- Orthogonal Catalysis for an Enantioselective Domino Inverse-Electron Demand Diels?Alder/Substitution Reaction
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An enantioselective domino process for the synthesis of substituted 1,2-dihydronaphthalenes has been developed by the combination of chiral amines and a bidentate Lewis acid in an orthogonal catalysis. This new method is based on an inverse electron-demand Diels?Alder and a subsequent group exchange reaction. An enamine is generated in situ from an aldehyde and a chiral secondary amine catalyst that reacts with phthalazine, activated by the coordination to a bidentate Lewis acid catalyst. The absolute configuration of the product is controlled by chiral information provided by the amine. The formed ortho-quinodimethane intermediate is then transformed via a group exchange reaction with thiols. The new method shows a broad scope and tolerates a wide range of functional groups with enantiomeric ratios up to 91 : 9. All-in-all, this enantioselective synthesis tool provides an easy access to complex 1,2-dihydronaphthalenes starting from readily available phthalazine, aldehydes and thiols in a combinatorial way.
- Ahles, Sebastian,Beeck, Sebastian,Wegner, Hermann A.
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supporting information
(2021/12/09)
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- Method for synthesizing chiral nicotine from butyrolactone
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The invention discloses a method for synthesizing chiral nicotine from butyrolactone. The fumarates and γ - butyrolactone are condensed under the action of a basic catalyst to yield 4 - chloro -1 - (3 - pyridine) -1 -butanone by reaction with hydrochloric acid and reacted with a chlorination reagent to produce (- B -) S (-4 -1 -dichlorobutyl) pyridine which is reacted with an amine reagent under basic conditions to give (-3 -) -1 -methyl nicotine and (S)-3 - nicotinic acetylbutanolamines obtained by the reaction with the aminating reagent under an alkaline condition to produce a chiral hydroxy S S group - (1) S- methylnicotine or a (4 -) S nicotinic acid. The application can determine whether a methylation reaction is needed according to the type of amination reagent. The yield of (S)- nicotine was high.
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Paragraph 0057-0059
(2021/11/03)
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- Preparation method of chiral nicotine synthesized by chiral tert-butyl sulfinamide
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The preparation method comprises the following steps: 3 - pyridine formaldehyde and chiral tert-butyl sulfinamide are subjected to condensation reaction under the action of titanate. Further, magnesium bromide reacts with (1, 3 - dioxan -2 -ethyl) magnesium bromide. Cyclization is carried out under acidic conditions. Finally, by reduction and amine methylation, chiral nicotine is obtained. The method has the advantages of short reaction route, easily available and cheap raw materials, high yield of chiral nicotine generated by reaction, high ee-value and reduced production cost of chiral nicotine.
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Paragraph 0038; 0040
(2021/09/29)
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- PROCESS FOR THE PREPARATION OF (S)-NICOTIN FROM MYOSMINE
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A process for synthetically producing (S)-nicotine ([(S)-3-(1 -methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)pyridine]) is provided.
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Page/Page column 13
(2020/06/05)
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- Evaluation of the Edman degradation product of vancomycin bonded to core-shell particles as a new HPLC chiral stationary phase
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A modified macrocyclic glycopeptide-based chiral stationary phase (CSP), prepared via Edman degradation of vancomycin, was evaluated as a chiral selector for the first time. Its applicability was compared with other macrocyclic glycopeptide-based CSPs: TeicoShell and VancoShell. In addition, another modified macrocyclic glycopeptide-based CSP, NicoShell, was further examined. Initial evaluation was focused on the complementary behavior with these glycopeptides. A screening procedure was used based on previous work for the enantiomeric separation of 50 chiral compounds including amino acids, pesticides, stimulants, and a variety of pharmaceuticals. Fast and efficient chiral separations resulted by using superficially porous (core-shell) particle supports. Overall, the vancomycin Edman degradation product (EDP) resembled TeicoShell with high enantioselectivity for acidic compounds in the polar ionic mode. The simultaneous enantiomeric separation of 5 racemic profens using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry with EDP was performed in approximately 3?minutes. Other highlights include simultaneous liquid chromatography separations of rac-amphetamine and rac-methamphetamine with VancoShell, rac-pseudoephedrine and rac-ephedrine with NicoShell, and rac-dichlorprop and rac-haloxyfop with TeicoShell.
