- One-Pot Asymmetric Oxidative Dearomatization of 2-Substituted Indoles by Merging Transition Metal Catalysis with Organocatalysis to Access C2-Tetrasubstituted Indolin-3-Ones
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A one-pot approach for the asymmetric synthesis of C2-tetrasubstituted indolin-3-ones from 2-substituted indoles was developed via merging transition metal catalysis with organocatalysis. This strategy involves two processes, including CuI catalyzed oxidative dearomatization of 2-substituted indoles using O2 as green oxidant, and followed by an proline-promoted asymmetric Mannich reaction with ketones or aldehydes. A series of C2-tetrasubstituted indolin-3-ones were obtained in 35–86% yields, 2:1->20:1 dr and 48–99% ee. Moreover, the synthetic 2-tetrasubstituted indolin-3-ones could be easily transformed into 1H-[1,3] oxazino [3,4-a]indol-5(3H)-ones via a [4+1] cyclization process. In addition, the synthetic compound 3 s show certain antibacterial activity against S. aureus ATCC25923 and multi-drug resistance bacterial strain of S. aureus (20151027077) and its MIC values up to 8 μg/mL and 16 μg/mL, respectively. (Figure presented.).
- Zhao, Yong-Long,An, Jian-Xiong,Yang, Fen-Fen,Guan, Xiang,Fu, Xiao-Zhong,Li, Zong-Qin,Wang, Da-Peng,Zhou, Meng,Yang, Yuan-Yong,He, Bin
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p. 1277 - 1285
(2022/03/14)
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- Regioselective Direct C2 Arylation of Indole, Benzothiophene and Benzofuran: Utilization of Reusable Pd NPs and NHC-Pd@MNPs Catalyst for C–H Activation Reaction
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Abstract: A regioselective C2 arylation of indoles, benzothiophene and benzofuran without directing group has been accomplished using economically cheap Pd NPs and NHC-Pd@MNPs catalyst. The reusable catalyst is efficiently employed to access C2 arylated heterocycles in good to excellent yield. The reusability of the catalyst is studied up to five cycles and a gram-scale synthesis has been achieved. The reaction mechanism is well supported by control experiments and literature precedents. Grapic Abstract: [Figure not available: see fulltext.]
- Hegde, Rajeev V.,Ong, Tiow-Gan,Ambre, Ram,Jadhav, Arvind H.,Patil, Siddappa A.,Dateer, Ramesh B.
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p. 1397 - 1405
(2020/10/02)
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- Synthesis and Catalytic Use of Polar Phosphinoferrocene Amidosulfonates Bearing Bulky Substituents at the Ferrocene Backbone
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Anionic phosphinoferrocene amidosulfonates bearing sterically demanding tert-butyl substituents in positions 3 and 3′ of the ferrocene scaffold, viz. rac-(Et3NH)[Fe(η5-tBuC5H3PR2)(η5-tBuC5H3C(O)NHCH2SO3)] (R = phenyl, cyclohexyl), were synthesized by amidation of the corresponding phosphinocarboxylic acids, [Fe(η5-tBuC5H3PR2)(η5-tBuC5H3CO2H)]. These ditopic polar phosphinoferrocenes and their non-tert-butylated analogues have been used as ligands to prepare zwitterionic (η3-allyl)palladium(II) complexes [Pd(η3-C3H5){Fe(η5-R′C5H3PR2)(η5-R′C5H3C(O)NHCH2SO3)}] (R′ = H, tBu; R = Ph, Cy). Depending on the isolation procedure and crystallization conditions, some complexes were isolated in two isomeric forms which differed in the coordination of the amidosulfonate pendant group, where either amide or sulfonated oxygen ligated the Pd(II) center. The preference for coordination of the amide or sulfonate oxygen atoms has been explained by the interplay of electrostatic and solvation effects and further supported by DFT calculations. The (η3-allyl)PdII complexes have been applied as defined precatalysts for Pd-catalyzed C-H arylation of an unprotected indole with aryl iodides in polar solvents. Under the optimized reaction conditions at 100 °C in water, C2-arylation proceeded selectively with various aryl iodides to produce the respective 2-arylindoles in acceptable yields at a low catalyst loading (1 mol % Pd) and in the absence of any phase transfer agent. The catalyst possessing tert-butyl groups at the ferrocene core and an electron-rich dicyclohexylphosphino group exhibited the best catalytic performance.
- Vosáhlo, Petr,Radal, Leá,Labonde, Marine,Císa?ová, Ivana,Roger, Julien,Pirio, Nadine,Hierso, Jean-Cyrille,?těpni?ka, Petr
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p. 1934 - 1944
(2021/06/28)
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- Copper-Catalyzed Enantioselective C-H Arylation between 2-Arylindoles and Hypervalent Iodine Reagents
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The copper-catalyzed enantioselective C-H arylation between 2-arylindoles and hypervalent iodine reagents has been successfully developed, which provides a convenient and economical route to the highly atroposelective synthesis of axially chiral indole de
- Liang, Hao,Zhu, Guoxun,Pu, Xiaoyun,Qiu, Liqin
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supporting information
p. 9246 - 9250
(2021/12/06)
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- B(C6F5)3-Catalyzed Electron Donor-Acceptor Complex-Mediated Aerobic Sulfenylation of Indoles under Visible-Light Conditions
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An efficient B(C6F5)3-catalyzed aerobic oxidative C-S cross-coupling reaction of thiophenol with indoles was developed, affording a wide range of diaryl sulfides in good yields. An electron donor-acceptor complex between B(C6F5)3 and indoles was formed, facilitating the photoinduced single-electron transfer (SET) from indole substrates to the B(C6F5)3 catalyst. This protocol demonstrates a new reaction model using B(C6F5)3 as a single-electron oxidant.
- Yuan, Wenkai,Huang, Jie,Xu, Xin,Wang, Long,Tang, Xiang-Ying
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p. 7139 - 7143
(2021/09/14)
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- Acid-catalyzed cleavage of C-C bonds enables atropaldehyde acetals as masked C2 electrophiles for organic synthesis
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Acid-catalyzed tandem reactions of atropaldehyde acetals were established for the synthesis of three important molecules, 2,2-disubstituted indolin-3-ones, naphthofurans and stilbenes. The synthesis was realized using novel reaction cascades, which involved the same two initial steps: (i) SN2′ substitution, in which the atropaldehyde acted as an electrophile; and (ii) oxidative cleavage of the carbon-carbon bond of the generated phenylacetaldehyde-type products. Compared with literature methods, the present protocol not only avoided the use of expensive noble metal catalysts, but also enabled a simple operation.
