- Do ion tethered functional groups affect IL solvent properties? The case of sulfoxides and sulfones
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The covalent incorporation of functional groups - specifically sulfoxide and sulfone - into the cation of imidazolium ionic liquids leads to significant, quantifiable changes in solvent parameters which in turn have important effects on the bulk properties of the materials. The Royal Society of Chemistry 2006.
- Sharma, Nawal K.,Tickell, Morgan D.,Anderson, Jared L.,Kaar, Joel,Pino, Veronica,Wicker, Benjamin F.,Armstrong, Daniel W.,Davis Jr., James H.,Russell, Alan J.
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Read Online
- METHOD FOR THE PRODUCTION OF (METH)ACRYLIC ESTERS
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The present invention relates to a process for preparing (meth)acrylates, comprising the transesterification of a low-boiling ester of (meth)acrylic acid with a reactant alcohol in the presence of catalysts, which is characterized in that the transesterification is catalysed by a basic ion exchanger.
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Page/Page column 5
(2011/06/23)
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- High-contrast fluorescence imaging of tumors in vivo using nanoparticles of amphiphilic brush-like copolymers produced by ROMP
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Nanoparticles at work: High-contrast tumor imaging of mice was performed by using copolymers with hydrophobic and hydrophilic polymer brushes that form cross-linked assemblies and show a highly stable core surface in aqueous media (see picture). Cyclic RGD peptides and glucosamine moieties were localized on the surface of the assemblies and acted as targeting agents (TA) that enhanced the accumulation of the assemblies in tumor tissues. Copyright
- Miki, Koji,Kimura, Akinori,Oride, Kazuaki,Kuramochi, Yoshiaki,Matsuoka, Hideki,Harada, Hiroshi,Hiraoka, Masahiro,Ohe, Kouichi
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supporting information; experimental part
p. 6567 - 6570
(2011/09/15)
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- PROCESS FOR PREPARING (METH)ACRYLATES
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Process for preparing (meth )acrylates of the formula (I) CH2 = C(R1)CO-O-R2 (I) in which R1 is hydrogen or methyl and R2 is a saturated or unsaturated, linear or branched, aliphatic or cyclic alkyl radical having 6 to 22 carbon atoms, or a (C6-C14) -aryl- (C1-C8) -alkyl radical; by reacting a (meth) acrylate of the formula II CH2 = C(R1)-CO-OR3 (II) with an alcohol of the formula (III) HO-R2 (III) in the presence of an amount of a suitable catalyst which catalyses the reaction and of an amount of a phenolic polymerization inhibitor or a combination of two or more phenolic polymerization inhibitors which is sufficient to inhibit undesired polymerization; the reaction being undertaken with input or introduction into the reaction mixture resulting from the reaction of an amount of oxygen or of an oxygenous gas mixture sufficient to inhibit undesired polymerization, and the process is characterized in that the specific total oxygen input is less than or equal to 1.0 I/kg, measured in litres of oxygen per kilogram of (meth) acrylate of the formula (I), where the volume of oxygen introduced is calculated at a temperature of 25°C and a pressure of 101 325 pascal. The resulting (meth) acrylates can surprisingly be processed to particularly high molecular weight emulsion polymers which are, for example, outstandingly suitable for use as flow resistance reducers in mineral oil extraction.
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Page/Page column 22-23
(2009/07/25)
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- Process for the conversion of aldehydes to esters
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A process for the conversion of aldehydes to esters, specifically acrolein or methacrolein to methyl acrylate or methyl methacrylate, respectively. Essentially in the absence of water, an aldehyde is contacted with an oxidizing agent to form an intermediate and then the intermediate is contacted with a diol or an alcohol to form an ester or diester. Preferably, the oxidizing agent is also a chlorinating agent. Specifically, acrolein or methacrolein is contacted with an oxidizing/chlorinating agent, such as t-butyl hypochlorite, and the chlorinated compound is contacted with an alcohol, such as methanol, to form methyl acrylate or methyl methacrylate, respectively. Generally, the order of addition is for the oxidizing agent to be added to the aldehyde, specifically for t-butyl hypochlorite to be added to acrolein or methacrolein, and for the diol or alcohol to be added to the intermediate, specifically for the methanol to be added to the reaction product of acrolein or methacrolein and t-butyl hypochlorite. The process of the present invention can be carried out in the absence or in the presence of solvent. Generally, better methyl acrylate or methyl methacrylate yields are obtained at lower reaction temperatures.