- Hellinghausen, Garrett,Lopez, Diego A.,Lee, Jauh T.,Wang, Yadi,Weatherly, Choyce A.,Portillo, Abiud E.,Berthod, Alain,Armstrong, Daniel W.
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p. 1067 - 1078
(2018/08/01)
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- Prescreening of Nicotine Hapten Linkers in Vitro To Select Hapten-Conjugate Vaccine Candidates for Pharmacokinetic Evaluation in Vivo
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Since the demonstration of nicotine vaccines as a possible therapeutic intervention for the effects of tobacco smoke, extensive effort has been made to enhance nicotine specific immunity. Linker modifications of nicotine haptens have been a focal point for improving the immunogenicity of nicotine, in which the evaluation of these modifications usually relies on in vivo animal models, such as mice, rats or nonhuman primates. Here, we present two in vitro screening strategies to estimate and predict the immunogenic potential of our newly designed nicotine haptens. One utilizes a competition enzyme-linked immunoabsorbent assay (ELISA) to profile the interactions of nicotine haptens or hapten-protein conjugates with nicotine specific antibodies, both polyclonal and monoclonal. Another relies on computational modeling of the interactions between haptens and amino acid residues near the conjugation site of the carrier protein to infer linker-carrier protein conjugation effect on antinicotine antibody response. Using these two in vitro methods, we ranked the haptens with different linkers for their potential as viable vaccine candidates. The ELISA-based hapten ranking was in an agreement with the results obtained by in vivo nicotine pharmacokinetic analysis. A correlation was found between the average binding affinity (IC50) of the haptens to an anti-Nic monoclonal antibody and the average brain nicotine concentration in the immunized mice. The computational modeling of hapten and carrier protein interactions helps exclude conjugates with strong linker-carrier conjugation effects and low in vivo efficacy. The simplicity of these in vitro screening strategies should facilitate the selection and development of more effective nicotine conjugate vaccines. In addition, these data highlight a previously under-appreciated contribution of linkers and hapten-protein conjugations to conjugate vaccine immunogenicity by virtue of their inclusion in the epitope that binds and activates B cells.
- Arutla, Viswanath,Leal, Joseph,Liu, Xiaowei,Sokalingam, Sriram,Raleigh, Michael,Adaralegbe, Adejimi,Liu, Li,Pentel, Paul R.,Hecht, Sidney M.,Chang, Yung
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p. 286 - 298
(2017/05/15)
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- METHODS OF RATIONAL NICOTINE HAPTEN DESIGN AND USES THEREOF
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Provided herein are methods for rational design of nicotine haptens. More particularly, provided herein are methods for designing, selecting, and synthesizing nicotine haptens and nicotine hapten conjugates. Also provided herein are novel nicotine haptens and methods for using nicotine haptens to treat nicotine addiction.
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Paragraph 0084
(2017/01/19)
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- Ring Opening of Donor-Acceptor Cyclopropanes with the Azide Ion: A Tool for Construction of N-Heterocycles
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A general method for ring opening of various donor-acceptor cyclopropanes with the azide ion through an SN2-like reaction has been developed. This highly regioselective and stereospecific process proceeds through nucleophilic attack on the more-substituted C2 atom of a cyclopropane with complete inversion of configuration at this center. Results of DFT calculations support the SN2 mechanism and demonstrate good qualitative correlation between the relative experimental reactivity of cyclopropanes and the calculated energy barriers. The reaction provides a straightforward approach to a variety of polyfunctional azides in up to 91% yield. The high synthetic utility of these azides and the possibilities of their involvement in diversity-oriented synthesis were demonstrated by the developed multipath strategy of their transformations into five-, six-, and seven-membered N-heterocycles, as well as complex annulated compounds, including natural products and medicines such as (-)-nicotine and atorvastatin. A new world of opportunities: Stereospecific ring opening of donor-acceptor cyclopropanes with the azide ion gives rise to densely functionalized building blocks that are valuable for the assembly of a diverse range of N-heterocycles (see scheme; EDG=electron donating group; EWG=electron withdrawing group). These synthetic opportunities are provided by the simultaneous presence of the N3 group, which reacts as a latent amine or 1,3-dipole, easily modifiable donor and acceptor substituents, as well as the activated CH fragment.
- Ivanov, Konstantin L.,Villemson, Elena V.,Budynina, Ekaterina M.,Ivanova, Olga A.,Trushkov, Igor V.,Melnikov, Mikhail Ya.
