- Structure-property relationships in multi-stimuli responsive BODIPY-biphenyl-benzodithiophene TICT rigidochromic rotors exhibiting (pseudo-)Stokes shifts up to 221 nm
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Structure-property relationships of donor-π-acceptor (D-π-A) type molecular dyad (pp-AD) and triads (pp-ADA and Me-pp-ADA) based on benzodithiophene and BODIPY with biphenyl spacers have been reported. Rotors pp-AD and pp-ADA showed efficient twisted intramolecular charge transfer (TICT) with near infrared (NIR) emissions at ~712 nm and ~725 nm with (pseudo-)Stokes shifts of ~208 nm and ~221 nm, respectively, and prominent solvatochromism. A structurally similar triad, Me-pp-ADA, with tetramethyl substituents on the BODIPY core instead was TICT inactive and exhibited excitation energy transfer with a transfer efficiency of ~88% as revealed using steady state emission and transient absorption measurements. Rotors pp-AD and pp-ADA showed NIR emission with an enhancement in intensity with the addition of water in THF solution as well as a pronounced change in emission intensity with temperature and viscosity variations, which justify their utility as temperature and viscosity sensors. Furthermore, the linear correlation of lifetime with fluorescence intensity ratios of the donor and acceptor justifies the rigidochromic behaviour of these rotors. This journal is
- Sharma, Sushil,Wei, Zimu,Grozema, Ferdinand C.,Sengupta, Sanchita
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- Quaterphenylterpyridine: Synthesis and metal-ion complexation
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A quaterphenylterpyridine ligand (qptpy) with the rodlike quaterphenyl unit attached in the 4′-position has been synthesised by a Pd-catalysed Suzuki cross-coupling reaction. A crystal structure determination on the complex [Zn(qptpy)Cl2]·dmf (
- Lee, Young Hoon,Fuyuhiro, Akira,Harrowfield, Jack M.,Kim, Yang,Sobolev, Alexandre N.,Hayami, Shinya
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- Highly twisted bipolar emitter for efficient nondoped deep-blue electroluminescence
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Three novel bipolar deep-blue emitters, 1-(4-(tert-butyl)phenyl)-2-(4-(9,9-diphenylacridin-10(9H)-yl)phenyl)-1H-phenanthro[9,10-d]imidazole (DPACTPI), 1-(4-(tert-butyl)phenyl)-2-(4'-(9,9-diphenylacridin-10(9H)-yl)-[1,1'-biphenyl]-4-yl)-1H-phenanthro[9,10-d]imidazole (DPACPhTPI) and 2-(4-(9,9-diphenylacridin-10(9H)-yl)phenyl)-1-(4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-1H-phenanthro[9,10-d]imidazole (DPACFPPI), employing the donor 9,9-diphenyl-9,10-dihydroacridine (DPAC) and the acceptor, phenanthroimidazole, were designed and synthesized. The highly twisted conformations between DAPC and phenanthroimidazole in the molecules efficiently interrupt molecular π-conjugation and inhibit π-π intermolecular interactions, resulting in good thermal stability and efficient deep-blue emission. The three phenanthroimidazole derivatives in non-doped OLEDs exhibited deep-blue emission. In particular, DPACPhTPI-based nondoped device showed an excellent performance with maximum external quantum efficiency (EQE) of 3.50%, maximum current efficiency (CE) of 1.38 cd/A, maximum power efficiency (PE) of 1.40 lm/W and CIE coordinate of (0.156, 0.047), which is among the best results for OLEDs with a similar color. The high radiative exciton utilization could be resulted from hybridized local and charge transfer (HLCT).
