- Carving the Active Site of CYP153A7 Monooxygenase for Improving Terminal Hydroxylation of Medium-Chain Fatty Acids
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The P450-mediated terminal hydroxylation of non-activated C?H bonds is a chemically challenging reaction. CYP153A7 monooxygenase, discovered in Sphingomonas sp. HXN200, belongs to the CYP153A subfamily and shows a pronounced terminal selectivity. Herein, we report the significantly improved terminal hydroxylation activity of CYP153A7 by redesign of the substrate binding pocket based on molecular docking of CYP153A7?C8:0 and sequence alignments. Some of the resultant single mutants were advantageous over the wild-type enzyme with higher reaction rates, achieving a complete conversion of n-octanoic acid (C8:0, 1 mM) in a shorter time period. Especially, a single-mutation variant, D258E, showed 3.8-fold higher catalytic efficiency than the wild type toward the terminal hydroxylation of medium-chain fatty acid C8:0 to the high value-added product 8-hydroxyoctanoic acid.
- Chen, Qi,Chong, Gang-Gang,Dong, Ya-Li,Li, Ai-Tao,Li, Chun-Xiu,Pan, Jiang,Xu, Jian-He
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- Novel insights into oxidation of fatty acids and fatty alcohols by cytochrome P450 monooxygenase CYP4B1
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CYP4B1 is an enigmatic mammalian cytochrome P450 monooxygenase acting at the interface between xenobiotic and endobiotic metabolism. A prominent CYP4B1 substrate is the furan pro-toxin 4-ipomeanol (IPO). Our recent investigation on metabolism of IPO related compounds that maintain the furan functionality of IPO while replacing its alcohol group with alkyl chains of varying structure and length revealed that, in addition to cytotoxic reactive metabolite formation (resulting from furan activation) non-cytotoxic ω-hydroxylation at the alkyl chain can also occur. We hypothesized that substrate reorientations may happen in the active site of CYP4B1. These findings prompted us to re-investigate oxidation of unsaturated fatty acids and fatty alcohols with C9–C16 carbon chain length by CYP4B1. Strikingly, we found that besides the previously reported ω- and ω-1-hydroxylations, CYP4B1 is also capable of α-, β-, γ-, and δ-fatty acid hydroxylation. In contrast, fatty alcohols of the same chain length are exclusively hydroxylated at ω, ω-1, and ω-2 positions. Docking results for the corresponding CYP4B1-substrate complexes revealed that fatty acids can adopt U-shaped bonding conformations, such that carbon atoms in both arms may approach the heme-iron. Quantum chemical estimates of activation energies of the hydrogen radical abstraction by the reactive compound 1 as well as electron densities of the substrate orbitals led to the conclusion that fatty acid and fatty alcohol oxidations by CYP4B1 are kinetically controlled reactions.
- Thesseling, Florian A.,Hutter, Michael C.,Wiek, Constanze,Kowalski, John P.,Rettie, Allan E.,Girhard, Marco
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- Amide linked redox-active naphthoquinones for the treatment of mitochondrial dysfunction
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Naphthoquinones have been investigated as potential therapeutic molecules for neurodegenerative disorders, which is largely based on their anti-oxidative potential. However, a theoretical framework for the pleiotropic protective effects of naphthoquinone derivatives is largely missing. We synthesized a library of novel short chain 2,3-disubstituted naphthoquinone derivatives and measured their redox characteristics to identify a potential connection with their biological activity. Using two cell lines with different reducing potential, the compounds were tested for their inherent toxicity, acute rescue of ATP levels and cytoprotective activity. For the first time, a structure-activity-relationship for naphthoquinones has been established. Our results clearly demonstrate that it is the group on the alkyl side chain and not solely the redox characteristics of the naphthoquinone unit or lipophilicity that determines the extent of cytoprotection by individual compounds. From this, we developed a number of amide containing naphthoquinones with superior activity in ATP rescue and cell viability models compared to the clinically used benzoquinone idebenone.
- Woolley, Krystel L.,Nadikudi, Monila,Koupaei, Mitra N.,Corban, Monika,McCartney, Paul,Bissember, Alex C.,Lewis, Trevor W.,Gueven, Nuri,Smith, Jason A.