- Chen, Shaomin,Gu, Yanlong,Li, Minghao
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p. 10431 - 10434
(2021/10/12)
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- An iron(iii)-catalyzed dehydrogenative cross-coupling reaction of indoles with benzylamines to prepare 3-aminoindole derivatives
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We report a green cascade approach to prepare a variety of 3-aminoindole derivatives in good to excellent yields through an iron(iii)-catalyzed dehydrogenative cross-coupling reaction of 2-arylindoles and primary benzylamines under mild reaction conditions. Mechanistic studies show that a cascade reaction involves a tert-butyl nitrite (TBN)-mediated nitrosation of 2-substituted indoles and a 1,5-hydrogen shift to afford indolenine oximes, sequential iron(iii)-catalyzed condensation and a 1,5-hydrogen shift over four steps in a one-pot reaction. The reaction shows a broad substrate scope of indoles and benzylamines and tolerates a wide range of functional groups. Moreover, the reaction is easily performed at the gram scale without producing waste after the reaction is completed. The 3-aminoindole product is purified by simple extraction, washing, and recrystallization without flash column chromatography. A double imine ligand containing the 3-aminoindole unit is facile to obtain in a 52% yield in one step. The present method highlights readily available starting materials, a simple purification procedure, and the usage of cheap, nontoxic, and environmentally benign iron(iii) catalysts. This journal is
- Chen, Wei-Li,Li, Kun,Liang, Cui,Liang, Wang-Fu,Liao, Wei-Cong,Mo, Dong-Liang,Qiu, Pei-Wen,Su, Gui-Fa
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p. 9610 - 9616
(2021/12/09)
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- Discovery of New 4-Indolyl Quinazoline Derivatives as Highly Potent and Orally Bioavailable P-Glycoprotein Inhibitors
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The major drawbacks of P-glycoprotein (P-gp) inhibitors at the clinical stage make the development of new P-gp inhibitors challenging and desirable. In this study, we reported our structure-activity relationship studies of 4-indolyl quinazoline, which led to the discovery of a highly effective and orally active P-gp inhibitor, YS-370. YS-370 effectively reversed multidrug resistance (MDR) to paclitaxel and colchicine in SW620/AD300 and HEK293T-ABCB1 cells. YS-370 bound directly to P-gp, did not alter expression or subcellular localization of P-gp in SW620/AD300 cells, but increased the intracellular accumulation of paclitaxel. Furthermore, YS-370 stimulated the P-gp ATPase activity and had moderate inhibition against CYP3A4. Significantly, oral administration of YS-370 in combination with paclitaxel achieved much stronger antitumor activity in a xenograft model bearing SW620/Ad300 cells than either drug alone. Taken together, our data demonstrate that YS-370 is a promising P-gp inhibitor capable of overcoming MDR and represents a unique scaffold for the development of new P-gp inhibitors.
- Chen, Zhe-Sheng,Dai, Qing-Qing,Li, Guo-Bo,Liu, Hong-Min,Liu, Hui,Wang, Bo,Wang, Shaomeng,Yu, Bin,Yuan, Shuo,Zhang, Jing-Ya,Zhang, Xiao-Nan,Zuo, Jia-Hui
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p. 14895 - 14911
(2021/10/12)
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- Iminyl-radicals by electrochemical decarboxylation of α-imino-oxy acids: construction of indole-fused polycyclics
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Iminyl radicals are reactive intermediates that can be used for the construction of various valuable heterocycles. Herein, the electrochemical decarboxylation of α-imino-oxy acids for the generation of iminyl radicals has been accomplished under exogenous-oxidant- and metal-free conditions through the use ofnBu4NBr as a mediator. The resulting iminyl radicals undergo intramolecular cyclization smoothly with the adjacent (hetero)arenes to afford a series of indole-fused polycyclic compounds.
- Wan, Jin-Lin,Cui, Jian-Feng,Zhong, Wei-Qiang,Huang, Jing-Mei
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supporting information
p. 10242 - 10245
(2021/10/12)
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- Iron-catalysed radical cyclization to synthesize germanium-substituted indolo[2,1-a]isoquinolin-6(5H)-ones and indolin-2-ones
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A simple and efficient strategy for iron-catalysed cascade radical cyclization was developed, by which an array of germanium-substituted indolo[2,1-a]isoquinolin-6(5H)-ones and indolin-2-ones were obtained in one pot with germanium hydrides as radical precursors. A rapid intramolecular radical trapping mode enabled the selective arylgermylation of alkenes over the prevalent hydrogermylation reaction.
- Li, Zhiping,Luo, Yani,Lv, Leiyang,Nishihara, Yasushi,Tian, Tian
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supporting information
p. 9276 - 9279
(2021/09/20)
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- 4-benzo five-membered ring-phenyl ketoxime ester compound as well as preparation method and application thereof
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The invention discloses a 4-benzo five-membered ring- phenyl ketoxime ester compound as well as a preparation method and application thereof. The invention relates to a 4-benzo five-membered ring-phenyl oxime ester derivative shown as a formula (I), a photocuring composition and a preparation method of the 4-benzo five-membered ring-phenyl ketoxime ester derivative shown as the formula (I). The 4-benzo five-membered ring-phenyl ketoxime ester derivative molecule represented by the formula (I) has the advantages of red shift of absorption wavelength, good photoinitiation efficiency, simple synthesis steps, and wide application prospect in the field of UV-Vis-LED excitable photocureable coating or ink industrialization.
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Paragraph 0120-0123
(2021/02/10)
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- Aniline-initiated and Br?nsted acid-catalyzed one-pot reaction toward 2-aryl-3-sulfenylindoles by using α-aminocarbonyl compounds and primary amines with RSSR
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A highly novel method of direct synthesis of 2-aryl-3-sulfenylindoles in moderate to good yields was developed via one-pot tandem reaction of readily available α-aminocarbonyl compounds and catalytic amount of benzenamines with RSSR.