- Huang, Zhi,Wang, Bo,Zhang, Qing,Xiang, Songpo,Lv, Xialei,Ma, Lixiang,Yang, Bing,Gao, Yu,Wang, Lei
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- Functionalised phosphonate ester supported lanthanide (Ln = La, Nd, Dy, Er) complexes
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A series of phosphonate ester supported lanthanide complexes bearing functionalities for subsequent immobilisation on semiconductor surfaces are prepared. Six phosphonate ester ligands (L1-L6) with varying aromatic residues are synthesised. Subsequent com
- Koehne, Ingo,Lik, Artur,Gerstel, Miriam,Bruhn, Clemens,Reithmaier, Johann Peter,Benyoucef, Mohamed,Pietschnig, Rudolf
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supporting information
p. 16683 - 16692
(2020/12/18)
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- Synthesis, characterization and catalytic performance of palladium supported on pyridine-based covalent organic polymer for Suzuki-Miyaura reaction
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A bipyridine-based covalent organic polymer (COP) was successfully synthesized by condensation of trimesoyl chloride (TMC) and 2,2′-bipyridine-5,5′-diamine (Bpy) under ambient conditions. This material was modified by coordination of PdCl2 to COP framework, affording a hybrid material, Pd@TMC-Bpy COP, which was applied as a highly efficient heterogeneous catalyst for Suzuki-Miyaura reaction under ligand-free conditions in ethyl lactate. The catalyst could be reused for five times without obvious loss of its activity.
- Han, Yi,Di, Jia-Qi,Zhao, Ai-Dong,Zhang, Zhan-Hui
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- Aminal-Linked Covalent Organic Frameworks through Condensation of Secondary Amine with Aldehyde
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New linkage chemistry will endow covalent organic frameworks (COFs) with not only structural diversity but also fascinating properties. However, to develop a new type of linkages has been a great challenge. We herein report the first two COFs using aminal
- Jiang, Shu-Yan,Gan, Shi-Xian,Zhang, Xi,Li, Hui,Qi, Qiao-Yan,Cui, Fu-Zhi,Lu, Jian,Zhao, Xin
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supporting information
p. 14981 - 14986
(2019/10/22)
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- Gold catalysed Suzuki-Miyaura coupling of arenediazonium o-benzenedisulfonimides
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Arenediazonium o-benzenedisulfonimides have been used as efficient electrophilic partners in Au(I) catalysed Suzuki coupling reactions. The synthetic protocol is general, easy and produced either biaryls or heteroaryl arenes in good yields (51 positive examples, average yield 80%). o-Benzenedisulfonimide was recovered at the end of the reactions and was reused to prepare the starting salts for further reactions. Mechanistic insights suggest that the o-benzenedisulfonimide anion act as an electron transfer agent and promotes a catalytic cycle which does not require the presence of photocatalysts or external oxidants.
- Barbero, Margherita,Dughera, Stefano
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p. 5758 - 5769
(2018/09/10)
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- VP1 crystal structure-guided exploration and optimization of 4,5-dimethoxybenzene-based inhibitors of rhinovirus 14 infection
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Human rhinoviruses (HRV) are the predominant cause of common colds and flu-like illnesses, but are also responsible for virus-induced exacerbations of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. However, to date, no drug has been approved yet for clinical use. In this study, we present the results of the structure-based lead optimization of a class of new small-molecule inhibitors that we previously reported to bind into the pocket beneath the canyon of the VP1 protein. A small series of analogues that we designed based on the available structure and interaction data were synthesized and evaluated for their potency to inhibit the replication of HRV serotype 14. 2-(4,5-Dimethoxy-2-nitrophenyl)-1-(4-(pyridin-4-yl)phenyl)ethanol (3v) was found to be a potent inhibitor exhibiting micromolar activity (EC50 Combining double low line 3.4 ± 1.0 μM) with a toxicity for HeLa cells that was significantly lower than that of our previous hit (LPCRW-0005, CC50 Combining double low line 104.0 ± 22.2 μM; 3v, CC50 > 263 μM).
- Da Costa, Laurène,Roche, Manon,Scheers, Els,Coluccia, Antonio,Neyts, Johan,Terme, Thierry,Leyssen, Pieter,Silvestri, Romano,Vanelle, Patrice
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p. 453 - 462
(2016/04/19)
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- Aryldiazonium Tetrafluoroborate Salts as Green and Efficient Coupling Partners for the Suzuki-Miyaura Reaction: From Optimisation to Mole Scale
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The use of aryldiazonium tetrafluoroborate salts as coupling partners in the Suzuki-Miyaura reaction was investigated from a process chemistry perspective including safety evaluation, solvent and catalyst screening and multivariate factor optimisation. Optimised conditions were applied to a range of substrates to evaluate the scope and limitations of the reaction, and one example was carried out on mole scale to demonstrate the practicality and scalability of the process.
- Colleville, Aymeric P.,Horan, Richard A. J.,Tomkinson, Nicholas C. O.
