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Studies of the rates of thermal decomposition of glycine, alanine, and serine
Rates of thermal decomposition of glycine, alanine, and serine are described by the equation of first order reaction in the temperature range 200-300°C. Apparent rate constants and apparent activation energies of decomposition of α-amino acids were evaluated. It was found that the main gaseos reaction product is carbon dioxide.
Yablokov,Smel'tsova,Zelyaev,Mitrofanova
p. 1704 - 1706
(2009)
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Nitrogen Atom Transfer Catalysis by Metallonitrene C?H Insertion: Photocatalytic Amidation of Aldehydes
C?H amination and amidation by catalytic nitrene transfer are well-established and typically proceed via electrophilic attack of nitrenoid intermediates. In contrast, the insertion of (formal) terminal nitride ligands into C?H bonds is much less developed and catalytic nitrogen atom transfer remains unknown. We here report the synthesis of a formal terminal nitride complex of palladium. Photocrystallographic, magnetic, and computational characterization support the assignment as an authentic metallonitrene (Pd?N) with a diradical nitrogen ligand that is singly bonded to PdII. Despite the subvalent nitrene character, selective C?H insertion with aldehydes follows nucleophilic selectivity. Transamidation of the benzamide product is enabled by reaction with N3SiMe3. Based on these results, a photocatalytic protocol for aldehyde C?H trimethylsilylamidation was developed that exhibits inverted, nucleophilic selectivity as compared to typical nitrene transfer catalysis. This first example of catalytic C?H nitrogen atom transfer offers facile access to primary amides after deprotection.
Schmidt-R?ntsch, Till,Verplancke, Hendrik,Lienert, Jonas N.,Demeshko, Serhiy,Otte, Matthias,Van Trieste, Gerard P.,Reid, Kaleb A.,Reibenspies, Joseph H.,Powers, David C.,Holthausen, Max C.,Schneider, Sven
(2022/01/20)

Manganese-Pincer-Catalyzed Nitrile Hydration, α-Deuteration, and α-Deuterated Amide Formation via Metal Ligand Cooperation
A simple and efficient system for the hydration and α-deuteration of nitriles to form amides, α-deuterated nitriles, and α-deuterated amides catalyzed by a single pincer complex of the earth-abundant manganese capable of metal-ligand cooperation is reported. The reaction is selective and tolerates a wide range of functional groups, giving the corresponding amides in moderate to good yields. Changing the solvent from tert-butanol to toluene and using D2O results in formation of α-deuterated nitriles in high selectivity. Moreover, α-deuterated amides can be obtained in one step directly from nitriles and D2O in THF. Preliminary mechanistic studies suggest the transformations contributing toward activation of the nitriles via a metal-ligand cooperative pathway, generating the manganese ketimido and enamido pincer complexes as the key intermediates for further transformations.
Ben-David, Yehoshoa,Diskin-Posner, Yael,Kar, Sayan,Milstein, David,Zhou, Quan-Quan,Zou, You-Quan
p. 10239 - 10245
(2021/08/24)

Efficient heterogeneous hydroaminocarbonylation of olefins with ammonium chloride as amino source
An efficient protocol for heterogeneous hydroaminocarbonylation of olefins with ammonium chloride without addition of acid additive has been developed for the first time. We successfully synthesized the Pd@POPs-PPh3 catalyst through a solvothermal synthetic method. Under this heterogeneous catalytic system, C2-C6 olefins displayed good yields and TON, and a yield of 66% of propionamide and TON = 1400 were obtained under mild reaction conditions (403 K, Pethylene = 0.5 MPa, PCO = 2.5 MPa), which is a little higher than those in the homogeneous system. This catalytic system has the advantage of easy separation of product and catalyst, as well as good stability. Uniform dispersion of Pd active sites, strong coordination bond between P and Pd, high surface area, large pore volume and hierarchical porosity of Pd@POPs-PPh3 were confirmed by a series of characterizations, which is believed to be the keys for the good activity and stability of hydroaminocarbonylation reaction.
Sun, Zhao,Yan, Li,Ji, Guangjun,Wang, Guoqing,Ma, Lei,Jiang, Miao,Li, Cunyao,Ding, Yunjie
(2021/02/26)

One-pot reductive amination of carboxylic acids: a sustainable method for primary amine synthesis
The reductive amination of carboxylic acids is a very green, efficient and sustainable method for the production of (bio-based) amines. However, with current technology, this reaction requires two to three reaction steps. Here, we report the first (heterogeneous) catalytic system for the one-pot reductive amination of carboxylic acids to amines, with solely H2 and NH3 as the reactants. This reaction can be performed with relatively cheap ruthenium-tungsten bimetallic catalysts in the green and benign solvent cyclopentyl methyl ether (CPME). Selectivities of up to 99% for the primary amine could be achieved at high conversions. Additionally, the catalyst is recyclable and tolerant for common impurities such as water and cations (e.g. sodium carboxylate).
Coeck, Robin,De Vos, Dirk E.
supporting information
p. 5105 - 5114
(2020/08/25)

Arene-ruthenium(II)-phosphine complexes: Green catalysts for hydration of nitriles under mild conditions
Three new arene-ruthenium(II) complexes were prepared by treating [{RuCl(μ-Cl)(η6-arene)}2] (η6-arene = p-cymene) dimer with tri(2-furyl)phosphine (PFu3) and 1,3,5-triaza-7-phosphaadamantane (PTA), respectively to obtain [RuCl2(η6-arene)PFu3] [Ru]-1, [RuCl(η6-arene)(PFu3)(PTA)]BF4 [Ru]-2 and [RuCl(η6-arene)(PFu3)2]BF4 [Ru]-3. All the complexes were structurally identified using analytical and spectroscopic methods including single-crystal X-ray studies. The effectiveness of resulting complexes as potential homogeneous catalysts for selective hydration of different nitriles into corresponding amides in aqueous medium and air atmosphere was explored. There was a remarkable difference in catalytic activity of the catalysts depending on the nature and number of phosphorus-donor ligands and sites available for catalysis. Experimental studies performed using structural analogues of efficient catalyst concluded a structural-activity relationship for the higher catalytic activity of [Ru]-1, being able to convert huge variety of aromatic, heteroaromatic and aliphatic nitriles. The use of eco-friendly water as a solvent, open atmosphere and avoidance of any organic solvent during the catalytic reactions prove the reported process to be truly green and sustainable.
Vyas, Komal M.,Mandal, Poulami,Singh, Rinky,Mobin, Shaikh M.,Mukhopadhyay, Suman
(2019/12/11)