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supporting information
p. 399 - 412
(2019/03/28)
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- Bioorganic synthesis, characterization and evaluation of a natural phenolic lipid
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The first synthesis of a phenolic natural monoacylglycerol (1- [11-(ferulyloxy) undecanoyl)] glycerol) was carried out by bioorganic synthesis starting from ferulic acid. The synthetic route of the target lipidic compound was designed involving a chemo-enzymatic approach using immobilized Candida antarctica lipase as biocatalyst in two of the steps conducted in organic medium. The prepared lipidic compound was characterized by using spectral data and evaluated for antimicrobial, antioxidant and cytotoxic studies to examine its potential. The synthesized compound showed moderate antimicrobial activity and showed very good antioxidant activity in DPPH radical scavenging assay and also in oxidation inhibition in soybean oil by differential scanning calorimetry. The cytotoxic studies of the synthetic lipid showed promising activity against A549 and HeLa cancer cell lines with IC50 values of 9.102 and 9.886 μM respectively. The prepared compound can be useful in designing novel phenolic lipids with potential applications in cosmetic and biomedical fields.
- Johny, Juliya,Kontham, Venkateshwarlu,Veeragoni, Dileep,Misra, Sunil,Kaki, Shiva Shanker
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- Chemo-enzymatic synthesis of 11-hydroxyundecanoic acid and 1,11-undecanedioic acid from ricinoleic acid
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A practical chemoenzymatic synthetic method for 11-hydroxyundecanoic acid and 1,11-undecanedioic acid from ricinoleic acid (12-hydroxyoleic acid) was investigated. Biotransformation of ricinoleic acid into the ester (3) via 12-ketooleic acid (2) was driven by recombinant Escherichia coli cells expressing an alcohol dehydrogenase from Micrococcus luteus and the Baeyer-Villiger monooxygenase from Pseudomonas putida KT2440. The carbon-carbon double bond of the ester (3) was chemically reduced, and the ester bond was hydrolyzed to afford n-heptanoic acid (5) and 11-hydroxyundecanoic acid (7), which were converted into other related derivatives. For example, 11-hydroxyundecanoic acid was transformed into 1,11-undecanedioic acid (8) under fairly mild reaction conditions. Whole-cell biotransformation at high cell density (i.e., 20 g dry cells per L) allowed the final ester product concentration and volumetric productivity to reach 53 mM and 6.6 mM h-1, respectively. The overall molar yield of 1,11-undecanedioic acid from ricinoleic acid was 55% based on the biotransformation and chemical transformation conversion yields of 84% and 65%, respectively.
- Jang, Hyun-Young,Singha, Kaushik,Kim, Hwan-Hee,Kwon, Yong-Uk,Park, Jin-Byung
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p. 1089 - 1095
(2016/02/27)
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- A highly active and air-stable ruthenium complex for the ambient temperature anti-markovnikov reductive hydration of terminal alkynes
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The conversion of terminal alkynes to functionalized products by the direct addition of heteroatom-based nucleophiles is an important aim in catalysis. We report the design, synthesis, and mechanistic studies of the half-sandwich ruthenium complex 12, which is a highly active catalyst for the anti-Markovnikov reductive hydration of alkynes. The key design element of 12 involves a tridentate nitrogen-based ligand that contains a hemilabile 3-(dimethylamino) propyl substituent. Under neutral conditions, the dimethylamino substituent coordinates to the ruthenium center to generate an air-stable, 18-electron, κ3-complex. Mechanistic studies show that the dimethylamino substituent is partially dissociated from the ruthenium center (by protonation) in the reaction media, thereby generating a vacant coordination site for catalysis. These studies also show that this substituent increases hydrogenation activity by promoting activation of the reductant. At least three catalytic cycles, involving the decarboxylation of formic acid, hydration of the alkyne, and hydrogenation of the intermediate aldehyde, operate concurrently in reactions mediated by 12. A wide array of terminal alkynes are efficiently processed to linear alcohols using as little as 2 mol % of 12 at ambient temperature, and the complex 12 is stable for at least two weeks under air. The studies outlined herein establish 12 as the most active and practical catalyst for anti-Markovnikov reductive hydration discovered to date, define the structural parameters of 12 underlying its activity and stability, and delineate design strategies for synthesis of other multifunctional catalysts.
