- Serinol-Based Benzoic Acid Esters as New Scaffolds for the Development of Adenovirus Infection Inhibitors: Design, Synthesis, and in Vitro Biological Evaluation
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Over the years, human adenovirus (HAdV) has progressively been recognized as a significant viral pathogen. Traditionally associated with self-limited respiratory, gastrointestinal, and conjunctival infections, mainly in immunocompromised patients, HAdV is currently considered to be a pathogen presenting significant morbidity and mortality in both immunosuppressed and otherwise healthy individuals. Currently available therapeutic options are limited because of their lack of effectivity and related side effects. In this context, there is an urgent need to develop effective anti-HAdV drugs with suitable therapeutic indexes. In this work, we identified new serinol-derived benzoic acid esters as novel scaffolds for the inhibition of HAdV infections. A set of 38 compounds were designed and synthesized, and their antiviral activity and cytotoxicity were evaluated. Four compounds (13, 14, 27, and 32) inhibited HAdV infection at low micromolar concentrations (2.82-5.35 μM). Their half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) values were lower compared to that of cidofovir, the current drug of choice. All compounds significantly reduced the HAdV DNA replication process, while they did not block any step of the viral entry. Our results showed that compounds 13, 14, and 32 seem to be targeting the expression of the E1A early gene. Moreover, all four derivatives demonstrated a significant inhibition of human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) DNA replication. This new scaffold may represent a potential tool useful for the development of effective anti-HAdV drugs.
- Mazzotta, Sarah,Berastegui-Cabrera, Judith,Carullo, Gabriele,Vega-Holm, Margarita,Carretero-Ledesma, Marta,Mendolia, Lara,Aiello, Francesca,Iglesias-Guerra, Fernando,Pachón, Jerónimo,Vega-Pérez, José Manuel,Sánchez-Céspedes, Javier
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- Amide compound containing quinazolinedione structure as well as preparation method and application of the amide compound
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The invention relates to the technical field of herbicides, in particular to an amide compound containing a quinazolinedione structure as well as a preparation method and application of the amide compound. Compared with the prior art, the amide compound containing the quinazolinedione structure has the beneficial effects that the amide compound containing the quinazolinedione structure is novel instructure, the quinazolinedione structure is not reported in amide herbicides, and a basis is provided for research and development of new pesticides.
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Paragraph 0040-0043
(2020/05/30)
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- Synthesis and structure-activity relationship study of pyrrolidine-oxadiazoles as anthelmintics against Haemonchus contortus
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Parasitic roundworms (nematodes) are significant pathogens of humans and animals and cause substantive socioeconomic losses due to the diseases that they cause. The control of nematodes in livestock animals relies heavily on the use of anthelmintic drugs. However, their extensive use has led to a widespread problem of drug resistance in these worms. Thus, the discovery and development of novel chemical entities for the treatment of parasitic worms of humans and animals is needed. Herein, we describe our medicinal chemistry optimization efforts of a phenotypic hit against Haemonchus contortus based on a pyrrolidine-oxadiazole scaffold. This led to the identification of compounds with potent inhibitory activities (IC50 = 0.78–22.4 μM) on the motility and development of parasitic stages of H. contortus, and which were found to be highly selective in a mammalian cell counter-screen. These compounds could be used as suitable chemical tools for drug target identification or as lead compounds for further optimization.
- Ruan, Banfeng,Zhang, Yuezhou,Tadesse, Solomon,Preston, Sarah,Taki, Aya C.,Jabbar, Abdul,Hofmann, Andreas,Jiao, Yaqing,Garcia-Bustos, Jose,Harjani, Jitendra,Le, Thuy Giang,Varghese, Swapna,Teguh, Silvia,Xie, Yiyue,Odiba, Jephthah,Hu, Min,Gasser, Robin B.,Baell, Jonathan
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supporting information
(2020/02/04)
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- Sulfonylurea dehydroabietate compound and preparation method and application thereof
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The invention discloses a sulfonylurea dehydroabietate compound and a preparation method and application thereof. The compound has a chemical structural formula represented by a formula shown in the description, wherein R1 is 2-Br, 3-Br, 4-Br, 4-OCH3, 4-F, 2-CH3, 3-CH3, 4-CH3, 2-Cl, 3-Cl or H, and 2, 3 and 4 represent 2, 3 and 4 substituent sites on a benzene ring. The preparation method of the compound comprises the following steps synthesizing sulfonyl chloride dehydroabietate; synthesizing sulfonamide dehydroabietate; synthesizing substituted phenyl isocyanate; synthesizing N'-substituted phenyl-12-sulfonylurea dehydroabietate. The compound disclosed by the invention has better activity and low toxicity and provides a better lead compound for developing antitumor drugs.
