- Bi-enzymatic Conversion of Cinnamic Acids to 2-Arylethylamines
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The conversion of carboxylic acids, such as acrylic acids, to amines is a transformation that remains challenging in synthetic organic chemistry. Despite the ubiquity of similar moieties in natural metabolic pathways, biocatalytic routes seem to have been overlooked for this purpose. Herein we present the conception and optimisation of a two-enzyme system, allowing the synthesis of β-phenylethylamine derivatives from readily-available ring-substituted cinnamic acids. After characterisation of both parts of the reaction in a two-step approach, a set of conditions allowing the one-pot biotransformation was optimised. This combination of a reversible deaminating and irreversible decarboxylating enzyme, both specific for the amino acid intermediate in tandem, represents a general method by which new strategies for the conversion of carboxylic acids to amines could be designed.
- Weise, Nicholas J.,Thapa, Prasansa,Ahmed, Syed T.,Heath, Rachel S.,Parmeggiani, Fabio,Turner, Nicholas J.,Flitsch, Sabine L.
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p. 995 - 998
(2020/01/21)
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- Design, synthesis and evaluation of thiourea derivatives as antimicrobial and antiviral agents
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Background: The development of drug-resistant by bacteria appears rapidly and thus making the effectiveness of antibiotics severely limited. Methods: A series of thiourea derivatives was synthesized, characterized and evaluated for their in vitro antibacterial, antifungal and antiviral activities. Results: Structures of the newly synthesized compounds were confirmed by elemental and spectral analysis. The biological results showed that some of the target compounds displayed comparable antimicrobial and antiviral activities with reference drugs. Structure-activity relationship studies revealed that the ortho-chloro or fluoro substituted phenyl at Ar1 and substituted pyridinyl at Ar2 positions of the thiourea nucleus are essential for their in vitro antimicrobial and anti-HIV activity. In particular, compounds 8 and 10 showed better activity against the tested bacteria, fungi and viral strains than other synthesized PET derivatives reported in the present study. Conclusion: These results provide an encouraging lead that could be used for the development of new potent antiviral and antimicrobial agents.
- Ravichandran, Veerasamy,Shalini, Sivadasan,Kumar, Krishnan Suresh,Rajak, Harish,Agrawal, Ram Kishore
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p. 618 - 624
(2019/06/25)
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- Biocatalytic Formal Anti-Markovnikov Hydroamination and Hydration of Aryl Alkenes
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Biocatalytic anti-Markovnikov alkene hydroamination and hydration were achieved based on two concepts involving enzyme cascades: epoxidation-isomerization-amination for hydroamination and epoxidation-isomerization-reduction for hydration. An Escherichia coli strain coexpressing styrene monooxygenase (SMO), styrene oxide isomerase (SOI), ω-transaminase (CvTA), and alanine dehydrogenase (AlaDH) catalyzed the hydroamination of 12 aryl alkenes to give the corresponding valuable terminal amines in high conversion (many ≥86%) and exclusive anti-Markovnikov selectivity (>99:1). Another E. coli strain coexpressing SMO, SOI, and phenylacetaldehyde reductase (PAR) catalyzed the hydration of 12 aryl alkenes to the corresponding useful terminal alcohols in high conversion (many ≥80%) and very high anti-Markovnikov selectivity (>99:1). Importantly, SOI was discovered for stereoselective isomerization of a chiral epoxide to a chiral aldehyde, providing some insights on enzymatic epoxide rearrangement. Harnessing this stereoselective rearrangement, highly enantioselective anti-Markovnikov hydroamination and hydration were demonstrated to convert α-methylstyrene to the corresponding (S)-amine and (S)-alcohol in 84-81% conversion with 97-92% ee, respectively. The biocatalytic anti-Markovnikov hydroamination and hydration of alkenes, utilizing cheap and nontoxic chemicals (O2, NH3, and glucose) and cells, provide an environmentally friendly, highly selective, and high-yielding synthesis of terminal amines and alcohols.
