- Identification of potent α-amylase inhibitors via dynamic combinatorial chemistry
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In this study, we report for the first time the discovery of potent α-amylase inhibitors using principle of dynamic combinatorial chemistry. The best compound identified exhibited not only high inhibitory efficiency but also low cytotoxicity. The binding mode and possible mechanism are determined in the subsequent kinetic and molecular docking studies.
- Wu, Yao,Zhao, Shuang,Hu, Lei
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- Synthesis of Chromeno[2,3-d]pyrimidin-5-one Derivatives from 1,3,5-Triazinanes via Two Different Reaction Pathways
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1,3,5-Triazinanes, as a kind of versatile building block, are applied in the synthesis of chromeno[2,3-d]pyrimidin-5-one derivatives via two different reaction modes, which perfectly exhibits the powerful function of 1,3,5-triazinane as a three-atom synth
- Wang, Taimin,Zhang, Biwei,Hu, Lin,Sun, Haiyan,Wang, Yan,Zhai, Hongbin,Cheng, Bin
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p. 1348 - 1356
(2022/01/27)
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- Polysubstituted heterocyclic derivative, preparation method thereof and application of polysubstituted heterocyclic derivative in medicine
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The invention provides a polysubstituted heterocyclic derivative, a preparation method thereof and application of the polysubstituted heterocyclic derivative in medicine, and belongs to the technical field of medicinal chemistry. The polysubstituted heterocyclic derivative is a compound shown in a general formula I or II, a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or a solvate of the compound, and the compound can inhibit mRNA demethylase on the protease level and is used for treating diseases related to mRNA demethylase functions.
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Paragraph 0038-0040; 0053; 0057-0058; 0086; 0090-0091
(2021/06/02)
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- Chromone dioxadiazole compound as well as preparation method and application thereof
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The preparation method comprises the following steps: adding an intermediate F and bis (acetoxy) iodobenzene to dichloromethane for reaction to obtain the chromone compound. The invention provides a novel chromone dioxadiazole compound and a preparation method thereof, and overcomes the defects of large toxicity and high preparation cost of the traditional method.
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- Novel chromenyl-based 2-iminothiazolidin-4-one derivatives as tubulin polymerization inhibitors: Design, synthesis, biological evaluation and molecular modelling studies
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Here-in, we present molecular design, chemical synthesis and evaluation of novel chromenyl-based 2-iminothiazolidin-4-one derivatives as tubulin polymerization inhibitors. The newly synthesized compounds were evaluated for their in vitro cytotoxicities against A549 (lung cancer), MDA-MB-231 and BT-471 (breast cancer), HepG2 (liver cancer) and HCT-116 (colon cancer) cell lines by MTT assay. Among the synthesized compounds, compound 12b showed excellent anticancer activity on MDA-MB-231 cell line with IC50 value of 0.95 ± 1.88 μM and was verified to be safe in normal human bronchial epithelial cells (Beas-2B). Apoptosis induced by the lead 12b was observed using morphological observations, AO/EB and DAPI staining procedures. Further, dose-dependent increase in the depolarization of mitochondrial membrane was also observed through JC-1 staining. Annexin V-FITC/PI assay confirmed that 12b induced early apoptosis. Additionally, cell cycle analysis indicated that the MDA-MB-231 cells were arrested at sub-G2/M phase and also inhibited tubulin polymerization with IC50 value of 3.54 ± 0.2 μM. Molecular docking simulations were employed to identify the important binding modes responsible for the tubulin inhibitory activity, thus supporting their effective anticancer potential.
- Bathini, Nagendra Babu,Godugu, Chandraiah,Guggilapu, Sravanthi Devi,Kadagathur, Manasa,Pooladanda, Venkatesh,Sigalapalli, Dilep Kumar,Tangellamudi, Neelima D.,Uppu, Jaya Lakshmi
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- Discovery of Novel Chromone Derivatives Containing a Sulfonamide Moiety as Anti-ToCV Agents through the Tomato Chlorosis Virus Coat Protein-Oriented Screening Method
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A number of novel chromone derivatives containing sulfonamide moieties were designed and synthesized, and the activity of compounds against tomato chlorosis virus (ToCV) was assessed using the ToCVCP-oriented screening method. Comparative molecular field analysis (CoMFA) and comparative molecular similarity index analysis (CoMSIA) models were established based on the dissociation constant (Kd) values of the target compounds, and compound 35 was designed and synthesized with the aid of CoMFA and CoMSIA models. The study of affinity interaction indicated that compound 35 exhibited excellent affinity with ToCVCP with a Kd value of 0.11 μM, which was better than that of the positive control agents xiangcaoliusuobingmi (0.44 μM) and ningnanmycin (0.79 μM). In addition, the in vivo inhibitory effect of compound 35 on the ToCVCP gene was evaluated by the quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. ToCVCP gene expression levels of the compound 35 treatment group were reduced by 67.2%, which was better than that of the positive control agent ningnanmycin (59.5%). Therefore, compound 35 can be used as a potential anti-ToCV drug in the future.
- Jiang, Donghao,Chen, Jixiang,Zan, Ningning,Li, Chunyi,Hu, Deyu,Song, Baoan
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p. 12126 - 12134
(2021/10/26)
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- NHC-Catalyzed Cascade Reaction between β-Methyl Enals and Dienones for Quick Construction of Complex Multicyclic Lactones
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A NHC-promoted cascade reaction between β-methyl enal and dienone is developed for quick access to multicyclic lactone molecules bearing quaternary chiral carbon centers. Our study constitutes the first 1,6-addition of the acylazolium vinyl enolate γ-carbon via NHC catalysis and provides rapid access to complex lactone molecules that are otherwise difficult to prepare. The structurally sophisticated lactone products bearing up to four fused ring structures are afforded in up to quantitative yields with good to excellent enantioselectivities.