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Paragraph 0088; 0090; 0094
(2019/02/04)
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- 2-[3-(4-morpholinyl)propylamine]-3-aryl-4-quinolinone compounds and application thereof
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The invention belongs to the technical field of medicines and relates to 2-[3-(4-morpholinyl)propylamine]-3-aryl-4-quinolinone compounds and an application thereof. 2-[3-(4-morpholinyl)propylamine]-3-aryl-4-quinolinone derivatives comprise stereisomers and pharmaceutically applicable salts of the compounds and have the general structural formula shown in the description, wherein R is described inthe claims and description. The 2-[3-(4-morpholinyl)propylamine]-3-aryl-4-quinolinone derivatives and pharmaceutically applicable acid-added salts of the compounds can be combined with existing medicines or used separately to serve as influenza virus inhibitors to treat influenza and have better curative effects on various type-A influenza in particular.
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Paragraph 0049; 0057
(2018/04/21)
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- Phenylquinoline transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 antagonists for the treatment of pain: Discovery of 1-(2-phenylquinoline-4-carbonyl)-N-(4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)pyrrolidine-3-carboxamide
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Reported herein is the design, synthesis, and pharmacologic characterization of a class of TRPV1 antagonists constructed on a phenylquinoline platform that evolved from Cinchophen lead. This design composes three sections: a phenylquinoline headgroup attached to an aliphatic carboxamides, which is tethered at a phenyl tail group. Optimization of this design led to the identification of 37, comprising a pyrrolidine linker and a trifluoromethyl–phenyl tail. In the TRPV1 functional assay, using cells expressed hTRPV1, 37 antagonized capsaicin-induced Ca2+ influx, with an IC50 value of 10.2 nM. In the complete mice analgesic model, 37 exhibited better antinociceptive activity than the positive control BCTC in diverse pain models. All of these results suggested that 37 could be considered as a lead candidate for the further development of antinociceptive drugs.
- Liao, Chen,Liu, Yan,Liu, Chunxia,Zhou, Jiaqi,Li, Huilan,Wang, Nasi,Li, Jieming,Liu, Taiyu,Ghaleb, Hesham,Huang, Wenlong,Qian, Hai
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p. 845 - 854
(2018/01/10)
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- Shan niaoqiao structure containing triazone derivative and its preparation method and in insecticidal, application of sterilization (by machine translation)
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The present invention relates to imidazotriazinone derivatives containing shan niaoqiao structure (I) and its preparation method and in insecticidal, application of sterilization, in the formula meaning of each group in the specification. This Patent imidazotriazinone derivatives containing shan niaoqiao structure demonstrates very good pesticidal activity, also has bactericidal activity. The general formula (I). (by machine translation)
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Paragraph 0060; 0061; 0062
(2018/01/04)
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- With anti-tumor effect of a quinazoline-urea derivative and its application (by machine translation)
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The present invention relates to a of the general formula (II) anti-tumor function of said quinazoline-urea derivative and its application. The definition of the substituent in the general formula (II) in the specification. This invention, in order to SUO draw non-Buddhist nun and Geftinat compounds as the precursor, retention of SUO draw non-Buddhist nun the pharmocology-carbamido; at the same time, such as in reserved [...] EGFR-TKIs Geftinat, synthesis, and obtain a series of quinazoline-urea derivatives, by the in vitro activity tests, some compounds exhibit excellent anti-tumor activity, such derivatives have high research and utility value. (II). (by machine translation)
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Paragraph 0139-0142; 0145
(2016/11/02)
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- Design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of novel quinazolinyl-diaryl urea derivatives as potential anticancer agents
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Through a structure-based molecular hybridization approach, a series of novel quinazolinyl-diaryl urea derivatives were designed, synthesized, and screened for their in vitro antiproliferative activities against three cancer cell lines (HepG2, MGC-803, and A549). Six compounds (7g, 7m, 7o, 8e, 8g, and 8m) showed stronger activity against a certain cell line compared with the positive reference drugs sorafenib and gefitinib. Among the six compounds, 8g exhibited the strongest activity. In particular, compound 8g induced A549 apoptosis, arrested cell cycle at the G0/G1 phase, elevated intracellular reactive oxygen species level, and decreased mitochondrial membrane potential. This compound can also effectively regulate the expression of apoptosis- and cell cycle-related proteins, and influence the Raf/MEK/ERK pathway. Molecular docking and structure-activity relationship analyses revealed that it can bind well to the active site of the receptor c-Raf, which was consistent with the biological data. Therefore, compound 8g may be a potent antitumor agent, representing a promising lead for further optimization.