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supporting information
p. 1128 - 1136
(2015/04/22)
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- Synthesis of a terphenyl substituted 4-aza-2,3-didehydropodophyllotoxin analogues as inhibitors of tubulin polymerization and apoptosis inducers
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A series of terphenyl based 4-aza-2,3-didehydropodophyllotoxin conjugates (8a-r) were synthesized by a straightforward one-step multicomponent synthesis that demonstrated anticancer activity against five human cancer cell lines (lung, colon, renal, prostate and cervical). All the tested compounds showed potent anticancer activity with IC50 values ranging from 0.87 to 16.59 μM. Among them compounds 8n and 8p showed significant anticancer activity in lung cancer cells with IC50 values 0.91 and 0.87 μM, respectively. Flow cytometric analysis revealed that these compounds induced cell cycle arrest in G2/M phase in A549 cell line leading to caspase-3 dependent apoptotic cell death. The tubulin polymerization assay and immunofluorescence analysis showed that these compounds effectively inhibit microtubule assembly at both molecular and cellular levels in A549 cells. Further, Hoechst staining, DNA fragmentation analysis also suggested that these compounds induced cell death by apoptosis. Overall, the current study demonstrated that the synthesis of terphenyl based 4-aza-2,3- didehydropodophyllotoxin conjugates as promising anticancer agents with G 2/M cell cycle arrest and apoptotic-inducing activities via targeting tubulin.
- Kamal, Ahmed,Tamboli, Jaki R.,Lakshma Nayak,Adil,Vishnuvardhan,Ramakrishna
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p. 2714 - 2723
(2014/05/06)
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- Electron transfer and binding affinities in an electrochemically controlled ligand transfer system containing zinc porphyrin and a meso-phenylenediamine substituent
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Investigations on the transfer of the ligand, imidazole (HIm), between two covalently linked redox centres-zinc porphyrin and phenylenediamine (PD)-and the influence of the length of the linker are reported. Since the binding affinity of the ligand with zinc porphyrin is different from that of the ligand with the phenylenediamine moiety, the transfer of the ligand could be electrochemically controlled by adjusting the oxidation potentials. Changes in cyclic voltammograms and absorption spectra of the complexes revealed the site of ligand binding in the various oxidation states of the modified zinc porphyrins. Binding constants of the modified zinc porphyrins in various oxidation states were also determined by photometric titration with the ligand and digital simulations. Evidence for the delocalization of the electron from the zinc porphyrin to the phenylenediamine moiety and the influence of the delocalization on them were obtained from EPR studies. The Royal Society of Chemistry 2014.
- Cheng, Hsu Chun,Chen, Peter Ping Yu,Su, Yuhlong Oliver
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p. 1424 - 1433
(2014/01/06)
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- Cyclic thiourea/urea functionalized triphenylamine-based dyes for high-performance dye-sensitized solar cells
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Six cyclic thiourea/urea functionalized triphenylamine-based dyes (AZ1-AZ6) containing 2-cyanoacrylic acid as an acceptor and various linkers (phenyl, biphenyl, and bithiophene) were synthesized. They exhibited high photovoltaic performance owing to an improved short-circuit photocurrent density (J sc) and open-circuit voltage (Voc). Among them, AZ6 bearing a cyclic thiourea group and bithiophene linker showed the highest power conversion efficiency (PCE) up to 7.29%, which was comparable to that of N719 (PCE = 7.36%).
- Wu, Zhisheng,An, Zhongwei,Chen, Xinbing,Chen, Pei
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supporting information
p. 1456 - 1459
(2013/07/05)
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- Synthesis of terphenyl benzimidazoles as tubulin polymerization inhibitors
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A series of new terphenyl benzimidazoles (3a-z and 3aa-ad) were synthesized and evaluated for their anticancer activity. All the 30 compounds have shown moderate to good anticancer potency, however some of the compounds (3j, 3m-t and 3aa-ad) exhibited prominent anticancer potency with GI50 values ranging from 0.1 to 9.72 μM. These compounds exhibit G2/M phase arrest and the analysis of tubulin by Western blot experiments in case of 3t and 3ad shows the disturbances that are caused in the ratio of soluble versus polymerized tubulin in cells. Compounds 3t and 3ad are the most promising candidates amongst the series and has the potential to be taken up for further detailed studies either alone or in combination with the existing therapies.
