- Reductive Alkylation of Azides and Nitroarenes with Alcohols: A Selective Route to Mono- And Dialkylated Amines
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Herein, we demonstrated an efficient protocol for reductive alkylation of azides/nitro compounds via a borrowing hydrogen (BH) method. By following this protocol, selective mono- and dialkylated amines were obtained under mild and solvent-free conditions. A series of control experiments and deuterium-labeling experiments were performed to understand this catalytic process. Mechanistic studies suggested that the Ir(III)-H was the active intermediate in this reaction. KIE study revealed that the breaking of the C-H bond of alcohol might be the rate-limiting step. Notably, this solvent-free strategy disclosed a high TON of around 5600. Based on kinetic studies and control experiments, a metal-ligand cooperative mechanism was proposed.
- Borthakur, Ishani,Maji, Milan,Joshi, Abhisek,Kundu, Sabuj
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p. 628 - 643
(2021/12/27)
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- Method for preparing N,N-Dimethylaniline compound through alkylation of alkyl tosylate
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The invention provides a method for preparing a N,N-Dimethylaniline compound through alkylation of alkyl tosylate, and belongs to the technical field of organic synthesis. According to the method, paratoluensulfonyl chloride and fatty alcohol serve as raw materials, pyridine serves as an acid-binding agent, and the alkyl tosylate is generated; the alkyl tosylate as an alkylation reagent and an aniline compound are alkylated under the alkaline condition to obtain the N,N-Dimethylaniline compound. The method is implemented at normal pressure, the operation is simple, no waste acid is generated,the yield and the purity are high, and the method is suitable for industrial and scaled production.
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Paragraph 0076; 0078
(2019/07/11)
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- Iridium-Catalyzed Alkylation of Amine and Nitrobenzene with Alcohol to Tertiary Amine under Base- and Solvent-Free Conditions
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Herein, an efficient and green method for the selective synthesis of tertiary amines has been developed that involves iridium-catalyzed alkylation of various primary amines with aromatic or aliphatic alcohols. Notably, the catalytic protocol enables this transformation in the absence of additional base and solvent. Furthermore, the alkylation of nitrobenzene with primary alcohol to tertiary amine has also been achieved by the same catalytic system. Deuterium-labeling experiments and a series of control experiments were conducted, and the results suggested that an intermolecular borrowing hydrogen pathway might exist in the alkylation process.
- Li, Chao,Wan, Ke-Feng,Guo, Fu-Ya,Wu, Qian-Hui,Yuan, Mao-Lin,Li, Rui-Xiang,Fu, Hai-Yan,Zheng, Xue-Li,Chen, Hua
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p. 2158 - 2168
(2019/05/16)
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- Plasma-Made (Ni0.5Cu0.5)Fe2O4 Nanoparticles for Alcohol Amination under Microwave Heating
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Amine N-alkylation is a process involved in the production of a wide range of chemicals. Here we describe the synthesis of well-defined (Ni0.5Cu0.5)Fe2O4 magnetic nanoparticles by plasma induction, and their successful application to amine N-alkylation using alcohols as coupling agents through a borrowing hydrogen pathway. Plasma induction allows precise morphology and size control over nanoparticle synthesis, while allowing the one-pot production of decagram quantities of material. Up to date, such nanoparticles have never been applied for organic reactions. By coupling high-end characterization techniques with catalytic optimization, we showed that small Cu(0) satellite nanoparticles played an essential role in alcohol oxidation, whereas both Ni and Cu were required for the last step of the reaction. Using elemental mapping, we demonstrated that catalyst deactivation occurred through a leaching/re-deposition mechanism of Cu and Ni. The reactions were conducted under microwave conditions, which exerted a positive effect on catalytic activity. Finally, the catalyst was active at low metal loadings (2 mol%) even on the gram-scale, and affording unprecedented TON for this reaction catalyzed by Ni/Cu bimetallic systems (19).
- Li, Alain You,Dumaresq, Nicolas,Segalla, Andréanne,Braidy, Nadi,Moores, Audrey
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p. 3959 - 3972
(2019/08/12)
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- Substituent modification of electro-optic chromophores with 4-cyano-5-dicyanomethylene-2,5-dihydro-1H-pyrrol-2-one as an acceptor
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Electro-optic chromophores with 4-cyano-5-dicyanomethylene-2,5-dihydro-1H-pyrrol-2-one (CDCOP) and aniline moieties as an acceptor and a donor, respectively, were synthesized with modification of three substituents, among which two were attached to the aniline moiety (R) and one was introduced to the CDCOP ring (R′). Butyl and hexyl groups were introduced as R and R′, and higher melting points were observed when R and R′ were the same. For the chromophore fixation, thermal crosslinking based on cyanate trimerization was performed. The chromophore with cyanate moiety in R′ was combined with bisphenol A dicyanate, and the thermal chromophore fixation was confirmed with almost no chromophore degradation.