- Chen, De,Cheng, Chaozhihui,Deng, Wei,Guan, Wenjian,Liu, Yuxuan,Luo, Yongyue,Xiang, Jiannan,Zhang, Jiajia
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- Merging Visible Light Photocatalysis and l-/d-Proline Catalysis: Direct Asymmetric Oxidative Dearomatization of 2-Arylindoles to Access C2-Quaternary Indolin-3-ones
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A mild and effective method for asymmetric synthesis of C2-quaternary indolin-3-ones directly from 2-arylindoles by combining visible light photocatalysis and organocatalysis is described. In this reaction, 2-substituted indoles undergo photocatalyzed oxidative dearomatization, followed by an organocatalyzed asymmetric Mannich reaction with ketones or aldehydes. Products with opposite configurations are easily obtained in satisfactory yields with excellent enantio- A nd diastereoselectivity by employing readily available l- A nd d-proline as chiral organocatalysts.
- Dong, Chun-Lin,Ding, Xuan,Huang, Lan-Qian,He, Yan-Hong,Guan, Zhi
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supporting information
p. 1076 - 1080
(2020/02/15)
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- Highly enantioselective electrosynthesis of C2-quaternary indolin-3-ones
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A highly enantioselective and direct synthesis of C2-quaternary indolin-3-ones from 2-arylindoles by combining electrochemistry and organocatalysis is described. Excellent enantioselectivities (up to 99% ee) and diastereoselectivities (>20 : 1) can be obtained through anodic oxidation in combination with asymmetric proline-catalyzed alkylation in an undivided cell under constant-current conditions.
- Chen, Yu-Jue,Chen, Yuan,Ding, Xuan,Guan, Zhi,He, Yan-Hong,Lu, Fo-Yun
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supporting information
p. 623 - 626
(2020/01/28)
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- BF 3 ·oEt 2 -Catalyzed Synthesis of anti -β-(N -Arylamino)-α-hydroxynitriles by Regio- And Diastereospecific Ring Opening of 3-Aryloxirane-2-carbonitriles with Anilines
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A safe and convenient synthetic method to anti -β-(N -arylamino)-α-hydroxynitriles from 3-aryloxirane-2-carbonitriles and anilines was developed under the catalysis of BF 3 ·OEt 2 in ethanol. In this method, BF 3 ·OEt 2 first reacts with ethanol to produce the true catalyst of super- acid H[B(OEt)F 3], followed by an acid-catalyzed regio- and diastereospecific ring opening of oxirane-2-carbonitriles with anilines, generating anti -β-(N -arylamino)-α-hydroxynitriles. The method features the advantages of non-metal catalysis, short reaction times, and easy operation, and uses an environmentally friendly solvent.
- Lu, Yang,Xu, Chuangchuang,Xu, Jiaxi,Xu, Kaini
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p. 602 - 608
(2020/02/13)
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- Discovery of novel multi-substituted benzo-indole pyrazole schiff base derivatives with antibacterial activity targeting DNA gyrase
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The design and synthesis of novel multi-substituted benzo-indole pyrazole Schiff base derivatives of potent DNA gyrase inhibitory activity were the main aims of this study. All the novel synthesized compounds were examined for their antibacterial activities against Staphylococcus aureus, Listeria monocytogenes, Escherichia coli, and Salmonella. In addition, we selected 20 compounds for the in vitro antibacterial activities assay of 6 drug-resistant bacteria strains. The result revealed compound 8I-w exhibited excellent antibacterial activity against 4 drug-resistant E. coli bacteria strains with IC50 values of 7.0, 17.0, 13.5, and 1.0 μM, respectively. In vitro enzyme inhibitory assay showed that compound 8I-w displayed potent inhibition against DNA gyrase with IC50 values of 0.10 μM. The molecular docking model indicated that compounds 8I-w can bind well to the DNA gyrase by interacting with various amino acid residues. This study demonstrated that the compound 8I-w can act as the most potent DNA gyrase inhibitor in the reported series of compounds and provide valuable information for the commercial DNA gyrase inhibiting bactericides.
- Cao, Hai-Qun,Chu, Zhi-Wen,Liu, Hao,Lv, Xian-Hai,Xia, Dong-Guo
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- Well-defined (NHC)Pd(N–heterocyclic carboxylate)(OAc) complexes-catalyzed direct C2-arylation of free (NH)-indoles with arylsulfonyl hydrazides
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A series of well-defined (NHC)Pd(N–heterocyclic carboxylate)(OAc) complexes (N–heterocyclic carboxylate = pyridine-2-carboxylate, quinoline-2-carboxylate and isoquinoline-1-carboxylate) were synthesized and fully characterized by NMR spectra, HR-MS and X-ray single crystal diffraction. The obtained complexes were then used for direct C2-arylation of free (NH)-indoles with arylsulfonyl hydrazides. With low catalyst loading, all complexes exhibited high catalytic activities for the arylation reactions.
- Yang, Jin,Zong, Ling-Li,Zhu, Xiao-Ting,Zhu, Xin-Ying,Zhao, Jian-Yi
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- α-Imino Iridium Carbenes from Imidoyl Sulfoxonium Ylides: Application in the One-Step Synthesis of Indoles
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Imidoyl sulfoxonium ylides are presented for the first time as potential precursors to generate α-imino metal-carbene intermediates and applied in direct C-H functionalization reactions catalyzed by [Ir(cod)Cl]2 (4 mol %) to provide 2-substituted indoles (up to 70% yield) in just one step. This class of sulfur ylide is successfully obtained from imidoyl chloride and dimethylsulfoxonium methylide (23 new examples in 45-85% yield) or by imino group formation from the corresponding β-keto sulfoxonium ylides and anilines in the presence of TiCl4 as a Lewis acid (9 examples in 33-94% yield).
- Burtoloso, Antonio C. B.,Caiuby, Clarice A. D.,De Jesus, Matheus P.
