- Lipophilic Permeability Efficiency Reconciles the Opposing Roles of Lipophilicity in Membrane Permeability and Aqueous Solubility
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As drug discovery moves increasingly toward previously "undruggable" targets such as protein-protein interactions, lead compounds are becoming larger and more lipophilic. Although increasing lipophilicity can improve membrane permeability, it can also incur serious liabilities, including poor water solubility, increased toxicity, and faster metabolic clearance. Here we introduce a new efficiency metric, especially relevant to "beyond rule of 5" molecules, that captures, in a simple, unitless value, these opposing effects of lipophilicity on molecular properties. Lipophilic permeability efficiency (LPE) is defined as log D7.4dec/w - mlipocLogP + bscaffold, where log D7.4dec/w is the experimental decadiene-water distribution coefficient (pH 7.4), cLogP is the calculated octanol-water partition coefficient, and mlipo and bscaffold are scaling factors to standardize LPE values across different cLogP metrics and scaffolds. Using a variety of peptidic and nonpeptidic macrocycle drugs, we show that LPE provides a functional assessment of the efficiency with which a compound achieves passive membrane permeability at a given lipophilicity.
- Naylor, Matthew R.,Ly, Andrew M.,Handford, Mason J.,Ramos, Daniel P.,Pye, Cameron R.,Furukawa, Akihiro,Klein, Victoria G.,Noland, Ryan P.,Edmondson, Quinn,Turmon, Alexandra C.,Hewitt, William M.,Schwochert, Joshua,Townsend, Chad E.,Kelly, Colin N.,Blanco, Maria-Jesus,Lokey, R. Scott
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supporting information
p. 11169 - 11182
(2019/01/08)
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- Metal-free carbon-carbon cross-couplings between the ion pairs in sulfonium tetraphenylborates
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A series of sulfonium tetraphenylborates can be readily prepared by the metathesis of sulfonium halides with sodium tetraphenylborates. After heating at 120-150 °C, the sulfonium tetraphenylborates can smoothly undergo the cross-couplings between the tetraphenylborate anions and the sulfonium cations in the absence of a metal catalyst. For carbonylmethyl-, benzyl-, and allylsulfoniums, the corresponding carbonylmethyl-phenyl, benzyl-phenyl, and allyl-phenyl cross-coupling products can be obtained in 22-76% yields. An interionic electron-transfer mechanism for this cross-coupling reaction is proposed.
- Xu, Mei-Li,Huang, Wenhua
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supporting information
p. 4230 - 4232
(2014/07/22)
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- Oxidative C-H homodimerization of phenylacetamides
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A range of secondary and tertiary phenylacetamides undergo oxidative homodimerization to afford biaryls. The reaction proceeds under palladium catalysis in the presence of a copper cocatalyst and oxygen and is most effective for electron-rich substrates.
- Pintori, Didier G.,Greaney, Michael F.
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supporting information; experimental part
p. 5713 - 5715
(2011/12/04)
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- Umpolung reactivity in amide and peptide synthesis
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The amide bond is one of natureg€s most common functional and structural elements, as the backbones of all natural peptides and proteins are composed of amide bonds. Amides are also present in many therapeutic small molecules. The construction of amide bonds using available methods relies principally on dehydrative approaches, although oxidative and radical-based methods are representative alternatives. In nearly every example, carbon and nitrogen bear electrophilic and nucleophilic character, respectively, during the carbong€"nitrogen bond-forming step. Here we show that activation of amines and nitroalkanes with an electrophilic iodine source can lead directly to amide products. Preliminary observations support a mechanism in which the polarities of the two reactants are reversed (German, umpolung) during carbong€"nitrogen bond formation relative to traditional approaches. The use of nitroalkanes as acyl anion equivalents provides a conceptually innovative approach to amide and peptide synthesis, and one that might ultimately provide for efficient peptide synthesis that is fully reliant on enantioselective methods.
- Shen, Bo,Makley, Dawn M.,Johnston, Jeffrey N.
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experimental part
p. 1027 - 1032
(2011/08/06)
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- Design, synthesis, and evaluation of α-ketoheterocycles as class C β-lactamase inhibitors
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A series of specific α-ketoheterocycles (benzoxazole, thiazole, imidazole, tetrazole, and thiazole-4-carboxylate) has been synthesized in order to assess their potential as β-lactamase inhibitors. The syntheses were achieved either by construction of the heterocycle (benzoxazole) from an appropriate α-hydroxyimidate, followed by oxidation of the alcohol, or by direct reaction of methyl phenaceturate with a lithiated heterocycle. The properties of these compounds in aqueous solution are described and their inhibitory activity against β-lactamases assessed. They did inhibit the class C β-lactamase of Enterobacter cloacae P99 but not the TEM β-lactamase. The most effective inhibitor of the former enzyme (Ki = 0.11 mM) was 5-(phenylacetylglycyl) tetrazole, probably because it is an anion at neutral pH. Interpretation of the results was aided by computational models of the tetrahedral adducts. Most of the compounds also inhibited α-chymotrypsin but not porcine pancreatic elastase.
- Kumar, Sanjai,Pearson, Andre L.,Pratt
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p. 2035 - 2044
(2007/10/03)
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- A novel and versatile route to mixed p-toluenesulphonic carboxylic anhydrides
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A versatile route to the mixed p-toluenesulphonic carboxylic anhydrides (1) via the reaction of tetra-n-butylammonium carboxylate (2) with p-toluenesulphonyl chloride in a neutral medium is described.Some of the synthetic applications of the proposed method are described.
- Kumar, Arvind,Srivastava, Nivedita,Mital, Alka
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p. 606 - 607
(2007/10/02)
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