Metal-free nitrogen -doped carbon nanosheets: A catalyst for the direct synthesis of imines under mild conditions
Herein, a highly stable, porous, multifunctional and metal-free catalyst was developed, which exhibited significant catalytic performance in the oxidation of amines and transfer hydrogenation of nitriles under mild conditions; this could be attributed to the presence of numerous active sites and their outstanding BET surface area. The obtained results showed that most of the yields of imines exceeded 90%, and the cycling performance of the catalyst could be at least seven runs without any decay in the reaction activity, which could be comparable to those of metal catalysts. Subsequently, a kinetic study has demonstrated that the apparent activation energy for the direct synthesis of imines from amines is 67.39 kJ mol-1, which has been performed to testify that the catalytic performances are rational. Via catalyst characterizations and experimental data, graphitic-N has been proven to be the active site of the catalyst. Hence, this study is beneficial to comprehend the mechanism of action of a metal-free N-doped carbon catalyst in the formation of imines.
Wang, Kaizhi,Jiang, Pengbo,Yang, Ming,Ma, Ping,Qin, Jiaheng,Huang, Xiaokang,Ma, Lei,Li, Rong
p. 2448 - 2461
(2019/05/17)

Activation of nitriles by silver(I) N-heterocyclic carbenes: An efficient on-water synthesis of primary amides
A first example of silver(I) N-heterocyclic carbene (Ag(I)-NHC) catalyzed on-water synthesis of primary amides by hydration of nitriles under mild reaction conditions is described. This organometallic catalytic system has excellent tolerance for various homo-aromatic, hetero-aromatic and aliphatic nitriles to afford primary amides in good yields in neat water.
Thirukovela, Narasimha Swamy,Balaboina, Ramesh,Kankala, Shravankumar,Vadde, Ravindhar,Vasam, Chandra Sekhar
supporting information
p. 2637 - 2641
(2019/03/21)

Selective Transformations of Triglycerides into Fatty Amines, Amides, and Nitriles by using Heterogeneous Catalysis
The use of triglycerides as an important class of biomass is an effective strategy to realize a more sustainable society. Herein, three heterogeneous catalytic methods are reported for the selective one-pot transformation of triglycerides into value-added chemicals: i) the reductive amination of triglycerides into fatty amines with aqueous NH3 under H2 promoted by ZrO2-supported Pt clusters; ii) the amidation of triglycerides under gaseous NH3 catalyzed by high-silica H-beta (Hβ) zeolite at 180 °C; iii) the Hβ-promoted synthesis of nitriles from triglycerides and gaseous NH3 at 220 °C. These methods are widely applicable to the transformation of various triglycerides (C4–C18 skeletons) into the corresponding amines, amides, and nitriles.
Jamil, Md. A. R.,Siddiki, S. M. A. Hakim,Touchy, Abeda Sultana,Rashed, Md. Nurnobi,Poly, Sharmin Sultana,Jing, Yuan,Ting, Kah Wei,Toyao, Takashi,Maeno, Zen,Shimizu, Ken-ichi
p. 3115 - 3125
(2019/04/26)

Appraisal of Ruthenium(II)complexes of (4-phenoxyphenylazo)ligands for the synthesis of primary amides by dint of hydroxylamine hydrochloride and aldehydes
A new family of O, N donor-functionalized (4-phenoxyphenylazo)-2-naphthol/4-substituted phenol-based ligands (HL1-HL4)has been synthesized. The prepared ligands were successfully utilized for the access of a series of ruthenium(II)carbonyl complexes of the type [Ru(L)Cl(CO)(EPh3)3](E = phosphine/arsine), (L = 1-(4-phenoxyphenylazo)-2-naphthol (HL1), 2-(4-phenoxyphenylazo)-4-chlorophenol (HL2), 2-(4-phenoxyphenylazo)-4-methylphenol (HL3)and 2-(4-phenoxyphenylazo)-4-methoxyphenol (HL4)). All of the ruthenium(II)carbonyl complexes and ligands have been fully characterized by FT-IR, UV–visible, 1H NMR, 31P NMR, mass spectrometry and CHN analysis. The ligands have been analyzed by 13C NMR. The UV–visible spectroscopic study reveals that both the ligands and Ru(II)complexes exhibit excellent charge transfer transitions. This is the basic criteria for the oxidative amidation reaction, which is an influential strategy for the transformation of oxygenated organic compounds to the profitable amides. However, this catalytic process makes more impact on the application of new divalent ruthenium(II)azo compounds as catalyst in a single-pot conversion of aldehydes to amides in the presence of NaHCO3.
Vinoth, Govindasamy,Indira, Sekar,Bharathi, Madheswaran,Sounthararajan, Muniyan,Sakthi, Dharmalingam,Bharathi, Kuppannan Shanmuga
p. 67 - 77
(2019/05/22)

A selective hydration of nitriles catalysed by a Pd(OAc)2-based system in water
In situ formation of a [Pd(OAc)2bipy] (bipy = 2,2′-bipyridyl) complex in water selectively catalyses the hydration of a wide range of organonitriles at 70 °C. Catalyst loadings of 5 mol% afford primary amide products in excellent yields in the absence of hydration-promoting additives such as oximes and hydroxylamines.
Sanz Sharley, Daniel D.,Williams, Jonathan M.J.
supporting information
p. 4090 - 4093
(2017/09/27)

