMI]2[Eu2(BDC)3(H2BDC)Cl2] (4), [Eu(BDC)(HCOO)] (5), [Eu(BDC)Cl(H2O)] (6) and [Eu3(BDC)4Cl(H2O)6] (7), were synthesized under ionothermal conditions. Compounds 4 and 6 behave as potential highly selective turn-off fluorescent sensors for aniline, which can be detected in mixtures of aniline with contrast organic amides or alkylbenzenes. Fluorescence quenching can be observed when compounds 4 and 6 mix with the samples containing aniline. Compounds 4 and 6 show basically unchanged emission intensities and rapid response to aniline after ten recycling tests, suggesting that the compounds have high stable recycle repeatabilities.
- Feng, Hui-Jun,Xu, Ling,Liu, Bing,Jiao, Huan
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p. 17392 - 17400
(2016/11/13)
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- Ionothermal synthesis, structures, properties of cobalt-1,4-benzenedicarboxylate metal-organic frameworks
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Eight kinds of 1-methyl-3-alkylimidazolium halide [RMI]X (R=ethyl (E), propyl (P), butyl (B) and amyl (A); MI = imidazolium; X= Cl-, I-) ionic liquids (ILs) were used as reaction media and obtained a series of 2D [RMI]2[Co3(BDC)3X2] frameworks through the ionothermal reactions of 1,4-benzenedicarboxylic acid (H2BDC) with Co(NO3)2·6H2O. The 2D [RMI]2[Co3(BDC)3X2] frameworks exhibit a same (3,6) topology network with [RMI]+ cations locating in the interlayer space. [RMI]+ cations play a template role in the structure constructions, whose influence combining with the effect of X- anions pass to the TG behaviors. The decomposition temperatures of the [RMI]2[Co3(BDC)3X2] frameworks decrease with the alkyl chains in [RMI]+ cations, and the compounds containing Cl- show higher thermal stabilities than those with I-. However, compounds 1-8 exhibit two similar broad emissions at ca. 380 and 390 nm, assigned to ILCT. The RMI+ templates and the X- anions do not exert their influence on the fluorescence.
- Zhang, Zong-Hui,Xu, Ling,Jiao, Huan
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p. 217 - 222
(2016/04/06)
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- Towards Safer Rocket Fuels: Hypergolic Imidazolylidene-Borane Compounds as Replacements for Hydrazine Derivatives
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Currently, toxic and volatile hydrazine derivatives are still the main fuel choices for liquid bipropellants, especially in some traditional rocket propulsion systems. Therefore, the search for safer hypergolic fuels as replacements for hydrazine derivatives has been one of the most challenging tasks. In this study, six imidazolylidene-borane compounds with zwitterionic structure have been synthesized and characterized, and their hypergolic reactivity has been studied. As expected, these compounds exhibited fast spontaneous combustion upon contact with white fuming nitric acid (WFNA). Among them, compound 5 showed excellent integrated properties including wide liquid operating range (?70–160 °C), superior loading density (0.99 g cm?3), ultrafast ignition delay times with WFNA (15 ms), and high specific impulse (303.5 s), suggesting promising application potential as safer hypergolic fuels in liquid bipropellant formulations.
- Huang, Shi,Qi, Xiujuan,Liu, Tianlin,Wang, Kangcai,Zhang, Wenquan,Li, Jianlin,Zhang, Qinghua
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p. 10187 - 10193
(2016/07/19)
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- Combination effect of ionic liquid components on the structure and properties in 1,4-benzenedicarboxylate based zinc metal-organic frameworks
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Two types of 2D [RMI]2[Zn3(BDC)3X2] (Type A) and 3D [Zn(BDC)(H2O)] (Type B) (H2BDC = 1,4-benzenedicarboxylate acid) compounds were synthesized with three kinds of 1-alkyl-3-methyl imidazolium halide ([RMI]X) ionic liquids. Type A is the primary structure model showing a (3,6) network. Type B can be obtained from [BMI]Cl, [AMI]Cl and [AMI]Br media, showing a 4,4-connected {42·84} network. The structure, TG, and fluorescence analyses demonstrate the combination effect of the RMI+ templating effect and X- controlling the structure types. The boundary between Types A and B is from [PMI]Cl, via [BMI]Br, to [AMI]I as the reaction media. The decomposition temperatures of the compounds in Type A decrease with increased RMI+, while X- anions exert the influence that compounds containing Br- supply the highest thermal stability. Similarly, with increased RMI+, or X = I-, the compounds show red shifts compared to the emissions of the ligand.