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Page/Page column 4
(2010/01/31)
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- Impact of ionic liquid physical properties on lipase activity and stability
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Lipase activity and stability was investigated in dialkylimidazolium and pyrrolidinium-based ionic liquids with a variety of anions including hexafluorophosphate, acetate, nitrate, methanesulfonate, trifluoroacetate, and trifluoromethylsulfonate. The initial rate of lipase-catalyzed transesterification of methyl methacrylate in these ionic liquids and several organic solvents was examined as well as the polytransesterification of divinyl adipate and 1,4-butanediol. Free lipase (Candida rugosa) catalyzed the transesterification of methyl methacrylate in 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate at a rate 1.5 times greater than in hexane. However, no detectable activity was observed in all the hydrophilic ionic liquids studied. Methods of enzyme stabilization including adsorption, PEG-modification, and immobilization in polyurethane foam were ineffective in improving enzymatic activity in the hydrophilic ionic liquids. Polytransesterifications performed in 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate using Novozym 435 produced polyesters with weight average molecular weights limited to 2900 Da due to precipitation of the polymer. Solvatochromic studies and partition coefficient measurements suggest that ionic liquids are more polar and hydrophilic than organic solvents such as hexane, acetonitrile, and tetrahydrofuran. Stability studies indicate that lipases exhibit greater stability in ionic liquids than in organic solvents including hexane.
- Kaar, Joel L.,Jesionowski, Anita M.,Berberich, Jason A.,Moulton, Roger,Russell, Alan J.
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p. 4125 - 4131
(2007/10/03)
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- Ruthenium-catalyzed carbonylation of allene: Direct synthesis of methacrylates and methacrylamides
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Carbonylation reactions of allene in alcohols and amines in the presence of a ruthenium carbonyl catalyst under mild conditions gave methacrylates and methacrylamides, respectively, in good yields with an atom economy of 100%.
- Zhou, Da-Yang,Yoneda, Eiji,Onitsuka, Kiyotaka,Takahashi, Shigetoshi
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p. 2868 - 2869
(2007/10/03)
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- Producing unsaturated esters by a lanthanide metal alkoxide catalyzed transesterification process
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There is disclosed a process for producing an unsaturated ester of the formula (3): wherein R1, R2 and R3 independently represent hydrogen, halogen, alkyl, alkenyl and the like and R5 represents alkyl which may be substituted and the like, which process is characterized by subjecting an unsaturated ester of the formula (1): wherein R1, R2 and R3 have the same meaning as previously defined and R4 represents alkyl or phenyl and the like, to a transesterification reaction with a hydroxy compound of the formula (2):R5OH??(2)wherein R5 has the same meaning as previously defined, in the presence of a lanthanoide metal alkoxide.
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- A highly efficient preparation of methacrylate esters using novel solid phase titanium-based transesterification catalysts
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Highly active transesterification catalysts for the synthesis of sensitive methacrylate monomers can be conveniently prepared by reacting chlorotriisopropoxy titanium with cross-linked polystyrene beads functionalised with acetyl acetone or polyethylene glycol ligands.
- Lewis, Norman,Ribas, Christina,Wells, Andrew
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p. 957 - 959
(2007/10/03)
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- Disinfectant polymeric coatings for hard surfaces
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Liquid disinfectant compositions are disclosed which can be used to surface-coat substrates with polymeric films which are adherent, water-resistant and which can impart prolonged germicidal properties to the treated surfaces.
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- Optically active styrene derivatives, polymers obtained from these, complexes with iridium(I) and their use
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Optically active compounds of the formula I STR1 in which R1 is C1 -C4 -alkyl, phenyl or benzyl, R2 is a radical of the formula II or IIa STR2 in which R3 is H or --CH3, or R1 and R2 together form a radical of the formula STR3 in which R2 has the meaning given above; and * represents predominantly R or predominantly S configuration. The compounds can be polymerized to give homopolymers or copolymers. The compounds and the polymers can be complexed with iridium(I) salts in the presence of a diene. The complexes are suitable as enantioselective catalysts.
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