Phosphinous Acid-Assisted Hydration of Nitriles: Understanding the Controversial Reactivity of Osmium and Ruthenium Catalysts
The synthesis and catalytic behavior of the osmium(II) complexes [OsCl2(η6-p-cymene)(PR2OH)] [R=Me (2 a), Ph (2 b), OMe (2 c), OPh (2 d)] in nitrile hydration reactions is presented. Among them, the best catalytic results were obtained with the phosphinous acid derivative [OsCl2(η6-p-cymene)(PMe2OH)] (2 a), which selectively provided the desired primary amides in excellent yields and short times at 80 °C, employing directly water as solvent, and without the assistance of any basic additive (TOF values up to 200 h?1). The process was successful with aromatic, heteroaromatic, aliphatic, and α,β-unsaturated organonitriles, and showed a high functional group tolerance. Indeed, complex 2 a represents the most active and versatile osmium-based catalyst for the hydration of nitriles reported so far in the literature. In addition, it exhibits a catalytic performance similar to that of its ruthenium analogue [RuCl2(η6-p-cymene)(PMe2OH)] (4). However, when compared to 4, the osmium complex 2 a turned out to be faster in the hydration of less-reactive aliphatic nitriles, whereas the opposite trend was generally observed with aromatic substrates. DFT calculations suggest that these differences in reactivity are mainly related to the ring strain associated with the key intermediate in the catalytic cycle, that is, a five-membered metallacyclic species generated by intramolecular addition of the hydroxyl group of the phosphinous acid ligand to the metal-coordinated nitrile.
González-Fernández, Rebeca,Crochet, Pascale,Cadierno, Victorio,Menéndez, M. Isabel,López, Ramón
p. 15210 - 15221
(2017/10/12)

Efficient Bimetallic Catalysis of Nitrile Hydration to Amides with a Simple Pd(OAc)2/Lewis Acid Catalyst at Ambient Temperature
Transition-metal-catalyzed nitrile hydration is an atom-economic method for the synthesis of various amides. This work demonstrates for the first time that the addition of non-redox metal ions like Sc3+ dramatically accelerate the hydration of various nitriles to amides at ambient temperature with the simple Pd(OAc)2 salt as catalyst, whereas the reactions with Pd(OAc)2 alone were very sluggish. The formation of a heterobimetallic PdII/ScIII species has been proposed as the key species for the hydration that demonstrates a bimetallic synergistic effect in this process.
Zhang, Sicheng,Xu, Haosheng,Lou, Chenlin,Senan, Ahmed M.,Chen, Zhuqi,Yin, Guochuan
p. 1870 - 1875
(2017/04/21)

Mixed-valence μ3-oxo-centered triruthenium cluster [Ru3(II,III,III)(μ3-O)(μ-CH3CO2)6(H2O)3]·2H2O: Synthesis, structural characterization, valence-state delocalization and catalytic behavior
The oxo-centered, trinuclear, mixed valence [Ru3(II,III,III)O(CH3CO2)6(H2O)3]·2H2O (2) acetate complex has been prepared with high yield through reduction of [Ru3(III,III,III)O(CH3CO2)6(CH3OH)3]·CH3CO2precursor compound in presence of muccic acid under hydrothermal conditions. The crystalline trinuclear oxo-cluster has been obtained as crystalline powder and characterized by single-crystal and powder X-ray diffraction, elemental analysis, SEM, TGA, IR spectroscopy. Complex 2 composes of μ3-oxocentered trinuclear ruthenium array and exhibits the oxidation state delocalization between three Ru atoms at 293 K. Accurate single-crystal analysis along with valence bond calculations reveal trapped-valence state delocalization at room temperature, whereas three-site relaxation occurs at 100 K leading to Ru(II) and Ru2(III) formal states. Moreover, the mixed valence of RuIIRu2IIIunit in compound 2 has been confirmed by XANES spectroscopy. The catalytic behavior of oxo-centered triruthenium complex 2 has been examined in hydration of nitriles and isomerization of allylic alcohols reactions both realized in aqueous media.
Dikhtiarenko, Alla,Khainakov, Sergei,García, José R.,Gimeno, José
p. 107 - 116
(2016/11/19)

Hemilability-Driven Water Activation: A NiII Catalyst for Base-Free Hydration of Nitriles to Amides
The NiII complex 1 containing pyridyl- and hydroxy-functionalized N-heterocyclic carbenes (NHCs) is synthesized and its catalytic utility for the selective nitrile hydration to the corresponding amide under base-free conditions is evaluated. The title compound exploits a hemilabile pyridyl unit to interact with a catalytically relevant water molecule through hydrogen-bonding and promotes a nucleophilic water attack to the nitrile. A wide variety of nitriles is hydrated to the corresponding amides including the pharmaceutical drugs rufinamide, Rifater, and piracetam. Synthetically challenging α-hydroxyamides are accessed from cyanohydrins under neutral conditions. Related catalysts that lack the pyridyl unit (i.e., compounds 2 and 4) are not active whereas those containing both the pyridyl and the hydroxy or only the pyridyl pendant (i.e., compounds 1 and 3) show substantial activity. The linkage isomer 1′ where the hydroxy group is bound to the metal instead of the pyridyl group was isolated under different crystallization conditions insinuating a ligand hemilabile behavior. Additional pKa measurements reveal an accessible pyridyl unit under the catalytic conditions. Kinetic studies support a ligand-promoted nucleophilic water addition to a metal-bound nitrile group. This work reports a Ni-based catalyst that exhibits functional hemilability for hydration chemistry.
Singh, Kuldeep,Sarbajna, Abir,Dutta, Indranil,Pandey, Pragati,Bera, Jitendra K.
p. 7761 - 7771
(2017/06/06)