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p. 7433 - 7445
(2020/06/27)
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- Iron-catalyzed reductive coupling of nitroarenes with olefins: Intermediate of iron-nitroso complex
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Using a single half-sandwich iron(II) compound, CpFe(1,2-Ph2PC6H4S)(NCMe) (Cp- = C5Me5-, 1) as a catalyst, reductive coupling of nitroarenes with olefins has been achieved by a well-defined iron(II)/(EtO)3SiH system. Through either inter- or intramolecular reductive coupling, various branched amines and indole derivatives have been directly synthesized in one-pot. Mechanistic studies showed that the catalysis is initiated by activation of nitroarenes by the iron(II) catalyst with silane, generating iron-nitrosoarene intermediate for the C-N bond coupling.
- Song, Heng,Yang, Zhuoyi,Tung, Chen-Ho,Wang, Wenguang
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p. 276 - 281
(2019/12/24)
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- Pd-catalyzed C–H bond activation of Indoles for Suzuki reaction
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Abstract: We present a practical method for Suzuki coupling by which unprotected or N-protected indoles may be selectively arylated in the C2-position through direct C–H bond activation by electrophilic Pd(TFA) 2 catalyst. The protocol is operationally simple as it is carried out in dioxane/water mixture, and air as the sole oxidant at room temperature. Various 2-arylated indoles were obtained in good yields. The protocol works for benzofuran, pyrrole and thiophene also. Graphic abstract: Selective C-2 arylation of heterocycles using Pd(II) catalyst via C–H activation was performed under ambient condition. C3–C2 migration of organopalladium intermediate controls the reaction pathway.[Figure not available: see fulltext.].
- Banerjee, Isita,Ghosh, Keshab Ch,Sinha, Surajit
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- Catalytic Tandem Friedel-Crafts Alkylation/C4-C3 Ring-Contraction Reaction: An Efficient Route for the Synthesis of Indolyl Cyclopropanecarbaldehydes and Ketones
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A general strategy for the synthesis of indolyl cyclopropanecarbaldehydes and ketones via a Br?nsted acid-catalyzed indole nucleophilic addition/ring-contraction reaction sequence has been exploited. The procedure leads to a wide panel of cyclopropyl carbonyl compounds in generally high yields with a broad substrate scope.
- Turnu, Francesca,Luridiana, Alberto,Cocco, Andrea,Porcu, Stefania,Frongia, Angelo,Sarais, Giorgia,Secci, Francesco
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supporting information
p. 7329 - 7332
(2019/10/02)
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- Anti-cancer, anti-oxidant and molecular docking studies of thiosemicarbazone indole-based derivatives
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Based on the structural elements of bioactive 3-substituted indoles, a new series of indole–thiosemicarbazone hybrid derivatives were designed, synthesized, and well-characterized using different spectral techniques. The intended scaffolds were screened for their in vitro anti-proliferative activities against breast cancer (MCF-7), lung cancer (A-549), and liver cancer (Hep-G2) cell lines, as well as their anti-oxidant properties. Cytotoxicity studies revealed that compound 6n was the most potent, at least threefold more potent than the commercially available reference drug etoposide, against A-549. In addition, morphological analysis by the acridine orange/ethidium bromide double staining test and flow cytometry analysis confirmed induction of apoptosis in the A-549 cells by compound 6n. In order to validate the experimental results, molecular studies were performed to achieve the possible binding interactions of the most potent compound (6n) and colchicine with tubulin as well as ANP with ATPase domain of topoisomerase IIα active sites. Moreover, the radical scavenging potential of the final derivatives was found to be excellent with the range of 0.015–0.630?μM, comparable to the standard ascorbic acid (0.655?μM).
- Bakherad, Zohreh,Safavi, Maliheh,Fassihi, Afshin,Sadeghi-Aliabadi, Hojjat,Bakherad, Mohammad,Rastegar, Hossein,Ghasemi, Jahan B.,Sepehri, Saghi,Saghaie, Lotfollah,Mahdavi, Mohammad
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p. 2827 - 2854
(2019/03/13)
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- Design and Synthesis of Novel Cytotoxic Indole-Thiosemicarbazone Derivatives: Biological Evaluation and Docking Study
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In this work, two novel series of indole-thiosemicarbazone derivatives were designed, synthesized, and evaluated for their cytotoxic activity against MCF-7, A-549, and Hep-G2 cell lines in comparison to etoposide and colchicine as the reference drugs. Generally, the synthesized compounds showed better cytotoxicity towards A-549 and Hep-G2 than MCF-7. Among them, (2E)-2-{[2-(4-chlorophenyl)-1H-indol-3-yl]methylidene}-N-(4-methoxyphenyl)hydrazinecarbothioamide (8l) was found to be the most potent compound against A-549 and Hep-G2, at least three times more potent than etoposide. The morphological analysis by the acridine orange/ethidium bromide double staining test and flow cytometry analysis indicated that compound 8l induced apoptosis in A-549 cells. Moreover, molecular docking methodology was exploited to elucidate the details of molecular interactions of the studied compounds with putative targets.
- Bakherad, Zohreh,Safavi, Maliheh,Fassihi, Afshin,Sadeghi-Aliabadi, Hojjat,Bakherad, Mohammad,Rastegar, Hossein,Saeedi, Mina,Ghasemi, Jahan B,Saghaie, Lotfollah,Mahdavi, Mohammad
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- Preparation of some novel imidazopyridine derivatives of indole as anticancer agents: one-pot multicomponent synthesis, biological evaluation and docking studies
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A series of novel imidazopyridine derivatives of indole has been synthesized. All the synthesized derivatives were evaluated for their antiproliferative activity against A-549, T-47D, Hep-G2 and MCF-7 human cancer cell lines. The results demonstrated that some of these derivatives exhibited moderate to excellent cytotoxic activities. Compounds 7a having a cyclohexyl ring substituted to the second amine of imidazopyridyl moiety and phenyl ring of the C-2 indole ring and 7f with a para-methylphenyl ring at the same position exhibited the highest activity against the A-594 cell line with IC50 of 11.48?μM and 10.66?μM, respectively. The results indicate that compounds 7a and 7f are more cytotoxic towards cancer cell lines compared with etoposide in vitro. In addition, compounds, 7d and 7j showed the most potent activity against Hep-G2, equal to etoposide as the standard drug. Also, most of the compounds were inactive against the T-47D and MCF-7 cell lines. The morphological analysis by the acridine orange/ethidium bromide double-staining test and flow cytometry analysis indicated that compounds 7a and 7f induced apoptosis in A-549 cells. Furthermore, in silico and in vitro results of the synthesized compounds showed good correlation with each other. Molecular docking results of the compounds of the 7a–k series with the cyclohexyl ring substituted to the second amine of the imidazopyridyl moiety compared with the 7l–t members with the t-butyl group at the same position confirmed the effect of the higher lipophilicity on hydrophobic interactions with the studied enzymes. Moreover, all the compounds showed higher affinity to tubulin than topoisomerase IIα enzyme.