- Chen, Jia-Nian,Wang, Xian-Fu,Li, Ting,Wu, De-Wen,Fu, Xiao-Bo,Zhang, Guang-Ji,Shen, Xing-Can,Wang, Heng-Shan
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- Rhenium-catalyzed C-H aminocarbonylation of azobenzenes with isocyanates
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The first C-H aminocarbonylation of azobenzenes with isocyanates is achieved by using rhenium-catalysis, which provides an expedient and atom-economical access to varied o-azobenzamides from readily available starting materials. The reaction efficiency can be enhanced by the catalytic use of sodium acetate via accelerated C-H bond activation.
- Geng, Xiaoyu,Wang, Congyang
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supporting information
p. 7619 - 7623
(2015/07/15)
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- Palladium(0)-catalyzed carbon-Hydrogen bond functionalization for the synthesis of indoloquinazolinones
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The indoloquinazolinone ring system has attracted considerable attention as a pharmacophore, because it shows various biological activities. The reported synthetic methods for the compound are simple and direct, but are not effective for the direct synthesis of indoloquinazolinone with a methylene group at the C-6 position. A palladium(0)-catalyzed cyclization of chloroquinazolinone via C-H functionalization was developed for a concise synthesis of indoloquinazolinone derivatives. The presence of a substituent at the C-6 position is important for obtaining the product in good yield. The conformation of the reaction intermediate, in particular the N-C-Pd bond angle, is important for the regioselectivity of the reaction.
- Tsukano, Chihiro,Okuno, Masataka,Nishiguchi, Hiromi,Takemoto, Yoshiji
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supporting information
p. 1533 - 1538
(2014/06/09)
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- HERBICIDAL COMPOUNDS
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The present invention relates to compounds of Formula (I), or an agronomically acceptable salt of said compounds wherein A1, A2, A3, X1, X2, R1, R2 and R4 are as defined herein. The invention further relates to herbicidal compositions which comprise a compound of Formula (I), to their use for controlling weeds, in particular in crops of useful plants, and to intermediates used to synthesise said compounds.
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Page/Page column 31
(2014/09/29)
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- Synthesis of new coumarin compounds and its hypoglycemic activity and structure-activity relationship
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Novel coumarin compounds were designed and synthesized by combining the active moieties of hypoglycemic drugs. The coumarin compounds were made by sulfanilamide with isocynate, the intermediate sulfanilamide was formed from coumarin by chlorosulfonated and aminated. These targeted compounds were characterized by FT-IR, 1H NMR and MS spectra and their hypoglycemic activities were evaluated in mice. The preliminary results showed that some compounds exhibited evident hypoglycemic effect (P > 0.01, CMC-Na as negative control). The relationship between these compounds structure with their hypoglycemic activities were studied in order to design new antidiabetic agents.
- Qi, Gang,Zhang, Wenguo
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p. 9835 - 9839
(2014/01/06)
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- A simple and efficient synthesis of diaryl ureas with reduction of the intermediate isocyanate by triethylamine
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Thirty symmetrical diaryl urea derivatives were synthesised in moderate to excellent yields from arylamine and triphosgene with triethylamine as a reducing agent for the intermediate, isocyanate. It was significant that part of the products could be collected in almost quantitative yield without column chromatography. The procedure under mild reaction conditions was tolerant of a wide range of functional groups. The structures of the compounds were determined by NMR, MS and X-ray crystallographic analyses.