Method for synthesizing primary amide compound
The invention provides a method for synthesizing a primary amide compound. A nitrile compound and different N sources as raw materials and oxygen as an oxidizing agent undergo a reaction in the presence of a copper salt as a catalyst under mild conditions to produce the primary amide compound. The method utilizes a cheap and easily available copper salt as a catalyst, a commercial nitrile compound as a substrate and molecular O2 (oxygen) as an oxidant to realize nitrile oxidation and amidation reactions. The reaction conditions are mild, the raw materials are cheap and easily available, the adaptability of the reaction substrate is wide, the selectivity and yield of the product are high, the reaction conditions are mild, environmental friendliness is obtained, and the method has a good industrial application prospect.
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Paragraph 0067; 0068; 0069

(2017/08/28)

Method for preparing amide by metallic sodium catalyzed ester ammonolysis reaction
The invention discloses a method for preparing amide by metallic sodium catalyzed ester ammonolysis reaction. The method is characterized in that ester and liquid ammonia are taken as raw materials, and metallic sodium is taken as a catalyst to perform reaction at a temperature of 90-140 DEG C in a high-pressure kettle; a molar ratio of the ester to ammonium is 1: (1.2 to 5.0); molar weight of the metallic sodium is 4-10% that of the ester; when reaction pressure is not lowered any longer, reaction is stopped to recycle the ammonium which is not reacted; and an obtained reaction product is post-treated to obtain a product. The method can be used for efficiently preparing the amide; and moreover, the raw materials are cheap and are low in toxicity, reaction activity is relatively high, dose of the catalyst is small, reaction speed is high, a reaction conversion rate is high, and the product is easily separated.
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Paragraph 0066

(2017/08/30)

One–pot green catalytic synthesis of primary amides in aqueous medium by CuII–immobilized silica–based magnetic retrievable nanocatalyst
In order to develop a new nanocatalyst, a copper–birhodanine derivative complex crafted onto Fe3O4@SiO2nanoparticle [abbreviated as Fe3O4@SiO2–Ligand–Cu(II)] was synthesized and their structure characterized by different physicochemical techniques such as FT–IR, FE–SEM, XRD, EDX, TGA, AGFM, and ICP. This new magnetic nanoparticle revealed high catalytic performance for one–pot green synthesis of primary amides from aldehydes and NH2OH·HCl in water as a green solvent. The effects of catalyst amounts, reaction temperature, various bases and type of solvent on catalytic activity were also investigated. The catalyst was retrieved eight times without significant loss of its catalytic activity.
Rezaei, Manuchehr,Amani, Kamal,Darvishi, Kamran
p. 38 - 42
(2016/12/24)

Hexagonal Mesoporous Silica-Supported Copper Oxide (CuO/HMS) Catalyst: Synthesis of Primary Amides from Aldehydes in Aqueous Medium
Hexagonal mesoporous silica (HMS)-supported copper oxides (CuO/HMS) have been prepared by a sol–gel method and characterized by X-ray diffraction, FTIR spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy, N2 sorption, inductively coupled plasma (ICP), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), H2 temperature-programed reduction (TPR), NH3 temperature-programed desorption (TPD), and high-resolution (HR)-TEM techniques. An analysis of these results revealed a mesoporous material system with a high surface area (974 m2 g?1) and uniform pore-size distribution. The catalytic efficacy of CuO on the HMS support with varying Cu loadings (1, 3, 5, 10, and 15 wt %) was investigated for the transformation of aldehydes to primary amides; 3 wt % CuO/HMS exhibited good catalytic performance with good to excellent yields of amides (60–92 %) in benign aqueous medium. The intrinsically heterogeneous catalyst could be recovered after the reaction and reused without any noticeable loss in activity.
Kadam, Ravishankar G.,Rathi, Anuj K.,Cepe, Klara,Zboril, Radek,Varma, Rajender S.,Gawande, Manoj B.,Jayaram, Radha V.
p. 467 - 473
(2017/04/13)

A method of from [...] amide
The invention discloses a method for synthesizing amides from oxime. The method is characterized by adding oxime, water and a water-soluble iridium complex catalyst to a reaction vessel, cooling a reactant to the room temperature after the reaction mixture reacts at 80-120 DEG C for several hours, removing water through selective evaporation, and obtaining a target product through column separation. Compared with existing methods for synthesizing amides through oxime rearrangement in water through transition metal catalysis, the method has the advantages that the used catalyst is low in load and does not contain phosphine ligands severely polluting the environment, so that the reaction can be carried out in the air, without nitrogen protection; therefore the reaction meets the green chemical requirements and has an extensive development prospect.
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Paragraph 0118-0122

(2017/01/31)

Synthesis of and catalytic nitrile hydration by a cationic tris(μ-hydroxo)diruthenium(II) complex having PMe3ligands
While phenyl vinyl ether does not react with [Ru(η4-1,5-COD)(η6-1,3,5-COT)] (1)/PMe3, the C–O bond cleavage of phenyl vinyl ether occurs by 1/PMe3in the presence of water to give a tris(μ-hydroxo)diruthenium(II) complex [(Me3P)3Ru(μ-OH)3Ru(PMe3)3]+[OPh]?·HOPh (3·HOPh) with evolution of ethylene. The molecular structure of 3·HOPh is unequivocally determined by X-ray analysis. The most likely mechanism for the formation of 3·HOPh is protonation of [Ru(η4-1,5-COD)(PMe3)3] (2c) by water and subsequent insertion of phenyl vinyl ether into the resulting Ru–H bond followed by the β-phenoxide elimination and hydrolysis and dimerization of the phenoxoruthenium(II) species. Complex 3 acts as a catalyst for nitrile hydration. As a typical example, the hydration of benzonitrile was achieved by 3 (1.0 mol%) in 1,4-dioxane at 120 °C for 6 h to give benzamide quantitatively.
Kiyota, Sayori,Kobori, Takako,Soeta, Hirofumi,Ichikawa, You-ichi,Komine, Nobuyuki,Komiya, Sanshiro,Hirano, Masafumi
p. 3 - 10
(2016/12/06)