- Zeng, Mingshuo,Li, Le,Herzon, Seth B.
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supporting information
p. 7058 - 7067
(2014/06/09)
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- Temporal separation of catalytic activities allows anti-Markovnikov reductive functionalization of terminal alkynes
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There is currently great interest in the development of multistep catalytic processes in which one or several catalysts act sequentially to rapidly build complex molecular structures. Many enzymes - often the inspiration for new synthetic transformations - are capable of processing a single substrate through a chain of discrete, mechanistically distinct catalytic steps. Here, we describe an approach to emulate the efficiency of these natural reaction cascades within a synthetic catalyst by the temporal separation of catalytic activities. In this approach, a single catalyst exhibits multiple catalytic activities sequentially, allowing for the efficient processing of a substrate through a cascade pathway. Application of this design strategy has led to the development of a method to effect the anti-Markovnikov (linear-selective) reductive functionalization of terminal alkynes. The strategy of temporal separation may facilitate the development of other efficient synthetic reaction cascades.
- Li, Le,Herzon, Seth B.
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- Regioselective reductive hydration of alkynes to form branched or linear alcohols
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The regioselective reductive hydration of terminal alkynes using two complementary dual catalytic systems is described. Branched or linear alcohols are obtained in 75-96% yield with ?25:1 regioselectivity from the same starting materials. The method is compatible with terminal, di-, and trisubstituted alkenes. This reductive hydration constitutes a strategic surrogate to alkene oxyfunctionalization and may be of utility in multistep settings.
- Li, Le,Herzon, Seth B.
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supporting information
p. 17376 - 17379,4
(2020/09/16)
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- Synthesis and characterization of mitoQ and idebenone analogues as mediators of oxygen consumption in mitochondria
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Analogues of mitoQ and idebenone were synthesized to define the structural elements that support oxygen consumption in the mitochondrial respiratory chain. Eight analogues were prepared and fully characterized, then evaluated for their ability to support oxygen consumption in the mitochondrial respiratory chain. While oxygen consumption was strongly inhibited by mitoQ analogues 2-4 in a chain length-dependent manner, modification of idebenone by replacement of the quinone methoxy groups by methyl groups (analogues 6-8) reduced, but did not eliminate, oxygen consumption. Idebenone analogues 6-8 also displayed significant cytoprotective properties toward cultured mammalian cells in which glutathione had been depleted by treatment with diethyl maleate.
- Duveau, Damien Y.,Arce, Pablo M.,Schoenfeld, Robert A.,Raghav, Nidhi,Cortopassi, Gino A.,Hecht, Sidney M.
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experimental part
p. 6429 - 6441
(2010/10/03)
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- Simple preparation of highly pure monomeric ω-hydroxycarboxylic acids
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Highly pure monomeric ω-hydroxycarboxylic acids (HCAs) with ≥C6 are prepared from their corresponding lactones or alkyl ω-hydroxycarboxylates through saponification followed by H 2SO4 acidification and treatment at 35-40 °C/8-12 mbar or by freeze-drying. The HCA is being formed through its sodium or potassium salt and is obtained in 80-85% yield with >99.5% purity, uncontaminated with dimers. This simple procedure excludes chromatographic purification.
- Stephan, Michel Massoud S.,Mohar, Barbara
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p. 481 - 483
(2012/12/22)
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- A new method for the polymer-supported synthesis of cyclic oligoesters for potential applications in macrocyclic lactone synthesis and combinatorial chemistry
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Attachment of ω-hydroxyalkanecarboxylic acids to Merrifield beads followed by treatment with a catalytic amount of di-n-butyltin oxide in chlorobenzene at 133 °C for 4-18 h brought about the formation of the corresponding cyclic oligomers (COs) as the mai
- Ruddick, Clare L.,Hodge, Philip,Cook, Anthony,McRiner, Andrew J.
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p. 629 - 637
(2007/10/03)
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- Synthesis of new photoaffine probes on the basis of ganglioside GM1
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New photoaffine probes, photoreactive derivatives of ganglioside GM1 bearing a carbene-generating diazocyclopentadien-2-ylcarbonyl group at various distances from the carbohydrate moiety in their molecules were synthesized.
