- Synthesis of allo - And epi -inositol via the NHC-catalyzed carbocyclization of carbohydrate-derived dialdehydes
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A synthesis of carbocyclic sugars from carbohydrate-derived dialdehydes using organocatalysis has been developed. Sorbitol, mannitol, and galactitol were converted via 1,6-tritylation, perbenzylation or permethylation, detritylation, and Swern oxidation into 2,3,4,5-tetra-O-alkyl-dialdoses that were cyclized via the benzoin reaction promoted by a triazolium carbene. Manno- and galacto-configured dialdehydes gave predominantly single inosose stereoisomers in up to 75% yield if the mixture was acetylated prior to isolation while the gluco-dialdehyde afforded a mixture of three stereoisomers in 61% overall yield. The inososes were stereospecifically reduced using sodium borohydride and then deprotected to give allo- and epi-inositol in good yield that confirmed the structural and stereochemical assignments.
- Stockton, Kieran P.,Greatrex, Ben W.,Taylor, Dennis K.
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p. 5088 - 5096
(2014/06/23)
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- Concise synthesis of (+)-conduritol F and inositol analogues from naturally available (+)-proto-quercitol and their glucosidase inhibitory activity
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An effective synthesis of (+)-conduritol F, (+)-chiro- and (+)-epi-inositols from naturally available (+)- proto-quercitol is described. This synthetic method provides a concise synthesis of cyclitols in enantiomerically pure form. Of the synthesized cyclitols, (+)-conduritol F potently inhibits type I α-glucosidase with an IC50 value of 86.1 lM, which is five times greater than the standard antidiabetic drug, acarbose.
- Worawalai, Wisuttaya,Rattanangkool, Eakkaphon,Vanitcha, Avassaya,Phuwapraisirisan, Preecha,Wacharasindhu, Sumrit
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p. 1538 - 1540
(2012/04/04)
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- Protecting group directed stereoselective reduction of an epi-inosose: Efficient synthesis of epi-inositol
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A facile and high yielding synthesis of epi-inositol via stereoselective reduction of a pentaprotected epi-inosose is reported. Extent of stereoselectivity during the hydride reduction appears to depend on the ability of the substrate to complex with metal ions in the reducing agent.
- Patil, Madhuri T.,Krishnaswamy, Shobhana,Sarmah, Manash P.,Shashidhar, Mysore S.
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supporting information; experimental part
p. 3756 - 3758
(2011/08/06)
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- Orthogonally protected cyclohexanehexols by a "one reaction - One product" approach: Efficient access to cyclitols and their analogs
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Differentially protected myo-inositol derivatives were prepared from commercially available myo-inositol through regioselective O-alkylation reactions, which give a single product in each step. These derivatives were converted into six isomeric inositol derivatives carrying orthogonal hydroxy protecting groups. For all these reactions, conditions were chosen to prevent the formation of isomeric products, which obviates the need for separation of isomers and provides the required cyclitol derivative in very good yields. The synthetic potential of these derivatives was illustrated by the conversion of some of the orthogonally protected inositol derivatives into other cyclitol derivatives. Isomeric inositols were also prepared by the global deprotection of all the hydroxy groups.
- Jagdhane, Rajendra C.,Shashidhar, Mysore S.
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supporting information; experimental part
p. 2945 - 2953
(2010/08/07)
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- Concise chemoenzymatic synthesis of epi-inositol
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epi-Inositol was synthesized in six steps in 40% overall yield from a bacterial bromobenzene metabolite. The chemoenzymatic route involved toluene dioxygenase oxidation, substrate-directed catalytic osmylation, m-CPBA epoxidation, radical debromination, and Amberlite-catalized hydrolysis. The route described is amenable to scaleup and could allow access to cis-inositol, and deoxy derivatives of epi-inositol.
- Vitelio, Cecilia,Bellomo, Ana,Brovetto, Margarita,Seoane, Gustavo,Gonzalez, David
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p. 1773 - 1778
(2007/10/03)
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- Stereoselective synthesis of myo-, neo-, L-chiro, D-chiro, allo-, scyllo-, and epi-inositol systems via conduritols prepared from p-benzoquinone
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A practical route is described for the flexible preparation of a wide variety of inositol stereoisomers and their polyphosphates. The potential of this approach is demonstrated by the synthesis of myo-, L-chiro-, D-chiro-, epi-, scyllo-, allo-, and neo-inositol systems. Optically pure compounds in either enantiomeric form can be prepared from p-benzoquinone via enzymatic resolution of a derived conduritol B key intermediate. High-performance anion-exchange chromatography with pulsed amperometric detection permits inositol stereoisomers to be resolved and detected with high sensitivity. Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2003.