A mild hydration of nitriles catalysed by copper(ii) acetate
A simple, mild and general procedure for the hydration of nitriles to amides using copper as catalyst and promoted by N,N-diethylhydroxylamine is described. The reaction can be conducted in water at low temperature in short reaction times. This new procedure allows amides to be obtained from a wide range of substrates in excellent yields.
Marcé, Patricia,Lynch, James,Blacker, A. John,Williams, Jonathan M. J.
supporting information
p. 1436 - 1438
(2016/01/25)

Ruthenium(II) complexes incorporating salicylaldiminato-functionalized N-heterocyclic carbene ligands as efficient and versatile catalysts for hydration of organonitriles
We describe a new synthetic procedure for synthesis of ruthenium(II) complexes containing salicylaldiminato functionalized mixed N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) ligand and phosphine co-ligand. The complexes (3a-3d) have been obtained in good to excellent yields by transmetalation from the corresponding Ag-NHC complexes (2a-2d) as carbene transfer reagents. All the [Ru-NHC] complexes have been characterized by elemental analyses, spectroscopic methods as well as ESI mass spectrometry. The ligands 1a-1d show their versatility by switching to be O,N,C-chelating in these ruthenium(II) complexes. The resulting complexes have been evaluated as potential catalysts for the selective hydration of nitriles to primary amides, and related amide bond forming reactions, in environmentally friendly medium. The reaction tolerated ether, hydroxyl, nitro, bromo, formyl, pyridyl, benzyl and alkyl functional groups. The catalyst was stable for weeks and could be recovered and reused more than six times without significant loss of activity.
Nirmala, Muthukumaran,Saranya, Gandhi,Viswanathamurthi, Periasamy
p. 134 - 144
(2016/01/09)

Method for synthesizing N-alkylamide
The invention discloses a method for synthesizing N-alkylamide. In a reaction container, adding nitrile, a complex of a transition-metal catalyst gold, a solvent tetrahydrofuran and H2O; reacting a reaction mixture for several hours at the temperature of 130-140 DEG C, cooling the reaction mixture to room temperature, performing vacuum pressure reduction to remove the solvent; adding a compound alcohol, alkali, the complex of a transition-metal catalyst iridium, a solvent toluene, reacting the reaction mixture for several hours at the temperature of 130 DEG C, through column separation, obtaining a target compound. According to the invention, with participation of the transition-metal catalyst, commercial nitrile is hydrolyzed to generate an amide intermediate, and then is subjected to an alkylation reaction with alcohol to obtain N-alkylamide. The reaction has three obvious advantages: 1) the commercial nitrile and alcohol which is almost nontoxic are taken as initial raw materials; 2) only water is generated as a by-product in the reaction, so that the reaction has no harm on environment; and 3) reaction atom economy is high. The reaction accords with green chemistry requirement, and has wide development prospect.
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Paragraph 0155-0158

(2016/12/07)

Heterogeneous sono-Fenton-like process using nanostructured pyrite prepared by Ar glow discharge plasma for treatment of a textile dye
The plasma-treated pyrite (PTP) nanostructures were prepared from natural pyrite (NP) utilizing argon plasma due to its sputtering and cleaning effects resulting in more active surface area. The NP and PTP were characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) methods. The performance of the PTP was greater than NP for treatment of Reactive Red 84 (RR84) by the heterogeneous sono-Fenton process. The optimum amounts of main operational parameters were obtained as PTP of 4 g/L, initial dye concentration of 10 mg/L, pH of 5, and ultrasonic power of 300 W after 120 min of reaction time. Also, the effects of enhancers, and inorganic salts and t-butanol as hydroxyl radical scavengers on the degradation efficiency were investigated. Gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy analysis (GC-MS) was applied for detection of some degradation intermediates. Environmentally friendly plasma modification of the NP, in situ production of H2O2 and OH radicals, low leached iron concentration and repeated reusability at the milder pH are the significant benefits of the PTP utilization.
Khataee, Alireza,Gholami, Peyman,Vahid, Behrouz
p. 213 - 225
(2015/10/19)

SUBSTITUTED THIAZOLE OR OXAZOLE P2X7 RECEPTOR ANTAGONISTS
The present invention refers to novel substituted thiazole and oxazole compounds of formula (I) having P2X7 receptor (P2X7) antagonistic properties. The compounds are useful in the treatment or prophylaxis of diseases associated with P2X7 receptor activity in animals, in particular humans.
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Page/Page column 40

(2015/09/22)

Selective aerobic hydrolysis of nitriles to amides using cobalt(II)/zinc
A novel protocol has been developed for the aerobic hydrolysis of nitriles to amides using cobalt(II)/zinc without using any strong acids and bases under solvent-free conditions. The reaction showed good performance for benzonitriles with sensitive groups such as ester and carboxylic acid.
Keshipour, Sajjad,Shaabani, Ahmad
p. 5071 - 5078
(2015/07/08)