- Kamal, Ahmed,Kashi Reddy,Shaik, Thokhir B.,Rajender,Srikanth,Santhosh Reddy,Bharath Kumar,Kalivendi, Shasi V.
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experimental part
p. 9 - 17
(2012/06/30)
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- Base free aryl coupling of diazonium compounds and boronic esters: Self-activation allowing an overall highly practical process
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Boronic esters have long been considered as poor partners in cross-coupling reactions with arene diazoniums. Here is reported an unprecedented application of self-activated boronic esters in a base-free cross-coupling reaction with diazonium salts under mild and user friendly conditions.
- Bonin, Helene,Delbrayelle, Dominique,Demonchaux, Patrice,Gras, Emmanuel
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supporting information; experimental part
p. 2677 - 2679
(2010/07/08)
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- AROMATIC AMINE DERIVATIVE AND ORGANIC ELECTROLUMINESCENT DEVICE USING THE SAME
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An aromatic amine derivative having ring structures on the both sides of central double bond structure, an organic electroluminescence device including the aromatic amine derivative, and an organic electroluminescence material-containing solution including the aromatic amine derivative as one of organic electroluminescence materials and a solvent, the organic electroluminescence device having a long lifetime and high luminous efficiency and being capable of emitting blue light having a high color purity, and being realized with the aromatic amine derivative and the organic electroluminescence material-containing solution.
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Page/Page column 59
(2010/04/24)
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- Tetraarylphosphonium salts as soluble supports for oxidative catalysts and reagents
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(Figure Presented) Tetraarylphosphonium (TAP)-supported DMSO, TEMPO, and DIB reagents were synthesized and used for the oxidation of alcohols, including Swern oxidation and for the R-acetoxylation of ketones. By taking advantage of the predictable solubility properties of the TAP unit, simple precipitation and filtration of the phosphonium moiety permit complete separation of the desired oxidation products. This paper describes the preparation of these three TAP-supported oxidative reagents and their activity in the aforementioned oxidative transformations. Furthermore, we have demonstrated that these reagents can be recycled directly when used in catalytic processes and following regeneration when used in stoichiometric processes. 2009 American Chemical Society.
- Roy, Marie-Noelle,Poupon, Jean-Christophe,Charette, Andre B.
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supporting information; experimental part
p. 8510 - 8515
(2009/12/28)
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- Novel terphenyls and 3,5-diaryl isoxazole derivatives endowed with growth supporting and antiapoptotic properties
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A new study on terphenyl and diaryl-isoxazole and -isoxazoline derivatives, maintaining a common 3-adamantyl-4-hydroxyphenyl moiety, has been conducted to find compounds with growth supporting and antiapoptotic properties. Unexpectedly, diphenyisoxazole derivatives bearing a nitro group replacing the carboxylic function have been found with the highest cell protective activity within the series, in complete and in serum-free conditions. Inhibition of apoptosis induced by daunorubicin has also been observed for the most active compound.
- Simoni, Daniele,Rondanin, Riccardo,Baruchello, Riccardo,Rizzi, Michele,Grisolia, Giuseppina,Eleopra, Marco,Grimaudo, Stefania,Di Cristina, Antonietta,Pipitone, Maria Rosaria,Bongiorno, Maria Rita,Aricò, Mario,Invidiata, Francesco Paolo,Tolomeo, Manlio
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scheme or table
p. 4796 - 4803
(2009/07/25)
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- A practical non-cryogenic process for the selective functionalization of bromoaryls
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A selective and practical bromine-metal exchange process under non-cryogenic conditions was developed by a simple modification of an existing protocol. By directly adding an alkyl lithium RLi reagent to a solution of a bromoaryl substrate ArBr and an alkylmagnesium reagent RMgX, a lithium triarylmagnesiate Ar3MgLi complex formed that allowed for various types of functionalization and more elaborate cross-coupling reactions. The simplicity and improved safety of the method represent a significant improvement over current state of the art that uses lithium trialkylmagnesiate R3MgLi complexes, and is especially advantageous for large-scale synthesis.
- Gallou, Fabrice,Haenggi, Ruedi,Hirt, Hans,Marterer, Wolfgang,Schaefer, Frank,Seeger-Weibel, Manuela
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p. 5024 - 5027
(2008/12/21)
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- Synthesis of highly phenylene substituted p-phenylene oligomers from pyrylium salts
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A transition metal free route to phenyl substituted oligophenylenes that tolerates halogens is described. The Royal Society of Chemistry.