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p. 4975 - 4987
(2015/03/18)
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- NOVEL NICOTINE DNA VACCINES
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The present invention provides DNA-nanostructures comprising and at least one targeting moiety, wherein the at least one targeting moiety is linked to the DNA-nanostructure; and wherein the at least one targeting moiety is nicotine or a nicotine analogue. These compounds elicit an immunogenic response in individuals and are useful as vaccines for ameliorating nicotine dependence.
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Paragraph 0165
(2015/02/18)
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- Palladium-catalyzed decarboxylative generation and asymmetric allylation of α-imino anions
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A palladium-catalyzed asymmetric decarboxylative allylic alkylation of allyl 2,2-diphenylglycinate imines using (S,S)-f-binaphane as a chiral supporting ligand has been developed. This transformation allows for decarboxylative generation and enantioselective allylation of nonenolate α-imino (2-azaallyl anions) to afford α-aryl homoallylic imines.
- Qian, Xiaoyan,Ji, Pengfei,He, Chang,Zirimwabagabo, Jean-Olivier,Archibald, Michelle M.,Yeagley, Andrew A.,Chruma, Jason J.
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supporting information
p. 5228 - 5231
(2014/12/11)
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- Development of an R-selective amine oxidase with broad substrate specificity and high enantioselectivity
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Amine oxidases are useful bio-catalysts for the synthesis of enantiomerically pure 1°, 2° and 3° chiral amines. Enzymes in this class (e.g., MAO-N from Aspergillus niger) reported previously have been shown to be highly S selective. Herein we report the development of an enantiocomplementary R-selective amine oxidase based on 6-hydroxy-D-nicotine oxidase (6-HDNO) with broadened substrate scope and high enantioselectivity. The engineered 6-HDNO enzyme has been applied to the preparative deracemisation of a range of racemic amines to yield S-configured products, for example, (S)-nicotine, in high ee. Nicotine rush: An R-selective amine oxidase based on 6-hydroxy-D-nicotine oxidase (6-HDNO) with broadened substrate scope and high enantioselectivity has been developed. The engineered 6-HDNO enzyme is applied to the preparative deracemization of a range of racemic amines to yield S-configured products, for example, (S)-nicotine, in high ee.
- Heath, Rachel S.,Pontini, Marta,Bechi, Beatrice,Turner, Nicholas J.
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p. 996 - 1002
(2014/05/06)
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- Enantioselective, palladium-catalyzed α-arylation of N-Boc pyrrolidine: In situ react IR spectroscopic monitoring, scope, and synthetic applications
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A comprehensive study of the enantioselective Pd-catalyzed α-arylation of N-Boc pyrrolidine has been carried out. The protocol involves deprotonation of N-Boc pyrrolidine using s-BuLi/(-)-sparteine in TBME or Et2O at -78 °C, transmetalation with ZnCl2 and Negishi coupling using Pd(OAc)2, t-Bu3P-HBF4 and the aryl bromide. This paper reports several new features including in situ React IR spectroscopic monitoring of the process; use of (-)-sparteine and the (+)-sparteine surrogate to access products with opposite configuration; development of a catalytic asymmetric lithiation-Negishi coupling reaction; extension to a wide range of heteroaromatic bromides; total synthesis of (R)-crispine A, (S)-nicotine and (S)-SIB-1508Y via short synthetic routes; and examples of α-vinylation of N-Boc pyrrolidine using vinyl bromides exemplified by the total synthesis of naturally occurring (+)-maackiamine (thus establishing its configuration as (R)). In this way, the full scope and limitations of the methodology are delineated.