Ruthenium(II) carbonyl complexes containing pyridoxal thiosemicarbazone and trans-bis(triphenylphosphine/arsine): Synthesis, structure and their recyclable catalysis of nitriles to amides and synthesis of imidazolines
Pyridoxal N(4)-substituted thisemicarbazone hydrochloride ligands (L1-3) were synthesized and reacted with the ruthenium(II) starting complexes [RuHCl(CO)(EPh3)3] (EP or As). The resulting complexes [Ru(CO)(L1-3)(EPh3)2] (1-6) were characterized by elemental analyses and spectroscopic techniques. The molecular structure of complex 5 was identified by means of single crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. The catalytic activity of the new complexes was evaluated for the selective hydration of nitriles to primary amides and also the condensation of nitriles with ethylenediamine under solvent free conditions. The processes were operative with aromatic, heteroaromatic and aliphatic nitriles, and tolerated several substitutional groups. The studies on the effect of substitution over thiosemicarbazone, reaction time, temperature, solvent and catalyst loading were carried out in order to find the best catalyst in this series of complexes and favourable reaction conditions. A probable mechanism for both the catalytic reactions of nitrile has also been proposed. The catalyst was recovered and recycled in the hydration of nitriles for five times without any significant loss of its activity.
Manikandan, Rajendran,Anitha, Panneerselvam,Prakash, Govindan,Vijayan, Paranthaman,Viswanathamurthi, Periasamy,Butcher, Ray Jay,Malecki, Jan Grzegorz
p. 312 - 324
(2015/01/30)

Combination of gold and iridium catalysts for the synthesis of N-alkylated amides from nitriles and alcohols
An alternative and efficient approach for the synthesis of N-alkylated amides from nitriles and alcohols was proposed and accomplished. By the combination of [(IPr)Au(NTf2)] (IPr = 1,3-bis(diisopropylphenyl)imidazol-2-ylidene) and [CpIrCl2]2 (Cp = η5-pentamethylcyclopentadienyl), a series of nitriles were first hydrated to give amides, in which the resulting amides were further N-alkylated with a variety of alcohols as alkylating agents to afford N-alkylated amides with good to excellent yields. Compared with previous methods for the synthesis of N-alkylated amides from nitriles and alcohols as starting materials, this protocol could be accomplished with high atom economy under more environmentally benign conditions.
Li, Feng,Ma, Juan,Lu, Lei,Bao, Xiaofeng,Tang, Wanying
p. 1953 - 1960
(2015/04/27)

Rearrangement of aldoximes to amides in water under air atmosphere catalyzed by water-soluble iridium complex [Cp*Ir(H2O) 3][OTf]2
In the presence of the water-soluble iridium complex [Cp*Ir(H 2O)3][OTf]2, a variety of aldoximes, including aromatic, aliphatic, conjugated unsaturated and non-conjugated unsaturated, were converted into their corresponding amides in water with good to excellent yields. Further, the one-pot synthesis of amides from aldehydes, hydroxylamine hydrochloride and sodium carbonate via a tandem condensation-rearrangement reaction in water was also accomplished. Compared with the reported organometallic catalysts for the rearrangement of aldoximes to amides in water, the present catalyst exhibited some advantages such as being phosphorus ligand-free, having low catalyst loading, and operational convenience under air atmosphere. This journal is the Partner Organisations 2014.
Sun, Chunlou,Qu, Panpan,Li, Feng
p. 988 - 996
(2014/04/03)

Efficient and selective hydration of nitriles to amides in aqueous systems with Ru(II)-phosphaurotropine catalysts
A simple and efficient synthesis of amides by selective hydration of aromatic and aliphatic nitriles is described. The catalysts are prepared in situ from easily available Ru-precursors and ligands using water as the solvent. The most active catalyst, is obtained from [RuCl2(dmso)4] and benzylated 1,3,5-triaza-7-phosphaadamantane. Of the 16 substrates examined, 92-99% conversions of 14 nitriles were achieved in one hour at reflux temperature.
Bolyog-Nagy, Evelin,Udvardy, Antal,Joó, Ferenc,Kathó, ágnes
supporting information
p. 3615 - 3617
(2014/06/23)

The direct synthesis of N-alkylated amides via a tandem hydration/N-alkylation reaction from nitriles, aldoximes and alcohols
A novel strategy for the direct synthesis of N-alkylated amides from nitriles, aldoximes and alcohols was proposed and accomplished in the presence of a Cp*Ir complex. This journal is the Partner Organisations 2014.
Wang, Nana,Zou, Xiaoyuan,Ma, Juan,Li, Feng
supporting information
p. 8303 - 8305
(2014/07/22)

Chitosan supported ionic liquid: A recyclable wet and dry catalyst for the direct conversion of aldehydes into nitriles and amides under mild conditions
A green and highly efficient chitosan supported magnetic ionic liquid (CSMIL) was synthesized with chitosan (the most abundant biopolymer in nature and a cheap industrial waste product), methyl imidazole and anhydrous/hydrous FeCl3. The heterogeneous catalyst thus obtained was used for the direct conversion of aldehydes to the corresponding nitriles in the presence of NH2OH·HCl/dry-CSMIL/MeSO2Cl and amides with NH 2OH·HCl/wet-CSMIL/MeSO2Cl. A highlight of our approach is the easy separation of the catalyst from the reaction medium and thus the recyclability of the catalyst. This simple method can be applied to obtain a wide range of aromatic, heterocyclic, and aliphatic nitriles and amides.
Khalafi-Nezhad, Ali,Mohammadi, Somayeh
p. 13782 - 13787
(2014/04/17)

Poly (N-2-aminoethylacrylamide) grafted polystyrene-Cu (II) complex catalyzed conversion of aldehydes into primary amides in water
Poly (N-2-aminoethylacrylamide) grafted polystyrene-Cu (II) complex was synthesized and characterized by techniques such as FTIR spectroscopy, XRD, SEM-EDX, TGA and ICP-AES analysis. The catalyst exhibits an excellent catalytic activity for the conversion of various aldehydes to corresponding amides in water. Also, the catalyst could be recovered and reused five times without any significant loss in its activity.
Kurhe, Deepak K.,Jayaram, Radha V.
p. 69 - 72
(2014/10/16)