- Mahler, Christian,Mueller, Ute,Mueller, Walter M.,Enkelmann, Volker,Moon, Chulsoon,Brunklaus, Gunther,Zimmermann, Herbert,Hoeger, Sigurd
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supporting information; experimental part
p. 4816 - 4818
(2009/03/12)
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- Removal, recovery, and recycling of triarylphosphonium-supported tin reagents for various organic transformations
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Phosphonium-supported tin reagents and catalysts were prepared and were shown to be effective in Stille couplings, radical dehalogenations, radical cyclizations, and carbonyl allylations. Not only could the tin residues be removed from the crude reaction mixture through a phase separation process but also they could be recovered and recycled.
- Poupon, Jean-Christophe,Marcoux, David,Cloarec, Jean-Manuel,Charette, Andre B.
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p. 3591 - 3594
(2008/02/12)
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- Selective metal-halogen exchange of 4,4′-dibromobiphenyl mediated by lithium tributylmagnesiate
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A selective metal-halogen exchange/electrophilic quench protocol on 4,4′-dibromobiphenyl 4 that proceeds under non-cryogenic conditions is reported. This method provides an economic alternative to traditional transition-metal catalyzed cross-coupling chemistry to prepare various biaryls 7a-g. This novel route to functionalized biaryls was used as the basis for the kg-scale preparation of a biphenyl ketone 1, a key intermediate in the synthesis of a potent cathepsin K inhibitor.
- Dolman, Sarah J.,Gosselin, Francis,O'Shea, Paul D.,Davies, Ian W.
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p. 5092 - 5098
(2007/10/03)
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- Studies on the apoptotic activity of natural and synthetic retinoids: Discovery of a new class of synthetic terphenyls that potently support cell growth and inhibit apoptosis in neuronal and HL-60 cells
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New terphenyl derivatives have been synthesized and tested for their effect on cell survival in serum-free cultures. These compounds protected HL60 cells from death and supported their growth with an activity higher than that of the natural 14-hydroxy-retro-retinol. Terphenyls 26 and 28 also possess antiapoptotic activity on neuronal cells, proving them as possible candidates for the treatment of neurodegenerative and ischemic diseases.
- Simoni, Daniele,Giannini, Giuseppe,Roberti, Marinella,Rondanin, Riccardo,Baruchello, Riccardo,Rossi, Marcello,Grisolia, Giuseppina,Invidiata, Francesco Paolo,Aiello, Stefania,Marino, Silvia,Cavallini, Sabrina,Siniscalchi, Anna,Gebbia, Nicola,Crosta, Lucia,Grimaudo, Stefania,Abbadessa, Vincenzo,Di Cristina, Antonietta,Tolomeo, Manlio
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p. 4293 - 4299
(2007/10/03)
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- Design, synthesis, and validation of rigid linkers for bioactive peptides
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Rigid linkers of variable length were synthesized and used to connect two NDP-α-MSH ligands. The linkers were incorporated by solid-phase synthesis. Biological evaluations indicate that there is virtually no effect of these linkers on ligand binding to th
- Monguchi, Yasunari,Vagner, Josef,Handl, Heather L.,Jana, Umasish,Begay, Lucinda J.,Hruby, Victor J.,Gillies, Robert J.,Mash, Eugene A.
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p. 7589 - 7592
(2007/10/03)
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- A convenient microwave assisted arylzinc generation-Negishi coupling protocol
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Arylzinc reagents were readily prepared from aryl iodides using a Zn-Cu couple in a microwave environment. A sequential arylzinc formation-Negishi cross-coupling protocol suitable for parallel high-throughput synthesis has been developed.
- Mutule, Ilga,Suna, Edgars
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p. 3909 - 3912
(2007/10/03)
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- N-(4-biphenylmethyl)imidazoles as potential therapeutics for the treatment of prostate cancer: Metabolic robustness due to fluorine substitution?
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3,3′,5,5′- And 2,2′,6,6′-tetrafluoro-substituted 1-[(1,1′-biphenyl]-4-yl)methyl]-1H-imidazoles were synthesized as inhibitors of 17α-hydroxylase-C17,20-lyase (P450 17, CYP 17). P450 17 is the key enzyme of androgen biosynthesis. Its inhibition is a novel
- Leroux, Frederic,Hutschenreuter, Tilman U.,Charriere, Celine,Scopelliti, Rosario,Hartmann, Rolf W.