- Wu, Shuke,Liu, Ji,Li, Zhi
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p. 5225 - 5233
(2017/08/17)
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- Tetracyclic benzimidazole derivatives and combinatorial libraries thereof
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The present invention relates to novel tetracyclic benzimidazole derivative compounds of the following formula: wherein R1to R10have the meanings described in here. The invention further relates to combinatorial libraries containing two or more such compounds, as well as methods of preparing tetracyclic benzimidazole derivative compounds.
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- 2-aminobenzoxazole derivatives and combinatorial libraries thereof
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The present invention relates to novel 2-aminobenzoxazole derivative compounds of the following formula: wherein R1 to R4 and Z have the meanings provided herein. The invention further relates to combinatorial libraries containing two or more such compounds, as well as methods of preparing 2-aminobenzoxazole derivative compounds.
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- 2-aminopyridine derivatives and combinatorial libraries thereof
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The present invention relates to novel 2-aminopyridine derivative compounds of the following formula: wherein R1to R5have the meanings provided herein. The invention further relates to combinatorial libraries containing two or more such compounds, as well as methods of preparing 2-aminopyridine derivative compounds.
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- Phenethylthiazolethiourea (PETT) compounds, a new class of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitors. 1. Synthesis and basic structure-activity relationship studies of PETT analogs
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A novel series of potent specific HIV-1 inhibitory compounds is described. The lead compound in the series, N-(2-phenethyl)-N'-(2-thiazolyl)thiourea (1), inhibits HIV-1 RT using rCdG as the template with an IC50 of 0.9 μM. In MT-4 cells, compound 1 inhibits HIV-1 with an ED50 of 1.3 μM. The 50% cytotoxic dose in cell culture is >380 μM. The chemical structure-activity relationship (SAR) was developed by notionally dividing the lead compound in four quadrants. The SAR strategy had two phases. The first phase involved optimization of antiviral activity through independent variation of quadrants 1-4. The second phase involved the preparation of hybrid structures combining the best of these substituents. Further SAR studies and pharmacokinetic considerations led to the identification of N-(2-pyridyl)-N'-(5-bromo-2- pyridyl)-thiourea (62; LY300046 · HCl) as a candidate for clinical evaluation. LY300046 · HCl inhibits HIV-1 RT with an IC50 of 15 nM and in cell culture has an ED50 of 20 nM.
- Bell,Cantrell,Hogberg,Jaskunas,Johansson,Jordan,Kinnick,Lind,Morin Jr.,Noreen,Oberg,Palkowitz,Parrish,Pranc,Sahlberg,Ternansky,Vasileff,Vrang,West,et al.
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p. 4929 - 4936
(2007/10/03)
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- Substituted 1-(aminomethyl)-2-(arylacetyl)-1,2,3,4- tetrahydroisoquinolines: A novel class of very potent antinociceptive agents with varying degrees of selectivity for κ and μ opioid receptors
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This study describes the synthesis of a series of novel substituted 1- (aminomethyl)-2-(arylacetyl)-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinolines, and discusses their structure-activity relationships (SARs) using binding affinity for opioid receptors and antinociceptive potency as the indices of biological activity. The introduction of a hydroxy substituent in position 5 of the isoquinoline nucleus generated a compound, 40, which is 2 times more potent than the previously disclosed unsubstituted analogue 39 in mouse models of antinociception. A QSAR analysis of the 5-substitution clearly demonstrates that antinociceptive activity is inversely associated with the lipophilicity of the substituents. The substituted compounds described herein are less selective for the κ opioid receptors than the unsubstituted isoquinoline 39. For example, the 5-hydroxy-substituted compound 59 shows high affinity for κ opioid receptors (K(i) κ = 0.09 nM) and a (K(i) μ/K(i) κ ratio of only 5. However, a multiple linear regression analysis demonstrates a lack of correlation between antinociceptive activity and affinity for the μ opioid receptor. On the other hand, the correlation between binding affinity to κ opioid receptor and antinociceptive activity was statistically significant.
- Vecchietti,Clarke,Colle,Dondio,Giardina,Petrone,Sbacchi
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p. 2970 - 2978
(2007/10/02)
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