Poly (N-2-aminoethylacrylamide) grafted polystyrene-Cu (II) complex catalyzed conversion of aldehydes into primary amides in water
Poly (N-2-aminoethylacrylamide) grafted polystyrene-Cu (II) complex was synthesized and characterized by techniques such as FTIR spectroscopy, XRD, SEM-EDX, TGA and ICP-AES analysis. The catalyst exhibits an excellent catalytic activity for the conversion of various aldehydes to corresponding amides in water. Also, the catalyst could be recovered and reused five times without any significant loss in its activity.
Kurhe, Deepak K.,Jayaram, Radha V.
p. 69 - 72
(2014/12/11)

Conversion of aldoximes into nitriles and amides under mild conditions
A series of Pd(en)X2 salts were used as catalysts for the conversion of aldoximes into nitriles and amides. Highlights of this protocol include the use of inexpensive polar solvents, including water, and moderate reaction temperatures. A high degree of selectivity in the reaction outcome was observed when using aliphatic vs. aromatic/conjugated aldoximes. The Royal Society of Chemistry 2013.
Tambara, Koujiro,Pantos, G. Dan
supporting information
p. 2466 - 2472
(2013/06/05)

A general and practical oxidation of alcohols to primary amides under metal-free conditions
A general procedure for oxidation of both benzyl alcohols and alkyl alcohols to primary amides under catalyst free conditions has been developed. 34 examples of primary amides were produced from their corresponding alcohols in moderate to excellent yields. This is a practical procedure for primary amides synthesis; water and tert-butanol are the only by-products. A commercial drug, Piracetam, was prepared in one step with 73% yield as well.
Wu, Xiao-Feng,Sharif, Muhammad,Feng, Jian-Bo,Neumann, Helfried,Pews-Davtyan, Anahit,Langer, Peter,Beller, Matthias
p. 1956 - 1961
(2013/09/24)

Bifunctional water activation for catalytic hydration of organonitriles
Treatment of [Rh(COD)(μ-Cl)]2 with excess tBuOK and subsequent addition of 2 equiv of PIN?HBr in THF afforded [Rh(COD)(κC2-PIN)Br] (1) (PIN = 1-isopropyl-3-(5,7-dimethyl-1, 8-naphthyrid-2-yl)imidazol-2-ylidene, COD = 1,5-cyclooctadiene). The X-ray structure of 1 confirms ligand coordination to "Rh(COD)Br" through the carbene carbon featuring an unbound naphthyridine. Compound 1 is shown to be an excellent catalyst for the hydration of a wide variety of organonitriles at ambient temperature, providing the corresponding organoamides. In general, smaller substrates gave higher yields compared with sterically bulky nitriles. A turnover frequency of 20 000 h-1 was achieved for the acrylonitrile. A similar Rh(I) catalyst without the naphthyridine appendage turned out to be inactive. DFT studies are undertaken to gain insight on the hydration mechanism. A 1:1 catalyst-water adduct was identified, which indicates that the naphthyridine group steers the catalytically relevant water molecule to the active metal site via double hydrogen-bonding interactions, providing significant entropic advantage to the hydration process. The calculated transition state (TS) reveals multicomponent cooperativity involving proton movement from the water to the naphthyridine nitrogen and a complementary interaction between the hydroxide and the nitrile carbon. Bifunctional water activation and cooperative proton migration are recognized as the key steps in the catalytic cycle.
Daw, Prosenjit,Sinha, Arup,Rahaman, S. M. Wahidur,Dinda, Shrabani,Bera, Jitendra K.
experimental part
p. 3790 - 3797
(2012/06/18)

A general and efficient heterogeneous gold-catalyzed hydration of nitriles in neat water under mild atmospheric conditions
Mild, efficient and general: Titania decorated with nanometer-sized gold particles acts as an efficient catalyst for the selective hydration of a wide range of chemically diverse nitriles into valuable amides in neutral water, under mild atmospheric conditions (see image). The process shows promise for a facile and direct one-pot synthesis of ?μ-caprolactam, an industrially important molecule, starting from 6-aminocapronitrile. Copyright
Liu, Yong-Mei,He, Lin,Wang, Miao-Miao,Cao, Yong,He, He-Yong,Fan, Kang-Nian
scheme or table
p. 1392 - 1396
(2012/10/07)

Lewis acid-catalyzed oxidation of benzylamines to benzamides
A novel Lewis acid-catalyzed oxidation of benzylamines to the corresponding amides has been developed. Using 10 mol% of ZnBr2 or FeCl 3 as the catalyst and TBHP as the oxidant, amides were produced under mild conditions. The Royal Society of Chemistry 2012..
Wu, Xiao-Feng,Bheeter, Charles Beromeo,Neumann, Helfried,Dixneuf, Pierre H.,Beller, Matthias
supporting information
p. 12237 - 12239
(2013/01/16)

I2-TEMPO as an efficient oxidizing agent for the one-pot conversion of alcohol to amide using FeCl3 as the catalyst
A high yield one-pot method for the synthesis of amides from alcohols is described. The aldehyde was generated in situ using iodine-TEMPO as oxidizing agent followed by intermediate oxime formation through reaction with NH 2OH?HCl and finally rearrangement of oxime catalyzed by FeCl3.
Das, Rima,Chakraborty, Debashis
experimental part
p. 48 - 53
(2012/08/28)

Double molecular recognition with aminoorganoboron complexes: Selective alcoholysis of β-dicarbonyl derivatives
Double duty: Aminoorganoboron (AOB) complexes recognize alcohol and β-dicarbonyl units, and thereby facilitate chemo- and site-selective alcoholysis of the latter (see scheme). The complex activates both reaction partners. This strategy enables C-C, C-N, and C-O bond cleavage in addition/elimination reactions under near neutral pH conditions and provides a new method for functional group conversions. Copyright
Oishi, Shunsuke,Saito, Susumu
supporting information; experimental part
p. 5395 - 5399
(2012/06/18)