- Tsibizova,Vodovozova,Mikhalyov,Molotkovsky
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p. 152 - 157
(2007/10/03)
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- One-step iodination of the diazocyclopentadien-2-ylcarbonyl group - A new and convenient preparation of effective radiolabelled photoaffinity probes
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A detailed study devoted to direct iodination of the photoactivatable diazocyclopentadien-2-ylcarbonyl (Dcp) group is presented. The iodination does not influence the high carbene reactivity of the Dcp-generated carbene. It was shown that the Dcp substituent forms 4-mono-, 5-mono- and 4,5-diiododerivatives upon iodination under oxidative conditions (76, 20 and 4%, respectively, when DcpOMe 2 is iodinated). Photolysis of the individual products of iodination in cyclohexane resulted in rather high insertion into non-activated CH bonds, without noticeable loss of iodine. Syntheses of new phospholipid and ganglioside membrane probes are also described which incorporate the Dcp function via a labile ester bond. A [125I]-Dcp-phosphatidylcholine probe exhibiting high specific radioactivity (~500 Ci mmol-1) was easily prepared at yields of 90% (on the starting Na125I), by using peracetic acid as an oxidant. Furthermore, it was successfully used for photolabelling of the integral protein hemagglutinin in a well-characterised influenza virus model. In summary, the Dcp group is efficient for labelling a wide variety of molecules, and as such, it provides a new tool for exploring a diverse range of biological systems.
- Vodovozova, Elena L.,Tsibizova, Ekaterina V.,Molotkovsky, Julian G.
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p. 2221 - 2228
(2007/10/03)
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- Hydrogen peroxide oxidation of aldehydes to carboxylic acids: An organic solvent-, halide- and metal-free procedure
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Aqueous hydrogen peroxide oxidizes aldehydes to carboxylic acids under aqueous/organic biphasic conditions without affecting olefinic or alcoholic functions (C) 2000 Elsevier Science Ltd.
- Sato, Kazuhiko,Hyodo, Mamoru,Takagi, Junko,Aoki, Masao,Noyori, Ryoji
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p. 1439 - 1442
(2007/10/03)
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- Electroorganic synthesis 65. Anodic homocoupling of carboxylic acids derived from fatty acids
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Fatty acid derived carboxylic acids with double bonds, hydroxy-, amino-, keto-, ester- and epoxy groups are anodically coupled to dimers (Kolbe electrolysis) in 29 to 81% yield and up to a 2.5 mol scale. Problems due to the low conductivity of fatty acid salts were overcome by the use of a flow cell with a narrow electrode gap. Fatty acids with branched alkyl chains gave dimers with interesting emulsifying properties. Dimethyl hexadecanedioate, accessible from methyl azelate, could be cyclized and further converted into homomuscone and muscone in a few steps. A commercial mixture of dimeric fatty acids (C36-dicarboxylic acids) has been coupled to give C70-diesters. Acta Chemica Scandinavica 1998. Part 64: Nielsen, M. F., Batanero, B.,.
- Weiper-Idelmann, Andreas,Aus Dem Kahmen, Martin,Schaefer, Hans J.,Gockeln, Marianne
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p. 672 - 682
(2007/10/03)
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- Conversion of alkyl halides into the corresponding alcohols under mild reaction conditions
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Reaction of primary, cyclopentyl, allyl and arylmethyl halides, but not an acyclic secondary halide or a tertiary halide, in acetone or tetrahydrofuran with the formate form of a commercial anion exchange resin gave formate esters in good yields. The formates were hydrolysed efficiently to the corresponding alcohols by a brief treatment with hydrochloric acid. Reaction of primary alkyl bromides or iodides, secondary alkyl bromides, cinnamyl and arylmethyl halides in tetrahydropyran or 1,4-dioxane with the bicarbonate form of the same anion-exchange resin gave the corresponding alcohols directly in good yields. This latter reaction can be carried out successfully in the presence of ester or amide groups.
- Ruddick, Clare L.,Hodge, Philip,Houghton, Mark P.
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p. 1359 - 1362
(2007/10/03)
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- Scandium trifluoromethanesulfonate as an extremely active Lewis acid catalyst in acylation of alcohols with acid anhydrides and mixed anhydrides
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Scandium trifluoromethanesulfonate (triflate), which is commercially available, is a practical and useful Lewis acid catalyst for acylation of alcohols with acid anhydrides or the esterification of alcohols by carboxylic acids in the presence of p-nitrobenzoic anhydrides. The remarkably high catalytic activity of scandium triflate can be used for assisting the acylation by acid anhydrides of not only primary alcohols but also sterically-hindered secondary or tertiary alcohols. The method presented is especially effective for selective macrolactonization of ω-hydroxy carboxylic acids.