- Barker, Graeme,McGrath, Julia L.,Klapars, Artis,Stead, Darren,Zhou, George,Campos, Kevin R.,O'Brien, Peter
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experimental part
p. 5936 - 5953
(2011/10/09)
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- Discovery of aminobenzyloxyarylamides as κ opioid receptor selective antagonists: Application to preclinical development of a κ opioid receptor antagonist receptor occupancy tracer
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Arylphenylpyrrolidinylmethylphenoxybenzamides were found to have high affinity and selectivity for κ opioid receptors. On the basis of receptor binding assays in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells expressing cloned human opioid receptors, (S)-3-fluoro-4-(4-((2-(3-fluorophenyl)pyrrolidin-1-yl)methyl) phenoxy)benzamide (25) had a Ki = 0.565 nM for κ opioid receptor binding while having a Ki = 35.8 nM for μ opioid receptors and a Ki = 211 nM for δ opioid receptor binding. Compound 25 was also a potent antagonist of κ opioid receptors when tested in vitro using a [35S]-guanosine 5′O-[3-thiotriphosphate] ([35S]GTP-γ-S) functional assay in CHO cells expressing cloned human opioid receptors. Compounds were also evaluated for potential use as receptor occupancy tracers. Tracer evaluation was done in vivo, using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS) methods, precluding the need for radiolabeling. (S)-3-Chloro-4-(4-((2-(pyridine-3-yl)pyrrolidin-1-yl)methyl) phenoxy)benzamide (18) was found to have favorable properties for a tracer for receptor occupancy, including good specific versus nonspecific binding and good brain uptake.
- Mitch, Charles H.,Quimby, Steven J.,Diaz, Nuria,Pedregal, Concepcion,De La Torre, Marta G.,Jimenez, Alma,Shi, Qing,Canada, Emily J.,Kahl, Steven D.,Statnick, Michael A.,McKinzie, David L.,Benesh, Dana R.,Rash, Karen S.,Barth, Vanessa N.
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experimental part
p. 8000 - 8012
(2012/01/19)
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- Enantioselective reduction of heteroaromatic β,γ-unsaturated ketones as an alternative to allylboration of aldehydes. Application: Asymmetric synthesis of SIB-1508Y
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Enantioselective reduction of heteroaromatic β,γ-unsaturated ketones was found to be an efficient and convenient alternative to the allylboration of corresponding aldehydes. This new method was used for the formal asymmetric synthesis of SIB-1508Y 2.
- Felpin, Fran?ois-Xavier,Bertrand, Marie-Jo,Lebreton, Jacques
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p. 7381 - 7389
(2007/10/03)
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- Efficient enantiomeric synthesis of pyrrolidine and piperidine alkaloids from tobacco
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An enantiomeric synthesis of six piperidine and pyrrolidine alkaloids, (S)-nornicotine 1, (S)-nicotine 2, (S)-anatabine 3, (S)-N-methylanatabine 4, (S)-anabasine 5, and (S)-N-methylanabasine 6, known as natural products in tobacco, was established from a common chiral homoallylic (S)-3-(1-azidobut-3-enyl)-pyridine 15. An intramolecular hydroboration-cycloalkylation of the homoallylic azide intermediate 15 served as the key step in the pyrrolidine ring formation. A ring closing metathesis reaction (RCM) of a diethylenic amine intermediate (S)-allyl-(1-pyridin-3-yl-but-3-enyl)-carbamic acid benzyl ester 20 served as the key step in the piperidine ring formation. From the commercially available 3-pyridinecarboxaldehyde 13, a short and convenient enantiomeric synthesis of tobacco alkaloids is described: (S)-nornicotine I (5 steps, with an overall yield of 70%), (S)-hicotine 2 (6 steps, 65%), (S)-anatabine 3 (8 steps, 30%), (S)-N-methylanatabine 4 (8 steps, 25%), (S)-anabasine 5 (8 steps, 35%), and (S)-N-methylanabasine 6 (8 steps, 25%).
- Felpin,Girard,Vo-Thanh,Robins,Villieras,Lebreton
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p. 6305 - 6312
(2007/10/03)
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- An immunotherapeutic program for the treatment of nicotine addiction: Hapten design and synthesis
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People continue to smoke and use tobacco products despite well-established hazardous consequences. The most contributing factor is the addictive nature of nicotine. There is no highly effective treatment for the problem of nicotine dependence. Immunotherapy offers an alternative to conventional approaches. The chemistry necessary for a comprehensive immunopharmacological program is presented. Haptens for the generation of antibodies specific for naturally occurring (S)-nicotine, (S)- and (R)-nornicotine, and the metabolite (S)-cotinine were prepared with high optical purity. Preliminary data for antinicotine antibodies are reported.