Ruthenium-catalyzed reduction of N-alkoxy- and N-hydroxyamides
A ruthenium-catalyzed reduction of N-alkoxy- and N-hydroxyamides was found to afford corresponding amides in good to high yields. A simple RuCl 3/Zn-Cu/alcohol system, without the addition of any other ligands, exhibited a high catalytic activity, and therefore the present reaction does not require a stoichiometric amount of metals or metal complexes as reductants. When β-substituted-α,β-unsaturated N-methoxyamides were employed as substrates, concurrent hydrogenation of the olefin moiety proceeded slowly with deprotection of the methoxy group. In the reduction of N-hydroxyamides, the alcoholic solvent was found to function as a hydrogen donor.
Fukuzawa, Hiroko,Ura, Yasuyuki,Kataoka, Yasutaka
experimental part
p. 3643 - 3648
(2011/12/02)

Copper-catalyzed rearrangement of oximes into primary amides
The atom-efficient and cost-effective rearrangement of oximes into primary amides is catalyzed by simple copper salts. The use of homogeneous Cu(OAc) 2 (1-2 mol %) was found to be effective for this transformation at 80 °C. The reaction was successful with either conventional or microwave heating. CuO and CuO/ZnO on activated carbon provided a competent reuseable heterogeneous catalyst which could be used in a batch process or in flow. Copper salts are much cheaper than the precious metals previously used for this rearrangement, and the reaction conditions are milder than those reported.
Sharma, Sumeet K.,Bishopp, Simon D.,Liana Allen,Lawrence, Ruth,Bamford, Mark J.,Lapkin, Alexei A.,Plucinski, Pawel,Watson, Robert J.,Williams, Jonathan M.J.
scheme or table
p. 4252 - 4255
(2011/08/22)

Natural kaolin supported sulfuric acid as an efficient catalyst for selective hydrolysis of nitriles to amides
The natural kaolin supported sulfuric acid as an efficient catalyst for selective hydrolysis of nitriles to amides was investigated. The nitrile (4 mmol) was dissolved in water (10 mL) in the presence of kaolin and refluxed for 24 h. The crude product was extracted with ethyl acetate in 55-80% yields after completion of the reaction (monitored by TLC). Careful neutralization of all reaction mixtures were carried out to pH = 7 for exact monitoring of reaction for possible formation of carboxylic acid. The products were characterized by IR and 1H NMR spectroscopy and also their melting points are compared with authentic samples. The disappearance of one strong and sharp absorption band (CN stretching band), and the appearance of two NH2 stretching bands in 3370 and 3320 cm-1 and carboxamide stretching in 1650 cm-1 in the IR spectra, were evidence for the formation of primary amides.
Gordi, Zinat,Eshghi, Hossein
experimental part
p. 715 - 718
(2011/10/08)

Mechanistic studies into metal-catalyzed aldoxime to amide rearrangements
The metal-catalyzed rearrangement of aldoximes into primary amides is a completely atom economical synthetic method for the preparation of one of the most important functional groups in chemistry. There have been several reports of various metals successfully catalyzing this reaction, however, there are conflicting views as to the mechanism involved. Herein we report new experimental evidence to support the mechanism and whether this is universal to all catalysts reported or metal specific. We also describe our further studies into the mechanism of the nickel-catalyzed acylation of amines with aldoximes. Copyright
Allen, C. Liana,Lawrence, Ruth,Emmett, Liam,Williams, Jonathan M. J.
supporting information; experimental part
p. 3262 - 3268
(2012/01/19)

Highly efficient one-pot synthesis of primary amides catalyzed by scandium(III) triflate under controlled MW
The present Letter highlights a versatile synthetic protocol for the one-pot synthesis of primary amides employing scandium(III) triflate as a catalyst in water under controlled MW. This methodology offers excellent yields in shorter reaction times with enhanced selectivity.
Allam, Bharat Kumar,Singh, Krishna Nand
experimental part
p. 5851 - 5854
(2011/12/03)

FeIII-catalyzed synthesis of primary amides from aldehydes
A direct synthetic route for the transformation of aldehydes into primary amides in the presence of catalytic amounts of FeCl3 in water is described. A direct synthetic route for the transformation of aldehydes into primary amides in the presence of catalytic amounts of FeCl3 in water is described. Copyright
Gowda, Ravikumar R.,Chakraborty, Debashis
supporting information; experimental part
p. 2226 - 2229
(2011/06/17)

Catalytic acylation of amines with aldehydes or aldoximes
The simple nickel salt NiCl2?6H2O catalyzes the coupling of aldoximes with amines to give secondary or tertiary amide products. The aldoxime can be prepared in situ from the corresponding aldehyde. The use of 18O-labeled oximes has allowed insight into the mechanism of this reaction.
Allen, C. Liana,Davulcu, Simge,Williams, Jonathan M. J.
supporting information; experimental part
p. 5096 - 5099
(2011/02/21)

Cost efficient synthesis of amides from oximes with indium or zinc catalysts
Simple indium and zinc salts have been successfully used as catalysts for the rearrangement of oximes into primary amides. The direct synthesis of nitriles or primary amides from aldehydes has also been demonstrated using these inexpensive catalysts.
Allen, C. Liana,Burel, Céline,Williams, Jonathan M.J.
supporting information; experimental part
p. 2724 - 2726
(2010/07/06)

A simple Ru catalyst for the conversion of aldehydes or oximes to primary amides
Ru(DMSO)4Cl2 is catalytically active for converting aldehydes to primary amides via oxime intermediates. This catalyst is readily available, and requires no additional ligands, a great simplification compared to previous work. A Ru(II)/(IV) mechanism is proposed.
Hull, Jonathan F.,Hilton, Sheena T.,Crabtree, Robert H.
experimental part
p. 1243 - 1245
(2010/07/05)