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p. 2671 - 2686
(2007/10/03)
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- A convenient synthesis of unsymmetrically substituted terphenyls of biologically active stilbenes via a double Suzuki cross-coupling protocol
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A double Suzuki cross-coupling protocol has been devised as a practical route to a variety of terphenyls. Good chemoselectivity was observed. Unsymmetrically substituted triphenylenes were also easily prepared.
- Simoni, Daniele,Giannini, Giuseppe,Baraldi, Pier Giovanni,Romagnoli, Romeo,Roberti, Marinella,Rondanin, Riccardo,Baruchello, Riccardo,Grisolia, Giuseppina,Rossi, Marcello,Mirizzi, Danilo,Invidiata, Francesco Paolo,Grimaudo, Stefania,Tolomeo, Manlio
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p. 3005 - 3008
(2007/10/03)
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- Inhibitors of histone deacetylase
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The invention relates to the inhibition of histone deacetylase. The invention provides compounds and methods for inhibiting histone deacetylase enzymatic activity. The invention also provides compositions and methods for treating cell proliferative diseases and conditions.
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- Inhibitors of acyl-CoA:cholesterol O-acetyltransferase (ACAT). Part 1: Identification and structure-activity relationships of a novel series of substituted N-alkyl-N-biphenylmethyl-N'-arylureas
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A series of N-alkyl-N-biphenylylmethyl-N'-arylurea and related derivatives represented by 1 have been prepared and evaluated for their ability to inhibit acyl-CoA:cholesterol O-acyltransferase in vitro and to lower plasma cholesterol levels in cholesterol-fed rats in vivo. Linking of two phenyl groups via oxygen and introduction of fluorine at appropriate positions on the biphenyl moiety improved in vitro and in vivo activity. From this series of analogs, compound 40 (FR179254), which had potent in vitro potency (rabbit intestinal microsomes IC50 = 25 nM), showed excellent plasma cholesterol-lowering activity when administered via the diet (ED50 = 0.045 mg/kg). However, the hypocholesterolemic effect of this compound was moderate when dosed by oral gavage in PEG400 as a vehicle (ED50 = 5.3 mg/kg). Modification of the N'-aryl moiety led to the identification of compound 50 (FR182980) which was efficacious in both dosing models (ED50 = 0.034 mg/kg and 0.11 mg/kg, respectively).
- Tanaka, Akira,Terasawa, Takeshi,Hagihara, Hiroyuki,Sakuma, Yuri,Ishibe, Noriko,Sawada, Masae,Takasugi, Hisashi,Tanaka, Hirokazu
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- Improved synthesis for the rodenticides, diphenacoum and brodifacoum
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An improved synthesis of the 3-[3-(p-substituted phenyl)-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-1-napththyl]-4-hydroxycoumarins, diphenacoum and brodifacoum, is described. The process is primarily based on the formation of one of the crucial bonds in the carbon backbone using organocopper methodology, and on the coupling of the 4-hydroxycoumarin moiety to the 3-biphenyl tetralin unit under strongly acidic conditions.
- Van Heerden, Pieter S.,Bezuidenhoudt, Barend C. B.,Ferreira, Daneel
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p. 1141 - 1146
(2007/10/03)
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- Push-pull type of diphenoquinoid chromophores as novel near-infrared dyes
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Novel push-pull diphenoquinoid chromophores, in which one of the terminal positions carries a strong donor group, benzo-1,3-dithiol-2-ylidene, and the other a strong acceptor group, dicyanomethylene, are synthesized and show a strong absorption in the nea
- Inoue, Shinobu,Aso, Yoshio,Otsubo, Tetsuo
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p. 1105 - 1106
(2007/10/03)
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- Silicon directed ipso-substitution of polymer bound arylsilanes: Preparation of biaryls via the Suzuki cross-coupling reaction
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A method for attaching haloarylsilanes to polymer support was developed. The polymer bound arylhalide were reacted with a variety of ArB(OH)2 under the Suzuki cross-coupling reaction conditions and the coupled resins were cleaved by different electrophiles to give ipso-substitution products in good yields.
- Han, Yongxin,Walker, Shawn D.,Young, Robert N.
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p. 2703 - 2706
(2007/10/03)
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