- Identification of N-acyl 4-(3-pyridonyl)phenylalanine derivatives and their orally active prodrug esters as dual acting α4β1 and α4β7 receptor antagonists
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From a series of N-acyl 4-(3-pyridonyl)phenylalanine derivatives of 4, the trifluoromethyl derivative 28 was identified as a potent, dual acting alpha4 integrin antagonist with activity in primate models of allergic asthma. Investigation of a series of prodrug esters led to the discovery of the morpholinopropyl derivative 48 that demonstrated good intestinal fluid stability, solubility and permeability. Compound 48 gave high blood levels of 28 when dosed orally in cynomolgus monkeys. Surprisingly, hydrolysis of 48 was rapid in liver microsomes from the pharmacological species, mouse, rat and monkey, but slow in dog and human; in vivo studies also indicated there was prolonged exposure to unchanged prodrug in dogs.
- Tilley, Jefferson W.,Sidduri, Achyutharao,Lou, Jianping,Kaplan, Gerry,Tare, Nadine,Cavallo, Gary,Frank, Karl,Pamidimukkala, Anjula,Choi, Duk Soon,Gerber, Louise,Railkar, Aruna,Renzetti, Louis
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p. 1036 - 1040
(2013/03/13)
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- Catalytic nitrile hydration with [Ru(η6- p -cymene)Cl 2(PR2R′)] complexes: Secondary coordination sphere effects with phosphine oxide and phosphinite ligands
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The rates of nitrile hydration reactions were investigated using [Ru(η6-p-cymene)Cl2(PR2R′)] complexes as homogeneous catalysts, where PR2R′ = PMe 2(CH2P(O)Me2), PMe2(CH 2CH2P(O)Me2), PPh2(CH 2P(O)Ph2), PPh2(CH2CH 2P(O)Ph2), PMe2OH, P(OEt)2OH. These catalysts were studied because the rate of the nitrile-to-amide hydration reaction was hypothesized to be affected by the position of the hydrogen bond accepting group in the secondary coordination sphere of the catalyst. Experiments showed that the rate of nitrile hydration was fastest when using [Ru(η6-p-cymene)Cl2PMe2OH]: i.e., the catalyst with the hydrogen bond accepting group capable of forming the most stable ring in the transition state of the rate-limiting step. This catalyst is also active at pH 3.5 and at low temperatures - conditions where α-hydroxynitriles (cyanohydrins) produce less cyanide, a known poison for organometallic nitrile hydration catalysts. The [Ru(η6-p-cymene) Cl2PMe2OH] catalyst completely converts the cyanohydrins glycolonitrile and lactonitrile to their corresponding α-hydroxyamides faster than previously investigated catalysts. [Ru(η6-p-cymene) Cl2PMe2OH] is not, however, a good catalyst for acetone cyanohydrin hydration, because it is susceptible to cyanide poisoning. Protecting the -OH group of acetone cyanohydrin was shown to be an effective way to prevent cyanide poisoning, resulting in quantitative hydration of acetone cyanohydrin acetate.
- Knapp, Spring Melody M.,Sherbow, Tobias J.,Yelle, Robert B.,Juliette, J. Jerrick,Tyler, David R.
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supporting information
p. 3744 - 3752
(2013/07/26)
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- Odorless thioacetalization reagent 2-[1,3] dithian-2-ylidene-3-oxo- butanamide and its chemoselectivity
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2-[1,3]Dithian/dithiolan-2-ylidene-3-oxo-butanamide 2a/2b were synthesized and investigated in the thioacetalization reaction of aldehydes/ketones 3. The experiments revealed that 2a could be used as a nonthiolic, odorless 1,3-propanedithiol equivalent in the conversion of aldehydes/ketones into the corresponding dithianes 4, however, 2b was less effective. Moreover, the chemoselectivity of the thioacetalization of 3 in the presence of 2a is discussed.
- Liu, Jun,Liu, Qun,Yu, Haifeng,Ouyang, Yan,Dong, Dewen
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p. 4545 - 4556
(2007/10/03)
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- Synthesis of amides from esters and amines under microwave irradiation
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Formamide, primary and secondary amines react with esters in the presence of potassium tert-butoxide under microwave irradiation. Substituted amides are formed in yields (generally more than 70%) much higher than under conventional heating.
- Zradni, Fatima-Zohra,Hamelin, Jack,Derdour, Aicha
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p. 3525 - 3531
(2007/10/03)
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- Synthesis of 2/6-(polychloromethyl)pyridinecarboxylates
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Due to their relationship to certain bio-active 2,6-(polyfluoromethyl)-3,5-pyridinedicarboxylates 12, methodology was developed to prepare new, but analogous 2/6 (polychloromethyl)pyridinecarboxylates 6, 9, 10, 13, 18 and 20.Successful methods to prepare these materials include several chlorination procedures, mixed Hantzsch sequences, and aluminium chloride interchanges with 12 and 16.
- Chupp, John P.,Smith, Lowell R.
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p. 1785 - 1792
(2007/10/02)
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- Antibacterially active amides
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Carboxylic acid amides of formula (II): STR1 where R1 and R2 represent a variety of hydrocarbon or heterocyclic groups, possess antibacterial activity and antimycoplasmal activity and are therefore of value in the treatment of human and veterinary bacterial and mycoplasmal infections.
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