- Bakherad, Zohreh,Safavi, Maliheh,Sepehri, Saghi,Fassihi, Afshin,Sadeghi-Aliabadi, Hojjat,Bakherad, Mohammad,Rastegar, Hossein,Larijani, Bagher,Saghaie, Lotfollah,Mahdavi, Mohammad
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p. 5261 - 5290
(2019/07/19)
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- Green approach for the synthesis of 3-methyl-1-phenyl-4-((2-phenyl-1H-indol 3-yl)methylene)-1H-pyrazole-5(4H)-ones and their DNA Cleavage, antioxidant, and antimicrobial activities
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3-Methyl-1-phenyl-4-((2-phenyl-1H-indol-3-yl)methylene)-1H-pyrazol-5(4H)-ones (5a-i) was prepared by the condensation reaction of different 3-formyl-2-phenylindole derivatives (2a-i) and 3-methyl-1-phenyl-2-pyrazoline-5-one in quantitative yield by applying various green synthetic methods as grinding, microwave irradiation using different catalysts under solvent-free mild reaction conditions with high product yields. The structures of the synthesized compounds were characterized on the basis of elemental analysis, infrared, 1HNMR, 13C NMR, and mass spectral data. The synthesized compounds were screened for free radical scavenging, antimicrobial, and DNA cleavage activities. Most of the tested compounds belonging to the 3-methyl-1-phenyl-4-((2-phenyl-1H-indol-3-yl)methylene)-1H-pyrazol-5(4H)-ones series exhibited promising activities.
- Modi, Madhuri,Jain, Meenakshi
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p. 3303 - 3312
(2019/11/03)
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- Preparation method of indole compounds
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The invention provides a preparation method of indole compounds. 2-cyanoethylene oxide compounds and arylamine react under the catalysis effect of lewis acid (boron trifluoride diethyl etherate or aluminum trichloride) to obtain corresponding indole compo
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Paragraph 0030
(2019/04/04)
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- Oxygenophilic Lewis Acid Promoted Synthesis of 2-Arylindoles from Anilines and Cyanoepoxides in Alcohol
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A convenient synthetic method to indoles from anilines and cyanoepoxides was developed under the catalysis of BF3·OEt2 or AlCl3 in alcohols. The reaction involves a tandem reaction of the regiospecific ring-opening of cyanoepoxides with anilines, elimination of cyanide, intramolecular aromatic electrophilic substitution, and water elimination. The Lewis acid generated protic acid is an efficient catalyst. The method features readily accessible starting materials, wide substrate scope, transition-metal-free environment, and regiospecificity in the ring-opening of cyanoepoxides.
- Xu, Chuangchuang,Xu, Jiaxi
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supporting information
p. 14733 - 14742
(2018/11/27)
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- Palladium-Catalyzed C2?H Arylation of Unprotected (N?H)-Indoles “On Water” Using Primary Diamantyl Phosphine Oxides as a Class of Primary Phosphine Oxide Ligands
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We present the Pd-catalyzed arylation of (N?H)-indoles with functionalized haloarenes “on water” using hitherto untested primary diamantyl phosphine oxides (PPO) as ligands. Remarkable C2?H arylation selectivity was achieved by employing functionalized iodoarenes and N-unprotected indoles. We provide evidence that the in situ generated oxide of (9-hydroxydiamant-4-yl)phosphine L1 is key for the reaction efficiency by comparing a set of diamantane-based compounds structurally related to L1. Our results demonstrate the power of the new PPO ligands for the C?H functionalization of unprotected (N?H)-heterocycles.
- Moncea, Oana,Poinsot, Didier,Fokin, Andrey A.,Schreiner, Peter R.,Hierso, Jean-Cyrille
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p. 2915 - 2922
(2018/05/14)
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- Synthesis of 2-Aminobenzonitriles through Nitrosation Reaction and Sequential Iron(III)-Catalyzed C-C Bond Cleavage of 2-Arylindoles
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A variety of 2-aminobenzonitriles were prepared from 2-arylindoles in good to excellent yields through tert-butylnitrite (TBN)-mediated nitrosation and sequential iron(III)-catalyzed C-C Bond cleavage in a one-pot fashion. The 2-aminobenzonitriles can be used to rapidly synthesize benzoxazinones by intramolecular condensation. The present method features an inexpensive iron(III) catalyst, gram scalable preparations, and novel C-C bond cleavage of indoles.
- Chen, Wei-Li,Wu, Si-Yi,Mo, Xue-Ling,Wei, Liu-Xu,Liang, Cui,Mo, Dong-Liang
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p. 3527 - 3530
(2018/06/26)
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- Palladium-catalyzed tandem addition/cyclization in aqueous medium: Synthesis of 2-arylindoles
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An efficient protocol to construct 2-arylindoles was developed through palladium-catalyzed tandem addition/cyclization of potassium aryltrifluoroborates with aliphatic nitriles in aqueous medium. The use of water as the reaction medium makes the synthesis process environmentally benign. A plausible mechanism for the formation of 2-arylindoles involving sequential nucleophilic addition followed by an intramolecular cyclization is proposed. Moreover, the utility of this catalytic tandem transformation was also demonstrated in an efficient gram-scale synthesis. This method provides an alternative synthetic tool for accessing a more diverse array of 2-arylindoles.