- Ishihara, Kazuaki,Kubota, Manabu,Kurihara, Hideki,Yamamoto, Hisashi
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p. 4560 - 4567
(2007/10/03)
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- Process of preparing ω-hydroxy acids
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A new synthesis of ω-hydroxy acids, which employs commercially available starting materials and lowers the cost of production. The process involves coupling a fatty acyl group by enamine chemistry, followed by a ring expansion and selective reduction of ketoacid.
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- Convenient methods for the reduction of amides, nitriles, carboxylic esters, acids and hydroboration of alkenes using NaBH4/I2system
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Reaction of amides with NaBH4-I2 system in THF gives the corresponding amines in 70-76% yields. Reduction of nitriles yields the corresponding amines in 70-75% yields. The I2/NaBH4 system is useful in the hydrocarboration of olefins and the corresponding alcohols are obtained in 78-92% yields after H2O2/OH- oxidation. The reagent system is also useful for the reduction of carboxylic esters and acids to the corresponding alcohols in 60-90% yields.
- Bhanu Prasad,Bhaskar Kanth,Periasamy, Mariappan
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p. 4623 - 4628
(2007/10/02)
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- LACTONIZATION REACTIONS OF (Ω-CARBOXYALKYL)SULFONIUM SALTS
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The intramolecular cyclizations of sulfonium salts having an ω-carboxyalkyl group were investigated for the synthesis of five- to nine-membered lactones, and five- to seven-membered lactones were obtained in good yields from S-(ω-carboxyalkyl)thiolanium salts.The scope and limitations of the synthetic utility of the reaction are indicated by this study. Key words: Lactonization reactions; (ω-carboxyalkyl)diphenylsulfonium salts; S-(ω-carboxyalkyl)thiolanium salts; medium-sized lactones; large-sized lactones; sulfur-containing lactones.
- Nakamura, Takako,Matsuyama, Haruo,Takahashi, Masaya,Kamigata, Nobumasa
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- Stereochemically controlled Synthesis of Unsaturated Alcohols by the Horner-Wittig Reaction
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Single isomers (E or Z) of unsaturated alcohols with two to five carbon atoms between the double bond and the OH group may be made by the phosphine oxide version of the Horner-Wittig reaction.Hydroxyalkyldiphenylphosphine oxides react with aldehydes either directly or as silyl ethers to give a moderately Z-selective synthesis, while rearrangement of esters of the same alcohols by acyl transfer or acylation of alkyldiphenylphosphine oxides with lactones gives hydroxy ketones whose reduction and elimination leads to an E-selective synthesis.In most cases, separation of the diastereoisomers of the Horner-Wittig intermediates leads to the preparation of pure E- or Z-alkenols.
- Ayrey, Peter M.,Bolton, Michael A.,Buss, Antony D.,Greeves, Nicholas,Levin, Daniel,et al.
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p. 3407 - 3418
(2007/10/02)
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- Lactones. 2. Enthalpies of hydrolysis, reduction, and formation of the C4-C13 monocyclic lactones. Strain energies and conformations
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The enthalpies of hydrolysis of the monocyclic lactones from γ-butyrolactone to tridecanolactone were determined calorimetrically, and the acyclic ethyl having the number of atoms were studied in the fashion. The enthalpies of reduction of the lactones to the corresponding α,ω-alkanediols with lithium triethylborohydride also were determined. The enthalpies of formation of the lactones and the ethyl esters were derived from these data. They were converted to values for the gas phase by measuring the enthalpies of vaporization of ethyl esters and of lactones. In the of γ-butyrolactone and δ-valerolactone, the enthalpies of formation were in good accord with the previously reported values determined via combustion calorimetry. The strain energies of the lactones were obtained via isodesmic reactions. Valerolactone had a strain energy of 11 kcal/mol, and the largest strain energy was found with octanolactone (13 kcal/mol). The conformations of γ-butyrolactone and δ-valerolactone were studied via MP2/6-31G* geometry optimizations, and the conformations of the other lactones were studied with use of the molecular mechanics program MM3. The energies of the lactones estimated via molecular mechanics were compared with the experimental results.