- Isomura,Wirsching,Janda
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p. 4115 - 4121
(2007/10/03)
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- Metabolism of N-alkyldiamines and N-alkylnortropinones by transformed root cultures of Nicotiana and Brugmansia
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A range of analogues of N-methylputrescine and tropinone were fed to transformed root cultures of Nicotiana rustica and/or a Brugmansia candida x aurea hybrid. These cultures were made by the transformation of the relevant plant species with Agrobacterium rhizogenes. A number of the metabolites, notably those showing a relatively modest alteration in the N-alkyl substituent, were metabolized in vivo to form homologues of the normal alkaloids biosynthesized by these roots. These products were identified by GC/MS and comparison with some synthetic reference materials. Analogues with major alterations in the size of the N-alkyl substituent were not metabolized at all. In the N. rustica cultures, the analogues fed at 1 mM significantly affected the profile of normal alkaloids, with up to a 4-fold diminution in nicotine being found in the presence of N-n-propylputrescine. The ratio between alkaloids of the pyrrolidine series and the piperideine series was also affected. In contrast, the presence of the analogues in the B. candida x aurea hybrid culture at 1 mM did not inhibit or substantially interfere with the accumulation of the normal spectrum of alkaloids. The potential for using these cultures to make complex novel products from simple precursors is discussed.
- Boswell, Henry D.,Draeger, Birgit,Eagles, John,McClintock, Carol,Parr, Adrian,Portsteffen, Andreas,Robins, David J.,Robins, Richard J.,Walton, Nicholas J.,Wong, Chi
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p. 855 - 869
(2007/10/03)
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- The biosynthesis of [5'-14C]cotinine and other radiolabeled nicotine metabolites
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The present study describes the biosynthesis and isolation of the major radiolabeled nicotine metabolites formed using phenobarbitone (PB)-induced rabbit hepatic homogenates (10,000 g fraction). The optimal incubation and extraction methods for cotinine formation from non-labeled nicotine were established. The biosynthesis and isolation of [5'-14C]cotinine and other radiolabeled metabolites such as [2'-14C]nornicotine and [4-14C]-(3-pyridyl)-4-oxobutyric acid, from commercially available [2'-14C]nicotine, were carried out using the developed methods. Cotinine was isolated using preparative silica gel TLC, whereas the other metabolites were obtained using a cation-exchange HPLC method. This study showed that in addition to the two major metabolites (i.e. cotinine and nornicotine), 4-(3-pyridyl)-4-oxo-butyric acid, 3-hydroxycotinine, norcotinine, nicotine-1'-N-oxide and cotinine-1-N-oxide were also formed when PB-induced rabbit hepatic homogenates were used. Two further metabolites of unknown structure were detected. However, the isolation and further purification were only carried out on cotinine, nornicotine and 4-(3-pyridyl)-4-oxo-butyric acid.
- Tsai, Mui-Chiung,Sai, Yang,Li, Yan,Aislaitner, George,Gorrod, John W.
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p. 387 - 407
(2007/10/03)
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- A novel reductive aminocyclization for the syntheses of chiral pyrrolidines: Stereoselective syntheses of (S)-nornicotine and 2-(2'-pyrrolidyl)-pyridines
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(S)-Nornicotine 2 was synthesized in four steps. A key step in the synthesis involved reductive aminocyclization of a 1,4-ketoaldehyde with 2,3,4,6-tetra-O-pivaloyl-β-D-galactosylamine 1 in the presence of sodium cyanoborohydride, diastereoselectively affording the corresponding stereoisomer 6 in 45% yield. The aminosugar moiety could be easily removed by acidic hydrolysis to furnish 2. The aminocyclization was further extended to asymmetric syntheses of novel chiral 2-(2'-pyrrolidyl)-pyridine ligands 12 and 13.
- Loh, Teck-Peng,Zhou, Jian-Rong,Li, Xu-Ran,Sim, Keng-Yeow
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p. 7847 - 7850
(2007/10/03)
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- ABILITY OF A NICOTIANA PLUMBAGINIFOLIA CELL SUSPENSION TO DEMETHYLATE NICOTINE INTO NORNICOTINE
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A cell suspension of Nicotiana plumbaginifolia which does not accumulate tobacco alkaloids was found to keep the ability to demethylate nicotine into nornicotine.The highest bioconversion yield was 53.2 percent.The influence of some environmental factors upon the reaction has been studied.In particular, it appears that light enhances the catalytic activity of the cells which leads to the hypothesis that this metabolic step of tobacco alkaloids is bound to photodependent systems.
- Manceau, Francoise,Fliniaux, Marc-Andre,Jacquin-Dubreuil, Annie
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p. 2671 - 2674
(2007/10/02)
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