- Yu, Shuling,Hu, Kun,Gong, Julin,Qi, Linjun,Zhu, Jianghe,Zhang, Yetong,Cheng, Tianxing,Chen, Jiuxi
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p. 4300 - 4307
(2017/07/10)
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- The Development of a Palladium-Catalyzed Tandem Addition/Cyclization for the Construction of Indole Skeletons
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A palladium-catalyzed tandem addition/cyclization of 2-(2-aminoaryl)acetonitriles with arylboronic acids has been developed for the first time, achieving a new strategy for direct construction of indole skeletons. This system shows good functional group tolerance and remarkable chemoselectivity. In particular, the halogen (e.g., bromo and iodo) substituents are amenable to further synthetic elaborations thereby broadening the diversity of the products. Preliminary mechanistic experiments indicate that this transformation involves sequential nucleophilic addition followed by an intramolecular cyclization.
- Yu, Shuling,Qi, Linjun,Hu, Kun,Gong, Julin,Cheng, Tianxing,Wang, Qingzong,Chen, Jiuxi,Wu, Huayue
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p. 3631 - 3638
(2017/04/11)
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- Structure-activity relationships and docking studies of synthetic 2-arylindole derivatives determined with aromatase and quinone reductase 1
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In our ongoing effort of discovering anticancer and chemopreventive agents, a series of 2-arylindole derivatives were synthesized and evaluated toward aromatase and quinone reductase 1 (QR1). Biological evaluation revealed that several compounds (e.g., 2d, IC50 = 1.61 μM; 21, IC50 = 3.05 μM; and 27, IC50 = 3.34 μM) showed aromatase inhibitory activity with half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) values in the low micromolar concentrations. With regard to the QR1 induction activity, 11 exhibited the highest QR1 induction ratio (IR) with a low concentration to double activity (CD) value (IR = 8.34, CD = 2.75 μM), while 7 showed the most potent CD value of 1.12 μM. A dual acting compound 24 showed aromatase inhibition (IC50 = 9.00 μM) as well as QR1 induction (CD = 5.76 μM) activities. Computational docking studies using CDOCKER (Discovery Studio 3.5) provided insight in regard to the potential binding modes of 2-arylindoles within the aromatase active site. Predominantly, the 2-arylindoles preferred binding with the 2-aryl group toward a small hydrophobic pocket within the active site. The C-5 electron withdrawing group on indole was predicted to have an important role and formed a hydrogen bond with Ser478 (OH). Alternatively, meta-pyridyl analogs may orient with the pyridyl 3′-nitrogen coordinating with the heme group.
- Prior, Allan M.,Yu, Xufen,Park, Eun-Jung,Kondratyuk, Tamara P.,Lin, Yan,Pezzuto, John M.,Sun, Dianqing
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p. 5393 - 5399
(2017/11/20)
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- Palladium-catalyzed direct C2-arylation of free (N–H) indoles via norbornene-mediated regioselective C–H activation
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A palladium-catalyzed direct C2-arylation reaction of free (N–H) indoles has been developed. This reaction relies on a norbornene-mediated C–H activation process on the indole ring, which features high regioselectivity and excellent functional group tolerance.
- Gao, Yadong,Zhu, Wangying,Yin, Long,Dong, Bo,Fu, Jingjing,Ye, Zhiwen,Xue, Fengtian,Jiang, Chao
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supporting information
p. 2213 - 2216
(2017/05/16)
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- Water-medium C-H activation over a hydrophobic perfluoroalkane-decorated metal-organic framework platform
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The use of water as reaction medium in the heterogeneous activation of C-H bonds has numerous advantages in terms of environmental benign, safety and cost efficiency impact. However, it is severely hampered because the reactants are difficult to dissolve in water and contact with the active sites of heterogeneous catalysts. Herein, we choose perfluoroalkane-functionalized mesoporous metal-organic framework (MOF) NU-1000 as a hydrophobic platform to encapsulate ultrafine palladium nanoparticles (Pd NPs) for C-H activation in water. The resultant Pd NPs stabilized by the perfluoroalkane exhibited high activity and regioselectivity in the direct C-H arylation of indoles in water. The introduction of perfluoroalkane chains into the mesoporous pores of NU-1000 provides hydrophobic surfaces to facilitate access of the reactants to the active sites to guarantee the high activity.
- Huang, Yuan-Biao,Shen, Min,Wang, Xusheng,Huang, Ping,Chen, Ruiping,Lin, Zu-Jin,Cao, Rong
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- Synthesis and biological evaluation of 2-(2'/3'/4'/6'-substituted phenyl)-1hindoles
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Objective: Indole derivatives were reported to a wide range of biological activities. Thus it was our aim to synthesize a series of 2-(2'/3'/4'/6'- substituted phenyl) -1H-indoles using clayzic catalyst and screen for their in vitro anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and antimicrobial activities. Methods: Various substituted acetophenones were reacted with phenylhydrazine in the presence of modified clayzic catalyst and obtained 2- (2'/3'/4'/6'-substituted phenyl)-1H-indoles in a one pot reaction. The cyclized compounds were characterized by FT-IR, NMR, UV-Vis and mass spectral analyses and screened for anti-inflammatory activity against cytokines tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) by measuring cytokine production by performing sandwich ELISA model, antioxidant activity by DPPH assay method and antimicrobial activity by well-diffusion method. Results: An eco-friendly route with better yields for the synthesis of 2-(2'/3'/4'/6'-substituted phenyl)-1H-indoles in the presence of clayzic catalyst was achieved. The biological activity results suggested that compounds (2d, 2e and 2i) have excellent anti-inflammatory activity, compounds (2a-2d and 2j) possessing better antioxidant property and compounds (2b, 2i, 2k and 2m) have promising antibacterial and antifungal activities when compared to the standard drugs. Conclusion: Synthesis of 2-(2'/3'/4'/6'-substituted phenyl)-1H-indoles was successfully achieved in the presence of clayzic catalyst. Compounds bearing amino, methyl, methoxy, hydroxyl and fluoro groups have shown better anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and antimicrobial activities when compared to the other compounds and 1H-indole.
- Sravanthi,Rani,Manju
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p. 268 - 273
(2015/11/17)
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- Multi-site cyclization via initial C-H activation using a rhodium(III) catalyst: Rapid assembly of frameworks containing indoles and indolines
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Tandem multi-site cyclization triggered by Rh(III)-catalyzed C-H activation has been achieved for highly efficient synthesis of spirocycle indolin-3-one (C2-cyclization), benzo[a]carbazole (C3-cyclization) and an unusual indoxyl core (N1-cyclization). In particular, the synthesis of pseudo-indoxyl is typically completed within 10 min, and the reaction tolerates air, water and a range of solvents.