- Zhou, Shuguang,Yao, Ting,Yi, Jicheng,Li, Dashuai,Xiong, Jing
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p. 315 - 319
(2013/07/27)
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- Synthesis and crystal structure of N-(3-benzylamino-2-cyano-3- methylthioacrylyl)-N′-(substituted phenyl)ureas
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Phenylurea groups were introduced into the frame of traditional cyanoacrylate and a series of N-(3-benzylamino-2-cyano-3-methylthioacrylyl)- N′-(substituted phenyl)ureas were synthesized. All compounds are new and their structures were confirmed by 1H NMR, 13C NMR and mass spectral analyses.
- Zhong, Shi Hua,Fan, Ming Liang,Liu, Bing Yu,Wei, Dong Mei,Liu, Jian Bing
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p. 295 - 300
(2013/07/27)
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- Synthesis and herbicidal activity of amide derivatives containing thiazole moiety
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Twelve novel amide derivatives containing thiazole moiety were synthesized via a coupling reaction of [4-(substituted phenyl)thiazol-2- yl] acetonitrile and aryl isocyanates catalyzed by organic bases. Their structures were characterized by 1H NMR, FTIR, MS and elemental analysis. The preliminary bioassay indicated that these compounds exhibited moderate herbicidal activities against Echinochloa crusgalli and Amaranthus ascedense.
- Weng, Jian-Quan,Liu, Xing-Hai,Tong, Guo-Tong
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p. 2149 - 2152
(2013/05/09)
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- A facile synthesis of pyrimidone derivatives and single-crystal characterization of pymetrozine
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A facile and efficient synthetic methodology for the preparation of aza-pyrimidone and beno-pyrimidone derivatives is described, in which the triazinone ring and dihydroquinazolin-2(1H)-one was convenient constructed. The structures of all the newly synthesized compounds were characterized by mass, 1H NMR, and infrared spectroscopy. In additional, the crystal of pymetrozine was obtained to find useful information such as configuration and molecular action mechanisms.
- Wang, Baozhu,Ke, Shaoyong,Kishore, Babu,Xu, Xiaoyong,Zou, Zhuyan,Li, Zhong
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scheme or table
p. 2327 - 2336
(2012/06/18)
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- (Tosylimino)phenyl-λ3-iodane as a reagent for the synthesis of methyl carbamates via hofmann rearrangement of aromatic and aliphatic carboxamides
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A new, mild procedure for the Hofmann rearrangement of aromatic and aliphatic carboxamides using (tosylimino)phenyl-λ3-iodane, PhINTs, as a reagent is reported. Because of the mild reaction conditions, this method is particularly useful for the Hofmann rearrangement of substituted benzamides, which usually afford complex reaction mixtures with other hypervalent iodine oxidants. The mild reaction conditions and high selectivity in the reaction of carboxamides with PhINTs allow the isolation of the initially formed labile isocyanates or their subsequent conversion to stable carbamates by treatment with alcohols.
- Yoshimura, Akira,Luedtke, Matthew W.,Zhdankin, Viktor V.
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experimental part
p. 2087 - 2091
(2012/05/05)
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- 1-Aryl-3-(1-acylpiperidin-4-yl)urea inhibitors of human and murine soluble epoxide hydrolase: Structure-activity relationships, pharmacokinetics, and reduction of inflammatory pain
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1,3-Disubstituted ureas possessing a piperidyl moiety have been synthesized to investigate their structure-activity relationships as inhibitors of the human and murine soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH). Oral administration of 13 1-aryl-3-(1-acylpiperidin-4-yl)urea inhibitors in mice revealed substantial improvements in pharmacokinetic parameters over previously reported 1-adamantylurea based inhibitors. For example, 1-(1-(cyclopropanecarbonyl) piperidin-4-yl)-3-(4-(trifluoromethoxy)phenyl)urea (52) showed a 7-fold increase in potency, a 65-fold increase in Cmax, and a 3300-fold increase in AUC over its adamantane analogue 1-(1-adamantyl)-3-(1-propionylpiperidin-4-yl) urea (2). This novel sEH inhibitor showed a 1000-fold increase in potency when compared to morphine by reducing hyperalgesia as measured by mechanical withdrawal threshold using the in vivo carrageenan induced inflammatory pain model.
- Rose, Tristan E.,Morisseau, Christophe,Liu, Jun-Yan,Inceoglu, Bora,Jones, Paul D.,Sanborn, James R.,Hammock, Bruce D.