- Inada, Shunsuke,Araki, Tatsunori,Sato, Yukichi,Tatewaki, Yoko,Okada, Shuji
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- Boron-Catalyzed N-Alkylation of Amines using Carboxylic Acids
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A boron-based catalyst was found to catalyze the straightforward alkylation of amines with readily available carboxylic acids in the presence of silane as the reducing agent. Various types of primary and secondary amines can be smoothly alkylated with good selectivity and good functional-group compatibility. This metal-free amine alkylation was successfully applied to the synthesis of three commercial medicinal compounds, Butenafine, Cinacalcet. and Piribedil, in a one-pot manner without using any metal catalysts.
- Fu, Ming-Chen,Shang, Rui,Cheng, Wan-Min,Fu, Yao
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p. 9042 - 9046
(2015/08/03)
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- C-N bond formation between alcohols and amines using an iron cyclopentadienone catalyst
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An iron-tetraphenylcyclopentadienone tricarbonyl complex is demonstrated to act as a precursor of a catalyst for the formation of C-N bonds through a "hydrogen-borrowing" reaction between amines and alcohols.
- Rawlings, Andrew J.,Diorazio, Louis J.,Wills, Martin
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supporting information
p. 1086 - 1089
(2015/03/14)
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- Iron-catalysed tandem isomerisation/hydrosilylation reaction of allylic alcohols with amines
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An iron(0)-catalysed cascade synthesis of N-alkylated anilines from allylic or homoallylic alcohols and primary and secondary anilines under hydrosilylation conditions has been developed. Notably, a simple Fe(cod)(CO)3 complex (cod = cycloocta-
- Li, Haoquan,Achard, Mathieu,Bruneau, Christian,Sortais, Jean-Baptiste,Darcel, Christophe
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p. 25892 - 25897
(2014/07/07)
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- BippyPhos: A single ligand with unprecedented scope in the Buchwald-Hartwig amination of (hetero)aryl chlorides
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Over the past two decades, considerable attention has been given to the development of new ligands for the palladium-catalyzed arylation of amines and related NH-containing substrates (i.e., Buchwald-Hartwig amination). The generation of structurally diverse ligands, by research groups in both academia and industry, has facilitated the accommodation of sterically and electronically divergent substrates including ammonia, hydrazine, amines, amides, and NH heterocycles. Despite these achievements, problems with catalyst generality persist and access to multiple ligands is necessary to accommodate all of these NH-containing substrates. In our quest to address this significant limitation we identified the BippyPhos/[Pd(cinnamyl)Cl]2 catalyst system as being capable of catalyzing the amination of a variety of functionalized (hetero)aryl chlorides, as well as bromides and tosylates, at moderate to low catalyst loadings. The successful transformations described herein include primary and secondary amines, NH heterocycles, amides, ammonia and hydrazine, thus demonstrating the largest scope in the NH-containing coupling partner reported for a single Pd/ligand catalyst system. We also established BippyPhos/ [Pd(cinnamyl)Cl]2 as exhibiting the broadest demonstrated substrate scope for metal-catalyzed cross-coupling of (hetero)aryl chlorides with NH indoles. Furthermore, the remarkable ability of BippyPhos/[Pd(cinnamyl)Cl] 2 to catalyze both the selective monoarylation of ammonia and the N-arylation of indoles was exploited in the development of a new one-pot, two-step synthesis of N-aryl heterocycles from ammonia, ortho- alkynylhalo(hetero)arenes and (hetero) aryl halides through tandem N-arylation/hydroamination reactions. Although the scope in the NH-containing coupling partner is broad, BippyPhos/[Pd(cinnamyl)Cl]2 also displays a marked selectivity profile that was exploited in the chemoselective monoarylation of substrates featuring two chemically distinct NH-containing moieties.