- Zhang, Zong-Hui,Liu, Bing,Xu, Ling,Jiao, Huan
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p. 17980 - 17989
(2015/10/28)
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- Stable wire-shaped dye-sensitized solar cells based on eutectic melts
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Wire-shaped dye-sensitized solar cells (DSCs) have recently attracted increasing interest due to their unique and promising advantages, such as being lightweight, deformable and weavable compared to conventional planar structures. However, the use of liquid electrolytes based on organic solvents has largely limited their practical applications, e.g., low mechanical and thermal stabilities. Solid-state electrolytes are resistive to these problems in nature, and have been shown to have high stability. Herein, eutectic melts, for the first time, have been introduced as the electrolyte to develop novel wire-shaped DSCs. The resulting wire-shaped DSCs were flexible and highly stable thermally and their energy conversion efficiencies could recover entirely after heating up to 110 °C.
- Li, Houpu,Yang, Zhibin,Qiu, Longbin,Fang, Xin,Sun, Hao,Chen, Peining,Pan, Shaowu,Peng, Huisheng
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p. 3841 - 3846
(2014/03/21)
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- Influence of imidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonylimide)s on the rotation of spin probes comprising ionic and hydrogen bonding groups
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The influence of the alkyl chain length in 1-alkyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonylimide)s is studied to explore the rotation of piperidine-1-yloxyl derivatives substituted with either hydrogen bonding hydroxy group or ionic substituents, such as the cationic trimethylammonium or the anionic sulfate group placed at the 4 position. Structural variation of the ionic liquids results in differences of their viscosity influencing the rotation of the spin probes. The size of the average rotational correlation times of the spin probes dissolved in the ionic liquids depends further on the additional substituent in 4-position at these spin probes. The rotational correlation time exhibits a linear dependence on the ionic liquid viscosity in the case of the spin probe forming hydrogen bonding with the ionic liquids. In contrast to this, a deviation from the Stokes-Einstein behavior is found in the case of rotation of the charged spin probes in the 1-alkyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonylimide)s substituted with a longer alkyl chain. This effect may be explained by phase separation on a molecular level between the charged part of the ionic liquid and the longer alkyl chains bound at the imidazolium ion. Although the neutral and the cationic spin probes show only a slight dependence between ionic liquid structure variation and the hyperfine coupling constants, structural effects cause changes in the hyperfine coupling constants in the case of the anionic spin probes. These probes strongly interact with the imidazolium ion.
- Strehmel, Veronika,Rexhausen, Hans,Strauch, Peter
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experimental part
p. 1933 - 1940
(2010/09/05)
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- Phase behavior and crystalline phases of ionic liquid-lithium salt mixtures with 1-alkyl-3-methylimidazolium salts
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The thermal phase behavior of 1-alkyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (IM10 RTFSI where R = 1, 2, or 4 for methyl, ethyl or butyl, respectively) ionic liquid binary mixtures with LiTFSI have been investigated as models for electrolytes for lithium batteries. Diverse phase behavior is found with significant variations noted from similar mixtures in which the imidazolium cations are replaced with N-alkyl-N- methylpyrrolidinium cations. The crystal structure for a (1-x) IM 101TFSI-(x) LiTFSI (x = 0.50) (or 1/1 IM101TFSI/LiTFSI) phase is reported to further clarify the molecular level interactions occurring in these binary salt mixtures.
- Zhou, Qian,Fitzgerald, Kendall,Boyle, Paul D.,Henderson, Wesley A.
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experimental part
p. 1203 - 1208
(2011/10/09)
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- PEGylated imidazolium ionic liquid electrolytes: Thermophysical and electrochemical properties
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We report the synthesis and characterization of a series of imidazolium iodide ionic liquids (ILs) containing monomethoxy-terminated poly(ethylene glycol) (mPEG), and n-alkyl groups. These PEGylated ILs contain 7, 12, or 16 ethylene glycol units in the si
- Ganapatibhotla, Lalitha V.N.R.,Zheng, Jianping,Roy, Dipankar,Krishnan, Sitaraman
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experimental part
p. 6347 - 6360
(2011/12/14)
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- High conversion, solvent free, continuous synthesis of imidazolium ionic liquids in spinning tube-in-tube reactors
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A spinning tube-in-tube (STT) reactor has been used for the accelerated solvent-free synthesis of a number of l-methylimidazole-based ionic liquids with excellent conversions (>99%) and high throughputs (tens of kg/day).
- Gonzalez, Michael A.,Ciszewski, James T.
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experimental part
p. 64 - 66
(2010/04/22)
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- Method for producing haloalkanes from alcohols
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The invention relates to a process for preparing haloalkanes by reaction of alcohol with hydrogen halide, wherein the reaction of the alcohol with the hydrogen halide occurs in the presence of an ionic liquid at a temperature which is above 100° C. for at least part of the time and, at least at the time of the commencement of the reaction, the water content is not more than 25 mol % based on the amount of liquid, where the ionic liquid is not octyltrimethylammonium chloride.