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supporting information; experimental part
p. 7067 - 7075
(2010/12/25)
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- Structural optimization of a CXCR2-directed antagonist that indirectly inhibits γ-secretase and reduces Aβ
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Amyloid β (Aβ), a key molecule in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD), is derived from the amyloid precursor protein (APP) by sequential proteolysis via β- and γ-secretases. Because of their role in generation of Aβ, these enzymes have emerged as important therapeutic targets for AD. In the case of γ-secretase, progress has been made towards designing potent inhibitors with suitable pharmacological profiles. Direct γ-secretase inhibitors are being evaluated in clinical trials and new strategies are being explored to block γ-secretase activity indirectly as well. In this regard, we have previously reported an indirect regulation of γ-secretase through antagonism of CXCR2, a G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR). We demonstrated that N-(2-hydroxy-4-nitrophenyl)-N′-(2-bromophenyl)urea (SB225002), a selective inhibitor of CXCR2 also plays a role in an indirect inhibition of γ-secretase. Furthermore, we reported a ～5-fold difference in the selective inhibition of APP versus Notch processing via γ-secretase following treatment with SB225002. Herein we describe the synthesis and optimization of SB225002. By determination of the structure-activity relationship (SAR), we derived small molecules that inhibit Aβ40 production with IC50 values in the sub-micromolar range in a cell-based assay and also validated the potential of CXCR2 as a new target for therapeutic intervention in AD.
- Bakshi, Pancham,Jin, Chao,Broutin, Pierre,Berhane, Beniam,Reed, Jon,Mullan, Michael
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experimental part
p. 8102 - 8112
(2010/03/24)
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- N-substituted hydroxyureas as urease inhibitors
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In order to seek a urease inhibitor more potent than hydroxyurea (1), its alkyl- or phenyl-substituted derivatives were synthesized and evaluated for their effect on the jack bean urease. Of 16 compounds tested, m-methyl-(10) and m-methoxy-phenyl substituted hydroxyurea (13) showed the most potent inhibitory activities against the enzyme.
- Uesato, Shinichi,Hashimoto, Yuichiro,Nishino, Masaru,Nagaoka, Yasuo,Kuwajima, Hiroshi
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p. 1280 - 1282
(2007/10/03)
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- Palladium nitrosoarene complexes in reductive carbonylation of nitroarenes
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The reactions of carbon monoxide with the palladium nitrosoarene complexes Pd2(μ-OCOR)2(-CH2C6H 4NO)2 (1, R = Me, CF3, But, or Ph) and Pd2(μ-OCOR)2(PhNC6H4NO) 2 (2, R = Me, CF3, But, or Ph) were studied. Complexes 1 contain the o-nitrosotoluene molecule metallated at the methyl group. In complexes 2, the phenyl-o-nitrosophenylamide ligand coordinated via two nitrogen atoms can be considered as a nitrosobenzene derivative bearing the NPh group in the ortho position of the Ph ring. It all cases, carbonylation of the complexes afforded the corresponding aryl isocyanates Ar-N=C=O or the products of their further transformations. The mechanism of reductive carbonylation of nitroarenes catalyzed by palladium compounds and the role of palladium nitrosoarene complexes as possible intermediates in this process are discussed.
- Stromnova,Orlova
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p. 2286 - 2289
(2007/10/03)
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- 5-HT2A receptor inverse agonists
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Disclosed herein is a new class of pyrazole compounds which act at the 5HT2A receptors.
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- Small molecule modulators of non-endogenous, constitutively activated human serotonin receptors
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Disclosed herein are non-endogenous, constitutively activated forms of the human 5-HT2A and human 5-HT2C receptors and uses of such receptors to screen candidate compounds. Further disclosed herein are candidate compounds identified by the screening method which act at the 5HT2A receptors. Yet further disclosed is a new class of compounds which act at the 5HT2A receptors.