- Podeschwa, Michael,Plettenburg, Oliver,Vom Brocke, Jochen,Block, Oliver,Adelt, Stephan,Altenbach, Hans-Josef
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p. 1958 - 1972
(2007/10/03)
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- Novel synthesis of enantiomerically pure natural inositols and their diastereoisomers
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The various inositol polyphosphates have been found to trigger many important biological processes. Although the knowledge of this phosphoinositide signaling system has been discovered in the past 10 years, many factors remain unclear. For this reason, there is an increased demand for supplies of D-myo-inositol and particularly of novel analogues to investigate these biological mechanisms in more detail. Herein, we report the efficient syntheses of all diastereoisomers of inositol starting with 6-O-acetyl-5-enopyranosides. Conversion of 6-O-acetyl-5-enopyranosides into the corresponding substituted cyclohexanones (Ferrier-II rearrangement) was found to proceed efficiently with a catalytic amount of palladium dichloride. Stereoselective reduction of β-hydroxy ketones obtained provided the precursors to all inositol diastereoisomers in good to excellent yields and with high stereoselectivities. Good accessibility of these enantiomerically pure inositol diastereoisomers results in the efficient syntheses of D-myo-inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate and D-myo-inositol 1,3,4,5-tetrakisphosphate.
- Takahashi,Kittaka,Ikegami
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p. 2705 - 2716
(2007/10/03)
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- A new highly diastereoselective synthesis of epi-inositol from D- galactose
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The inosose derivative 3 was obtained with high stereoselectivity by intramolecular aldol condensation of the aldohexos-5-ulose derivative 2, and it was selectively reduced and debenzylated to give epi-inositol in high yield. The stereochemistry and the preferred conformations of compounds 3-7 were determined through 1D and 2D NMR experiments. (C) 2000 Published by Elsevier Science Ltd.
- Pistarà, Venerando,Barili, Pier Luigi,Catelani, Giorgio,Corsaro, Antonino,D'Andrea, Felicia,Fisichella, Salvatore
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p. 3253 - 3256
(2007/10/03)
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- Transformation of cyclohexene to enantiopure cyclitols mediated by sequential oxyselenenylation with (S,S)-hydrobenzoin: Synthesis of D-chiro-inositol and muco-quercitol
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Oxyselenenylation of cyclohexene with (S,S)-hydrobenzoin and subsequent oxidation-elimination allows isolation of an allylic ether in which further phenylselenenylation is completely regioselective, thus allowing entry to the cyclitols D-chiro-inositol and muco-quercitol.
- Kim, Kwan Soo,Park, Jong H.,Moon, Hoi Kyung,Yi, Hann
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p. 1945 - 1946
(2007/10/03)
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- Reactions of the ketone derived from (±)-3,4,5-tri-O-benzyl-1,2-O-isopropylidene-myo-inositol: Preparation of racemic derivatives of epi-inositol and of 4-C-methyl-epi-[(±)-iso-laminitol] and 4-C-methyl-myo-inositol [(±)-laminitol]
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Oxidation of (±)-3,4,5-tri-O-benzyl-1,2-O-isopropylidene-myo-inositol with the pyridine-SO3, complex in methyl sulfoxide gave the ketone which was reduced with sodium borohydride to give almost exclusively the corresponding epi-inositol derivative. Reaction of the ketone with diazomethane gave an epoxide which was reduced with lithium aluminium hydride to give a 4-C-methyl-myo-inositol derivative and reaction of the ketone with methyl magnesium iodide gave the isomeric 4-C-methyl-epi-inositol derivative.
- Gigg, Jill,Gigg, Roy
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- Microbial Oxidation of Aromatics in Enantiocontrolled Synthesis. Part 1.Expedient and General Asymmetric Synthesis of Inositols and Carbohydrates via and Unusual Oxidation of a Polarized Diene with Potassium Permanganate
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This paper reports on the details of a general design of carbohydrates and cyclitols from biocatalytically derived synthons.Homochiral 1-halogenocyclohexa-4,6-diene-2,3-diols 1a and 1b have been generated from chloro- and bromobenzene, respectively, by means of bacterial dioxygenase of Pseudomonas putida 39D.These chiral synthons have been manipulated to cyclitols and carbohydrates by further stereoselective functionalizations.The preperation of D-chiro-inositol, neo-inositol, muco-inositol, and allo-inositol exemplifies their use in enantiocontrolled synthesis.A novel oxidation of polarized dienes with KMnO4 resulted in the synthesis of α-halogeno epoxy diols, which proved unexpectedly stable.A mechanism is proposed for this transformation and placed in context with the only four reported examples of this reaction in the literature.In addition to the application of this new chemistry to the synthesis of cyclitols, chloro epoxy diol 21a has been transformed into a series of cyclitol synthons by reductive or hydrolytic operations.Reaction of 21a with ammonia led to the preparation of highly oxygenated pyrazines, whose structure were proven by X-ray crystallography.The use of 21a in the preparation of D-chiro-3-inosose, a hitherto unreported cyclitol derivative, is also reported.In addition, chloro epoxy diol 21a was transformed into D-erythruronolactone, completing the synthesis of this important chiral pool reagent in two operations from chlorobenzene.Oxidative cleavage of tetrol 20 yielded D-mannosolactone identical with an authentic sample.