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- Superhigh purity ionic liquid
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An ionic liquid with an extremely low content of an impurity such as halogen ions which can be obtained easily at a relatively reduced cost, the ionic liquid comprising a pair of a cation K+ and an anion A- represented by the general formula (1) in which the content of an alkali metal as an impurity is 5 ppm or less and the content of a halogen ion is 1 ppm or less, the cation being preferably selected from the group represented by the following general formula (2) obtained by quarternizing a tertiary amine compound or a tertiary phosphine compound by using an acid ester represented by the following general formula (3) and then conducting salt exchange: General formula (2): General formula (3): ROY in which R1 to R4 in the formula (2) each independently represents a linear or branched alkyl group of 1 to 8 carbon atoms, X represents a hetero atom and R in the formula (3) represents a linear or branched alkyl group of 1 to 8 carbon atoms.
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- Cleavage of aromatic methyl ethers by chloroaluminate ionic liquid reagents
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We have discovered serendipitously that chloroaluminate ionic liquids can cleave aromatic methyl ethers under surprisingly mild conditions. Three ionic liquids, viz. [TMAH]-[Al2Cl7], [BMIM][Al2Cl7], and [EMIM][Al2Cl6I], and aluminum chloride were compared in the selective demethylation of 4,5-dimethoxyindanone at the 4-methoxy-function. The ionic liquids exhibited a remarkably high selectivity (96:4) in comparison with aluminum chloride (70:30). In addition, the reaction time was drastically shortened when the ionic liquids were used. Interestingly, the three ionic liquids displayed the same reactivity in the demethylation of 4,5-dimethoxyindanone. Considering the lower cost and the bulk availability of the precursors of [TMAH][Al2Cl7], we conclude that this is the most attractive ionic liquid from an industrial point of view. To make the large-scale application of [TMAH][Al2Cl7] feasible, we have developed a safe upscalable method for its preparation. Furthermore, the scope of ether cleavage by the ionic liquid reagent [TMAH][Al2Cl7] was investigated and it was found that aromatic methyl-, al- lyl-, and benzyl-ether cleavage is applicable to a variety of heterocyclic compounds. Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2003.
- Kemperman, Gerardus J.,Roeters, Theodorus A.,Hilberink, Peter W.
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p. 1681 - 1686
(2007/10/03)
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- Nucleophilicity in ionic liquids. 2.1 Cation effects on halide nucleophilicity in a series of bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide ionic liquids
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In this work, the nucleophilicities of chloride, bromide, and iodide have been determined in the ionic liquids [bmim] [N(Tf)2], [bm2im][N(Tf)2], and [bmpy][N(Tf)2] (where bmim = 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium, bm2im = 1-butyl-2,3-dimethylimidazolium, bmpy = 1-butyl-l-methylpyrrolidinium, and N(Tf)2 = bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide). It was found that in the [bmim]+ ionic liquid, chloride was the least nucleophilic halide, but that changing the cation of the ionic liquid affected the relative nucleophilicities of the halides. The activation parameters ΔH?, ΔS?, and ΔG? have been estimated for the reaction of chloride in each ionic liquid, and compared to a similar reaction in dichloromethane, where these parameters were found for reaction by both the free ion and the ion pair.
- Llewellyn Lancaster,Salter, Paul A.,Welton, Tom,Brent Young
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p. 8855 - 8861
(2007/10/03)
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- 1-Ethyl-3-methylimidazolium halogenoaluminate ionic liquids as solvents for Friedel-Crafts acylation reactions of ferrocene
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Friedel-Crafts acylations of ferrocene in 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium halogenoaluminate ionic liquids, [emim]I-(AlCl3)x are described.3 The effect of varying the "bulk" Lewis acidity of the ionic liquids used as solvents in these reactions and the effect of varying the relative amounts of acylating agent with respect to the amount of ferrocene in these reactions is also described. The use of a variety of different acylating agents in our studies demonstrates the scope of this reaction performed in these ionic liquid systems.
- Stark, Annegret,MacLean, Bonnie L.,Singer, Robert D.
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- Hydrogen Bonding in Imidazolium Salts and its Implications for Ambient-temperature Halogenoaluminate(III) Ionic Liquids
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The salts X (X = Br or I, emim = 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium) and have been prepared as solid-state models of the X-AlX3 (X = Cl or Br) ionic liquid systems.All three have been characterised crystallographically.The salts X (X = Br or I) are isomorphous and are composed of ions in an extended hydrogen-bonded network.The implications of these results for both the structure and solvent properties of the ionic liquids are discussed.
- Elaiwi, Ahmed,Hitchcock, Peter B.,Seddon, Kenneth R.,Srinivasan, Narmatha,Tan, Yu-May,et al.
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p. 3467 - 3472
(2007/10/03)
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