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- Substituted N-phenylcarbamates as histamine H3 receptor antagonists with improved in vivo potency
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Novel substituted N-phenylcarbamates as derivatives of 3-(1 H-imidazol- 4-yl)propanol were prepared and tested for their antagonist potency in vitro and in vivo at histamine H3 receptors. Structural modifications with different alkyl and acetyl moieties were performed in an attempt to optimize pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic effects. Most compounds are active in a functional test for histamine H3 receptors on rat cerebral cortex synaptosomes as well as in a peripheral model on guinea pig ileum. But only carbamates without too bulky lipophilic residues showed pronounced to high antagonist potency on the enhancement of endogenous histamine in brain after p.o. administration to mice (ED50 values of 5.5 to 0.86 mg · kg-1). The tested compounds presented weak activities at histamine H1, H2, and muscarinic M3 receptors thus demonstrating their H3-receptor selectivity.
- Reidemeister,Stark, Holger,Ligneau,Ganellin,Schwartz,Schunack
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- Polysubstituted 3-acylamino-5-phenyl-1, 4-benzodiazepin-2-one derivatives, process for their preparation and the pharmaceutical compositions containing them
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The invention relates to the compounds of formula (I) STR1 in which RI, RII, X1, X2, X3 and X4 are as defined in claim 1.
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- Flash Vacuum Thermolysis of Four Membered Rings Containing Nitrogen Atom. Part V. Synthesis of Glyoxal Monoimines by Thermal Decomposition of 4-Formylazetidin-2-ones
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The thermal cleavage of some 4-formylazetidin-2-ones has been studied. 4-Aryl-1,4-oxazabuta-1,3-dienes (glyoxal monoimines) were obtained as the main products with small additions of aryl isocyanates.Some mechanistic aspects of these reactions have been discussed. - Keywords: β-lactams, 4-aryl-1,4-oxazabuta-1,3-dienes, glyoxal monoimines, flash vacuum thermolysis
- Lesniak, S.
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p. 1490 - 1496
(2007/10/03)
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- Neue Methode zur Synthese von Isocyanaten unter milden Bedingungen
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Keywords: Arendiyldiisocyanate; Di-tert-butyldicarbonat; 4-Dimethylaminopyridin; Isocyanate
- Knoelker, Hans-Joachim,Braxmeier, Tobias,Schlechtingen, Georg
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p. 2746 - 2749
(2007/10/03)
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- Herbicidally active methyl-substituted tetrahydro-2-pyrimidinone derivatives
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Methyl-substituted tetrahydro-2-pyrimidinone derivatives of the general formula STR1 in which each Ar, independently of each other, represents an aryl group which is optionally mono- or poly-substituted by substituent(s) selected from halogen, C1 to C6 alkyl, C1 to C6 alkoxy, C1 to C6 alkylthio, nitro, phenoxy and trifluoromethyl, and R1, R2 and R3 independently represent a hydrogen atom or a methyl group, provided that at least one of R1, R2 and R3 represents a methyl group, are new and find use as herbicides, in particular as selective herbicides which may be used on weeds in crops such as cotton and rice. The N,N'-diaryl-N-haloalkyl-ureas which are starting materials for the production of compounds of formula (I) are also new.
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- Investigation of aryl oxazolidinones and aryl thiazolidinethiones by NMR spectroscopy
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The 1H and 13C resonances of 3-aryl-2-oxazolidinones and 3-aryl-2-thiazolidinethiones have been examined.The conformational isomers of restricted rotation about the aryl C-N bond could not be detected for both of the nuclei.The additive shift parameters, measured for carbon chemical shifts, are found to be higher in the sulphur substituted hetero ring.
- Aksac, Z.,Altinok, A.,Icli, S.
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p. 1029 - 1032
(2007/10/02)
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- Kinetics, Mechanism and Synthetic Applications of Thermal Decomposition of Cu(II) Chelates of Acetoacetanilide and α-Chloroacetoacetanilide
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Considerable difference has been observed in the thermal decompositions of Cu(II) chelates of acetoacetanilide, and α-chloroacetoacetanilide.This difference has been explained on the basis of intramolecular N-H***Cl hydrogen bonding present in the latter complex.Both the intermediate and final products of thermal decomposition have been identified, and are in agreement with the proposed mode of decomposition.Controlled pyrolysis of Cu(II) chelates of acetoacetanilides has been found to be an excellent method for preparing the corresponding phenyl isocyanates.Kinetic study has revealed that Mampel, and Avrami equations govern respectively the rates of decomposition of acetoacetanilide and α-chloroacetoacetanilide chelates.
- Thankarajan, N.,Sreeman, P.,Nair, T. D. Radhakrishnan
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p. 453 - 455
(2007/10/02)
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