- Huang, Ji-Rong,Qin, Liu,Zhu, Yu-Qin,Song, Qiang,Dong, Lin
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supporting information
p. 2844 - 2847
(2015/03/05)
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- Well-Defined Noble Metal Single Sites in Zeolites as an Alternative to Catalysis by Insoluble Metal Salts
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Insoluble precious metal chlorides in polymeric form (i.e., PtCl2, PdCl2, AuCl, RhCl3) are commonly used as catalysts for a plethora of organic reactions in solution. Here we show that only the minor soluble fraction of these precious metal chlorides (typically 5-30%) is catalytically active for the hydroamination, hydroalkoxylation, hydrosilylation, and cycloisomerization of alkynes and alkenes, and that the resting insoluble metal is catalytically useless. To circumvent this waste of precious metal and follow a rational design, we generate here well-dispersed Pt(II) and Pd(II) single sites on zeolite Y, with an exquisite control of the Lewis acidity, to catalyze different hydroaddition reactions to alkynes and alkenes with up to 104 catalytic cycles (at least 2 orders of magnitude superior to precious metal chlorides) and with high isolated yields (82-99%, >15 examples).
- Rubio-Marqués, Paula,Rivero-Crespo, Miguel A.,Leyva-Pérez, Antonio,Corma, Avelino
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p. 11832 - 11837
(2015/09/28)
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- Discovery of indole-based tetraarylimidazoles as potent inhibitors of urease with low antilipoxygenase activity
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A series of tetraarylimidazoles (5A-5O) were prepared by one pot four component condensation reactions of 2-arylindole-3-carbaldehydes, substituted anilines, benzil and ammonium acetate in acetic acid. The synthesized compounds exhibited potent antiurease
- Naureen, Sadia,Chaudhry, Faryal,Asif, Nadia,Munawar, Munawar Ali,Ashraf, Muhammad,Nasim, Faizul Hassan,Arshad, Humera,Khan, Misbahul Ain
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p. 464 - 470
(2015/09/01)
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- Efficient synthesis of 2-arylindoles, 2-arylimidazo[1,2-a]pyridines and 2-arylquinoxalines, and their bis-derivatives using [Hmim]OTf ionic liquid supported on nano-silica as a reusable catalyst
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Abstract An efficient and facile method for the synthesis of 2-arylindoles, 2-arylimidazo[1,2-a]pyridines and 2-arylquinoxalines by the reaction of various α-bromo ketones with anilines, 2-aminopyridine and 1,2-phenylenediamine, respectively, in the presence of N-methylimidazolium trifluoromethanesulfonate ionic liquid supported on nano-silica ([Hmim]OTf@nano-SiO2) as a reusable catalyst under solvent-free conditions has been developed. The bis-derivatives of these compounds were also prepared efficiently, for the first time, using this catalytic system. All products were obtained in high yields and in short reaction times.
- Soltani, Mohammad,Mohammadpoor-Baltork, Iraj,Khosropour, Ahmad R.,Moghadam, Majid,Tangestaninejad, Shahram,Mirkhani, Valiollah
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p. 1369 - 1380
(2015/06/22)
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- Microwave-accelerated Pd-catalyzed desulfitative direct C2-arylation of free (NH)-indoles with arylsulfinic acids
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The rapid and efficient direct C2-arylation of free (NH)-indoles with arylsulfinic acids proceeded through a microwave-accelerated palladium-catalyzed desulfitation reaction. By using PdCl2 as a catalyst, silver acetate as an oxidant, and H2SO4 as an additive, arylsulfinic acids with both electron-donating and electron-withdrawing groups underwent desulfitative coupling with an array of free (NH)-indoles, thereby selectively providing C2-arylindoles in good yields. From C2 shining sea: The direct C2-arylation of free (NH)-indoles with arylsulfinic acids proceeded through a Pd-catalyzed desulfitation reaction. In the presence of an oxidant and an additive, 2-arylindoles were selectively afforded in good yields. Copyright
- Miao, Tao,Li, Pinhua,Wang, Guan-Wu,Wang, Lei
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p. 3185 - 3190
(2014/01/06)
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- Oxidation of 2-arylindoles for synthesis of 2-arylbenzoxazinones with oxone as the sole oxidant
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A novel and efficient method for the oxidation of 2-arylindoles to synthesize 2-arylbenzoxazinones utilizing oxone as the sole oxidant has been developed. The reaction tolerates a wide range of functional groups and allows quick and atom-economical assembly of a variety of valuable 2-arylbenzoxazinones in high yields.
- Lian, Xiao-Li,Lei, Hao,Quan, Xue-Jing,Ren, Zhi-Hui,Wang, Yao-Yu,Guan, Zheng-Hui
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p. 8196 - 8198
(2013/09/12)
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- Synthesis of 2-arylindole derivatives and evaluation as nitric oxide synthase and NFκB inhibitors
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Development of small molecule drug-like inhibitors blocking both nitric oxide synthase and NFκB could offer a synergistic therapeutic approach in the prevention and treatment of inflammation and cancer. During the course of evaluating the biological potential of a commercial compound library, 2-phenylindole (1) displayed inhibitory activity against nitrite production and NFκB with IC50 values of 38.1 ± 1.8 and 25.4 ± 2.1 μM, respectively. Based on this lead, synthesis and systematic optimization have been undertaken in an effort to find novel and more potent nitric oxide synthase and NFκB inhibitors with antiinflammatory and cancer preventive potential. First, chemical derivatizations of 1 and 2-phenylindole-3-carboxaldehyde (4) were performed to generate a panel of N-alkylated indoles and 3-oxime derivatives 2-7. Second, a series of diversified 2-arylindole derivatives (10) were synthesized from an array of substituted 2-iodoanilines (8) and terminal alkynes (9) by applying a one-pot palladium catalyzed Sonogashira-type alkynylation and base-assisted cycloaddition. Subsequent biological evaluations revealed 3-carboxaldehyde oxime and cyano substituted 2-phenylindoles 5 and 7 exhibited the strongest nitrite inhibitory activities (IC50 = 4.4 ± 0.5 and 4.8 ± 0.4 μM, respectively); as well as NFκB inhibition (IC50 = 6.9 ± 0.8 and 8.5 ± 2.0 μM, respectively). In addition, the 6′-MeO-naphthalen-2′-yl indole derivative 10at displayed excellent inhibitory activity against NFκB with an IC50 value of 0.6 ± 0.2 μM.