- Hudlicky, Tomas,Mandel, Martin,Rouden, Jacques,Lee, Robert S.,Bachmann, Bryan,et al.
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p. 1553 - 1568
(2007/10/02)
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- General Synthesis of Inositols by Hydrolysis of Conduritol Epoxides Obtained Biocatalytically from Halogenobenzenes: (+)-D-chiro-Inositol, allo-Inositol, muco-Inositol and neo-Inositol
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Four of the nine isomeric inositols have been prepared by hydrolytic opening of epoxides derived from 3-halogenocyclohexa-3,5-diene-1,2-diol by further oxidation with potassium permanganate or by reduction of chiro-3-inosose (2L-2,3,6/4,5-pentahydroxycyclohexanone).
- Mandel, Martin,Hudlicky, Thomas
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p. 741 - 744
(2007/10/02)
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- GLYCOSYL-INOSITOL DERIVATIVES III. SYNTHESIS OF HEXOSAMINE-INOSITOL-PHOSPHATES RELATED TO PUTATIVE INSULIN MEDIATORS
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The disaccharides related to glycosyl phosphatidyl inositol anchors of membrane proteins, 4-O-(2-amino-2-deoxy-α-D-glucopyranosyl)-D-myo-inositol-1-phosphate and 4-O-(2-amino-2-deoxy-α-D-galactopyranosyl)-D-chiro-inositol-1-phosphate, have been prepared from optically resolved myo-inositol derivatives.The chiro-inositol moiety was obtained by epimerization of a selectively blocked myo-inositol-triflate ester.The resolved inositols were subsequently phosphorylated to yield the disaccharide aglycones.The amino-sugar components were prepared by azidonitration of suitably protected glucal and galactal derivatives.The derived pyranosyl chlorides were then condensed with the inositol phosphates using silver triflate as the promoter.
- Berlin, William K.,Zhang, Wen-Sheng,Shen, T. Y.
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- NOVEL BIOSYNTHESIS OF D-PINITOL IN SIMMONDSIA CHINENSIS
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Chase experiments with 14CO2 and feeding experiments with labwelled inositols showed that D-pinitol in leaves of Simmondsia chinensis arises via epimerization of D-ononitol.This finding represents an alternative pathway, since D-pinitol is formed in gymnosperms and other plants by epimerization of sequoyitol.Key Word Index -- Simmondsia chinensis; Simmondsiaceae; jojoba; biosynthesis; cyclitols; D-pinitol; D-ononitol.
- Dittrich, Peter,Korak, Andrea
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- THE PREPARATION OF CYCLOHEXANEPENTOLS FROM INOSITOLS BY DEOXYGENATION
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Several cyclohexapenetols heva been synthesized from inositols by blocking all but one hydroxyl group, converting the free hydroxyl group into its S-methyl dithiocarbonate, and treating it with tributylstannane.Suitable blocking-groups are methyl, benzyl, and methylthiomethyl ethers, and acetals.One cyclohexanepentol was prepared by the reductive deamination of an aminodeoxyinositol.
- Angyal, Stephen J.,Odier, Leon
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p. 209 - 220
(2007/10/02)
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- PURIFICATION AND STRUCTURE DETERMINATION OF THREE α-D-GALACTOPYRANOSYLCYCLITOLS FROM SOYA BEAN
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Three α-D-galactopyranosylcyclitols previously isolated from soya bean are shown to be 1D-2-O-(α-D-galactopyranosyl)-4-O-methyl-chiro-inositol, 1D-5-O-(α-D-galactopyranosyl)-4-O-methyl-chiro-inositol, and 1D-2-O-(α-D-galactopyranosyl)-chiro-inositol.Assignments of the (13)C-n.m.r. spectra of these compounds and of 1L-1-O-(α-D-galactopyranosyl)-myo-inositol (galactinol) are presented.The mass spectra of derivatives prepared by permethylation or perdeuteriomethylation, followed by hydrolysis and acetylation or methylation are discussed.
- Schweizer, Thomas F.,Horman, Ian
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