- Crawford, Sarah M.,Lavery, Christopher B.,Stradiotto, Mark
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supporting information
p. 16760 - 16771
(2014/01/06)
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- Alkyl substituent effects on J- or H-aggregate formation of bisazomethine dyes
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Bisazomethine dyes with terminal alkyl substituents of different chain lengths (BAR: R = 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6) were synthesized and deposited on a glass substrate to investigate the effect of the alkyl chain length on aggregate formation. Methyl- and ethyl-substituted bisazomethine dyes (BA1 and BA2) formed J-aggregates in thin films (ca. 50 nm), whereas, propyl-, butyl-, pentyl- and hexyl-substituted derivatives (BA3, BA4, BA5 and BA6) formed H-aggregates in thin films (ca. 50 nm). The aggregate formation of the BARs changed drastically between ethyl- and propyl-substituents (BA2/BA3). However, no remarkable changes were observed in the surface morphologies of BA2 and BA3 films. It is suggested that the critical determinant of aggregate formation of BAR is the molecular packing in the film, which depends on the chain length of the terminal alkyl substituent.
- Kinashi, Kenji,Lee, Kyun-Phyo,Matsumoto, Shinya,Ishida, Kenji,Ueda, Yasukiyo
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experimental part
p. 783 - 788
(2012/02/05)
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- Two-photon absorption properties of proquinoidal D-A-D and A-D-A quadrupolar chromophores
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We report the synthesis, one- and two-photon absorption spectroscopy, fluorescence, and electrochemical properties of a series of quadrupolar molecules that feature proquinoidal p-aromatic acceptors. These quadrupolar molecules possess either donoracceptor donor (D-A-D) or acceptordonoracceptor (A-D-A) electronic motifs, and feature 4-N,N-dihexylaminophenyl, 4-dodecyloxyphenyl, 4-(N,N-dihexylamino)benzo[c][1,2,5]thiadiazolyl or 2,5-dioctyloxyphenyl electron donor moieties and benzo[c][1,2,5]thiadiazole (BTD) or 6,7-bis(30,70-dimethyloctyl)[1,2,5]thiadiazolo[3,4-g]quinoxaline (TDQ) electron acceptor units. These conjugated structures are highly emissive in nonpolar solvents and exhibit large spectral red-shifts of their respective lowest energy absorption bands relative to analogous reference compounds that incorporate phenylene components in place of BTD and TDQ moieties. BTD-based D-A-D and A-D-A chromophores exhibit increasing fluorescence emission redshifts, and a concomitant decrease of the fluorescence quantum yield (Ff) with increasing solvent polarity; these data indicate that electronic excitation augments benzothiadiazole electron density via an internal charge transfer mechanism. The BTD- and TDQcontaining structures exhibit blue-shifted two-photon absorption (TPA) spectra relative to their corresponding one-photon absorption (OPA) spectra, and display high TPA cross sections (>100 GM) within these spectral windows. D-A-D and A-D-A structures that feature more extensive conjugation within this series of compounds exhibit larger TPA cross sections consistent with computational simulation. Factors governing TPA properties of these quadrupolar chromophores are discussed within the context of a three-state model.
- Susumu, Kimihiro,Fisher, Jonathan A.N.,Zheng, Jieru,Beratan, David N.,Yodh, Arjun G.,Therien, Michael J.
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scheme or table
p. 5525 - 5539
(2011/08/06)
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- Ruthenium-catalyzed reductive amination of allylic alcohols
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Straighforward access to various saturated amines from allylic alcohols and isostructural mixture can now be achieved in the presence of arene ruthenium catalyst featuring phosphinesulfonate ligand and a hydrogen donor.
- Sahli, Zeyneb,Sundararaju, Basker,Achard, Mathieu,Bruneau, Christian
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supporting information; experimental part
p. 3964 - 3967
(2011/09/21)
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- Design and synthesis of push-pull chromophores for second-order nonlinear optics derived from rigidified thiophene-based π-conjugating spacers
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Two series of push-pull chromophores built around thiophene-based π-conjugating spacers rigidified either by covalent bonds or by noncovalent intramolecular interactions have been synthesized and characterized by UV-vis spectroscopy, electric field induced second harmonic generation (EFISH) and differential scanning calorimetry. Comparison of the linear and second-order nonlinear optical properties of chromophores based on a covalently bridged dithienylethylene (DTE) spacer with those of their analogues based on open chain DTE shows that the rigidification of the spacer produces a considerable bathochromic shift of the absorption maximum together with a dramatic enhancement of the molecular quadratic hyperpolarizability (μΒ) which reaches values among the highest reported so far. A second series of NLO-phores has been derived from a 2,2′-bi(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (BEDOT) π-conjugating spacer. As indicated by X-ray and UV-vis data, rigidification of the spacer originates in that case, from noncovalent intramolecular interactions between sulfur and oxygen atoms. Again, comparison with the parent compounds based on an unsubstituted bithiophene spacer reveals a marked red shift of the absorption maximum and a large enhancement of μΒ. In an attempt to distinguish the contribution of the electronic and geometrical effects of the ethylenedioxy group, a third series of NLO-phores based on 3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene (EDOT) and 3,4-dihexyloxythiophene spacers has been synthesized. Comparison with compounds based on unsubstituted thiophene shows that, despite a red shift ofλmax, introduction of alkoxy groups leads to a decrease of μΒ. Theoretical calculations indicate that this effect results from a decrease of the dipole moment (μ) caused by the auxiliary electron-donor alkoxy groups on the thiophene ring. In contrast, replacement of BT by BEDOT produces an increase of μ, which associated with the noncovalent rigidification of the BT system accounts for the observed enhancement of μΒ.