- Yu, Xufen,Park, Eun-Jung,Kondratyuk, Tamara P.,Pezzuto, John M.,Sun, Dianqing
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p. 8835 - 8847
(2013/01/15)
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- Visible-light-mediated α-arylation of enol acetates using aryl diazonium salts
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Visible light mediates efficiently the α-arylation of enol acetates by aryl diazonium salts under mild conditions using [Ru(bpy)3]Cl 2 as a photoredox catalyst. The broad scope of the reaction toward various diazonium salts and enol acetates was explored. The application of this reaction in the concise synthesis of 2-substituted indoles was demonstrated
- Hering, Thea,Hari, Durga Prasad,Koenig, Burkhard
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p. 10347 - 10352
(2013/01/15)
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- Pd-Catalyzed cascade reaction for the synthesis of 2-substituted indoles
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An efficient cascade methodology toward the synthesis of 2-substituted indoles has been developed. The transformation proceeds via a palladium-catalyzed cross-coupling reaction of o-nitrobenzyl cyanides with boronic acids. The use of Fe as co-catalyst during the course of reaction employs significant enhancement in reaction rates. The developed protocol allows for the unprecedented use of arylboronic acids as coupling partners for constructing 2-substituted indoles.
- Jadhav, Jagannath,Gaikwad, Vipul,Kurane, Rajanikant,Salunkhe, Rajashri,Rashinkar, Gajanan
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p. 2511 - 2515,5
(2012/12/11)
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- Pd-Catalyzed cascade reaction for the synthesis of 2-substituted indoles
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An efficient cascade methodology toward the synthesis of 2-substituted indoles has been developed. The transformation proceeds via a palladium-catalyzed cross-coupling reaction of o-nitrobenzyl cyanides with boronic acids. The use of Fe as co-catalyst during the course of reaction employs significant enhancement in reaction rates. The developed protocol allows for the unprecedented use of arylboronic acids as coupling partners for constructing 2-substituted indoles. Georg Thieme Verlag Stuttgart · New York.
- Jadhav, Jagannath,Gaikwad, Vipul,Kurane, Rajanikant,Salunkhe, Rajashri,Rashinkar, Gajanan
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p. 2511 - 2515
(2013/01/13)
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- Copper catalysed domino decarboxylative cross coupling-cyclisation reactions: Synthesis of 2-arylindoles
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The efficient synthesis of 2-arylindoles and 6H-isoindolo[2,1-a]indol-6-one through copper catalysed domino sp-sp2 decarboxylative cross-coupling and subsequent cyclisation reactions of arylpropiolic acids with 2-iodotrifluoroacetanilide has been described. This methodology also demonstrates that indolo[1,2-c]quinazolin-6(5H)-one can be obtained with the elimination of trifluoromethyl anion.
- Ponpandian, Thanasekaran,Muthusubramanian, Shanmugam
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supporting information; experimental part
p. 4248 - 4252
(2012/08/28)
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- Microwave-Assisted synthesis of 30-indolyl substituted 4H-chromenes catalyzed by DMAP and their antimicrobial activity
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A new series of indole-based chromene derivatives 4a-4p has been synthesized by one pot cyclocondensation reaction of 2-phenyl-1H-indole-3- carbaldehyde 1a-1h; malononitrile 2; and 1,3-cyclohexanedione/dimedone 3a/b under microwave irradiation catalyzed by an organocatalyst 4-(N,N-dimethylamino) pyridine. Easy experimental procedure, high yield, selectivity, and shorter reaction time are the imperative features of this method. All the compounds were screened against a representative panel of bacteria and fungi. Some of the compounds are found to be equipotent or more potent than that of standard drugs as evident from SAR study. Springer Science+Business Media, LLC 2011.
- Kathrotiya, Harshad G.,Patel, Manish P.
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p. 3406 - 3416
(2013/02/25)
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- "on water" direct and site-selective Pd-catalysed C-H arylation of (NH)-indoles
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This communication describes the development of a versatile catalytic system based on palladium(II) acetate/bis(diphenylphosphino)methane [Pd(OAc)2/dppm] that works "on water" giving site-selective C-H arylation of (NH)-indoles without protecting or directing groups. Remarkably, the control of regioselectivity was achieved by small changes in the "extra-catalytic" base/halide partners. These innovative methodologies allow a high-yielding access to both C2 and C3-arylindoles, as well as 2,3-diarylindoles, and display high chemo/regioselectivities and structural versatility with regard to either indole or aryl moieties. Copyright
- Joucla, Lionel,Batail, Nelly,Djakovitch, Laurent
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supporting information; experimental part
p. 2929 - 2936
(2011/02/22)
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- Synthesis of 2-substituted indoles via a palladium-catalyzed domino Heck reaction and dealkylation
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A palladium-catalyzed domino Heck reaction and dealkylation for the preparation of 2-substituted indoles is described. This novel transformation is based on an intramolecular Heck reaction followed by dealkylation.
- Mao, Hui,Wan, Jie-Ping,Pan, Yuanjiang,Sun, Cuirong
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supporting information; experimental part
p. 1844 - 1846
(2010/09/07)
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- One-pot/four-step/palladium-catalyzed synthesis of indole derivatives: The combination of heterogeneous and homogeneous systems
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One-pot, four-step syntheses of indoles using both solid-supported heterogeneous and homogeneous palladium catalysts and reagents were carried out. Such a combination of these two-phase catalysts and reagents causes a dramatic increase in yield, and it is a simple process. The presented methodology is effective for four-step reactions to provide various functionalized indoles.
- Sakai, Hayato,Tsutsumi, Ken,Morimoto, Tsumoru,Kakiuchia, Kiyomi
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supporting information; experimental part
p. 2498 - 2502
(2009/08/14)
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