- Wiberg, Kenneth B.,Waldron, Roy F.
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p. 7697 - 7705
(2007/10/02)
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- TRIMETHYLSILYL ESTERS: TEMPORARY PROTECTION OF CARBOXYLIC ACIDS DURING HYDROBORATION REACTIONS
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Carboxylic acid are readily protected during hydroboration reactions by converting them to the corresponding trimethylsilyl esters.
- Kabalka, George W.,Bierer, Donald E.
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p. 2783 - 2788
(2007/10/02)
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- SYNTHESIS OF PHEROMONES, IV. CHEMISTRY OF THE WITTIG REACTION, I. EFFECTS OF REACTION CONDITIONS ON THE STEREOSELECTIVITY AND YIELD OF THE WITTIG REACTION
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The reactions of nonstabilized triphenylphosphorus ylides with aldehydes have been studied in detail.The stereochemistry and yields of the alkene products are highly dependent upon base used for the generation of the ylide, the solvent and reaction temperature.The synthesis of sex pheromone components by Wittig reaction are also described.
- Vinczer, Peter,Juvancz, Zoltan,Novak, Lajos,Szantay, Csaba
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p. 797 - 820
(2007/10/02)
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- INTERPRETING SUBSTITUENT EFFECTS ON THE CRYSTAL PACKING OF LONG-CHAIN DIACYL PEROXXIDES. THE CRYSTAL STRUCTURES OF DI(11-BROMOUNDECANOYL) PEROXIDE AND DI(UNDECANOYL) PEROXIDE
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Although crystals of di(11-bromoundecanoyl) peroxide and di(undecanoyl) peroxide have different space groups (P43212 and C2221), the molecules pack in almost identical layers.They differ only in the nature of stacking across interfaces involving the terminal groups.Because the 90 deg twist about the O-O bond locks neighboring molecules together within the layer, each peroxide shows a single solid phase from 5K to the melting point.Analysis of the stacking pattern in terms of the six possible orientational relationships suggests special stability for an L-shaped motif of C-Br...Br-C.Other substituents create different stackings of the same layer structure to give three crystal classes and five space groups among 14 compounds.Unsymmetrical peroxides are useful both for forcing a variety of substituted chains (particularly odd-even homologues) to pack with identical layer structures, and for controlling the stacking pattern.Because structural differences are localized in the vicinity of the substituents, this series of "substitutional polytypes" will allow systematic investigation of substituent effects on the physical and chemical properties of solids.
- McBride, J. Michael,Bertman, Steven B.,Cioffi, Donna Z.,Segmuller, Brigitte E.,Weber, Bruce A.
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- ACETOXYBOROHYDRIDE: A SIMPLE SELECTIVE HYDROBORATING AGENT
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Acetoxyborohydride (CH3COOBH3) hydroborates olefins in the presence of some reducible functional groups.
- Narayana, C.,Periasamy, M.
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p. 1757 - 1760
(2007/10/02)
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- A New and Effective Synthetic Method for the Preparation of the Esters, Peptides, and Lactones Using 3-(5-Nitro-2-oxo-1,2-dihydro-1-pyridyl)-1,2-benzisothiazole 1,1-Dioxide. Synthesis of (+/-)-E-Dodecen-11-olide, Recifeiolide
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3-(5-nitro-2-oxo-1,2-dihydro-1-pyridyl)-1,2-benzisothiazole 1,1-dioxide (BID-NPy), readily prepared from 3-chloro-1,2-benzisothiazole 1,1-dioxide and 5-nitro-2-pyridone, proved to be a very useful condensing reagent.A variety of esters, dipeptides, and lactones were obtained in excellent yields.Furthemore, BID-NPy was successfully employed for the lactonization step in a new synthesis of a naturally occuring (+/-)-(E)-8-dodecen-11-olide, recifeiolide.
- Ahmed, Alauddin,Taniguchi, Nagahiro,Fukuda, Hirohiko,Kinoshita, Hideki,Inomata, Katsuhiko,Kotake, Hiroshi
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p. 781 - 786
(2007/10/02)
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