- Raimundo, Jean-Manuel,Blanchard, Philippe,Gallego-Planas, Nuria,Mercier, Nicolas,Ledoux-Rak, Isabelle,Hierle, Rolland,Roncali, Jean
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p. 205 - 218
(2007/10/03)
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- Palladium-catalyzed amination of aryl chlorides
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Pd(PCy3)Cl2 (Cy = cyclohexyl) catalyzed the reaction of aryl chlorides and secondary amines in the presence of NaO(t)Bu to give the corresponding aryl amines in good to excellent yields. In some of the reactions, an excess amount of aryl chloride (aryl chloride/amine = 2) improved the yields.
- Reddy, Nagavelli Prabhakar,Tanaka, Masato
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p. 4807 - 4810
(2007/10/03)
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- Synthesis and characterization of some azo-anil dyes
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A number of azo-anil dyes of the type RR'N-φ-N--N-φ-N--6CH-φ-Y with Y=CN or NO2 and R,R′=Me, Me; Me,C6H13; Et,Pr and C6H13,C6,H13 were synthesized by reactions of the aminosubstituted nitrosoamine with phenylene diamine followed by condensation of the resulting aniline with the appropriate 4-substituted benzaldehyde. Mesomorphic properties were determined both by hot-stage polarizing microscopy and DSC. A nematic phase was observed only when R=R′=CH3 while smectic A phases occurred in the other homologs. Melting temperatures were greater than 130°. All had colors ranging from red to orange with UV λmax ranging from 448-459 nm and ε 2.20-3.67 E+4. The ΔH melting values ranged from 16.8 to 30.7 KJ/mole and solubilities in a BDH-E7 liquid crystal mixture were low.
- Neubert,Hummel,Bhatt,Keast,Lackner,Margerum,Sherman
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p. 287 - 300
(2007/10/02)
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- N-ALKYLATION AND N-ARYLATION OF ANILINES STARTING FROM A MILD N-Mg REAGENT: ITS ACTIVATION CAUSING THE 'N-C' COUPLING TO EXTEND THE UNIFIED STRUCTURE-REACTIVITY RELATIONSHIP
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New N-alkylation and N-arylation procedures starting from anilinomagnesium (ArNHMgBr) are reported.For N-alkylation with alkyl bromides, addition of hexamethylphosphoramide to an ArNHMgBr solution in tetrahydrofuran (THF) is effective.After heating at 55 deg C, N-monoalkylation product was obtained in 60-90percent yield, slight dialkylation taking place.The combined use of aryliminodimagnesium with α,ω-dibromoalkanes led to N-arylazacycloalkanes.For N-arylation with iodobenzene, replacement of THF with pyridine and additional use of copper(I) iodide are effective.After heating at 115 deg C with iodobenzene, mono- and diarylation products were obtained, the former being predominant.The combined use of ArNHMgBr and N,N,N',N'-tetramethylethylenediamine as the ligand of copper species is effective for elimination of diarylation and other undesired products, and leads to diarylamines in excellent yield.The method is of advantage over the conventional Ullmann and Chapman methods.The polar solvents and copper salt are effective additives for inducing 'inert combinations' of ArNHMgBr or ArN(MgBr)2 with alkyl and aryl halides into N-C coupling, to extend the unified view proposed for the reactivity of magnesium reagents.The difference in the roles of N-Mg and N-Cu species is discussed.
- Matsuo, Koji,Shichida, Yoshiaki,Nishida, Hiroshi,Nakata, Satsuki,Okubo, Masao
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