- Sun, Jun,Xu, Jun,Nie, Guihua,Jin, Zhichao,Chi, Yonggui Robin
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supporting information
p. 2595 - 2599
(2020/03/30)
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- Novel p-functionalized chromen-4-on-3-yl chalcones bearing astonishing boronic acid moiety as MDM2 inhibitor: Synthesis, cytotoxic evaluation and simulation studies
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Background: Novel 4-[3-(6/7/8-Substituted 4-Oxo-4H-chromen-3-yl)acryloyl]phenyl-boronic acid derivatives (5a-h) as well as other 6/7/8-substituted-3-(3-oxo-3-(4-substituted-phenyl)prop-1-enyl)-4H-chromen-4-one derivatives (3a-u) have been designed as p53-MDM2 pathway inhibitors and reported to possess significant cytotoxic properties against several cancer cell lines. Objectives: The current project aims to frame the structure-anticancer activity relationship of chromen-4-on-3-yl chalcones (3a-u/5a-h). In addition, docking studies were performed on these chromeno-chalcones in order to have an insight into their interaction possibilities with MDM2 pro-tein. Methods: Twenty-nine chromen-4-on-3-yl chalcone derivatives (3a-u/5a-h) were prepared by utilizing silica supported-HClO4 (green route with magnificent yield) and tested against four cancer cell lines (HCT116, MCF-7, THP-1, NCIH322). Results: Among the series 3a-u, compound 3b exhibited the highest anticancer activity (with IC50 values ranging from 8.6 to 28.4 μM) overall against tested cancer cell lines. Interestingly, para-Boronic acid derivative (5b) showed selective inhibition against colon cancer cell line, HCT-116 with an IC50 value of 2.35 μM. Besides the emblematic hydrophobic interactions of MDM2 inhibi-tors, derivative 5b was found to exhibit extra hydrogen bonding with GLN59 and GLN72 residues of MDM2 in molecular dynamics (MD) simulation. All the compounds were virtually nontoxic against normal fibroblast cells. Conclusion: Novel compounds were obtained with good anticancer activity especially 6-Chlorochromen-4-one substituted boronic acid derivative 5b. The molecular docking study proposed good activity as a MDM-2 inhibitor suggesting hydrophobic as well as hydrogen bonding interactions with MDM2.
- Bhatia, Richa Kaur,Coutinho, Evans C.,Garg, Ruchika,Kancherla, Satyavathi,Kaur, Maninder,Madan, Jitender,Pissurlenkar, Raghuvir R. S.,Singh, Lakhwinder,Yadav, Manmohan
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p. 212 - 228
(2020/03/10)
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- Synthesis and biological evaluation of chromone-3-carboxamides
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The aim of our study was to synthesize novel chromone-3-carboxamides and to conduct biological evaluations in search for lead compounds for the treatment of a range of debilitating disease states. Corresponding 2-hydroxyacetophenones were subjected to Vilsmeier-Haack formylation to give chromone-3-carbaldehydes, which were subsequently oxidised to give chromone-3-carboxylic acids. Treatment of the carboxylic acids with thionyl chloride resulted in the in situ formation of the corresponding acid chlorides, which were reacted with various amines in the presence of triethylamine to give the corresponding novel chromone-3-carboxamides in good yields. Selected chromone derivatives were then evaluated for their anti-inflammatory, anti-tryponosomal and cytotoxic properties.
- Gordon, Allen T.,Ramaite, Isaiah D.I.,Mnyakeni-Moleele, Simon S.
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p. 148 - 160
(2021/01/20)
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- One pot and metal-free approach to 3-(2-Hydroxybenzoyl)-1-aza-anthraquinones
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Herein, a direct strategy to synthesize 3-(2-hydroxybenzoyl)-1-aza-anthraquinones with excellent efficiency,mild conditions, and benign functional group compatibilitywas reported. Avariety of 3-formylchromone compounds were employed as compatible substrates and this protocol gave the 3-(2-hydroxybenzoyl)-1-aza-anthraquinone derivatives in good to excellent yields without inert gas and expensive transition metal catalysts. Some compounds displayed good anti-proliferative activities.
- Yuan, Jiaqi,He, Qian,Song, Shanshan,Zhang, Xiaofei,Miao, Zehong,Yang, Chunhao
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supporting information
(2019/08/30)
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- Novel copper(II), cobalt(II) and nickel(II) complexes with 5-(4-oxo-4H-chromen-3-yl)-4,5-dihydro-1,3,4-thiadiazole-2-carboxamide: Synthesis, structure, spectroscopic studies
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A series of novel organic ligands, 5-(4-oxo-4H-chromen-3-yl)-4,5-dihydro-1,3,4-thiadiazole-2-carboxamide, which are the tautomeric forms of 2-oxo-2-(arylamino)-(2E)-2- [(4-hydroxy-2-oxo-2H-1-benzopyran-3-yl)-methyledene]ethanethioic acid hydrazides, have been synthesized from 3-formylchromone and oxamic acid thiohydrazides. Copper(II), cobalt(II) and nickel(II) complexes with 2-oxo-2-(arylamino)-(2E)-2-[(4-hydroxy-2-oxo-2H-1-benzopyran-3-yl)methyledene]ethanethioic acid hydrazides have been synthesized by the interaction of corresponding organic ligands with MCl2 (M = Cu, Co, Ni). The crystal structure of a copper(II) complex with 5-(4-oxo-4H-chromen-3-yl)-N-phenyl-4,5-dihydro-1,3,4-thiadiazole-2-carboxamide has been solved by a single-crystal X-ray diffraction method. The copper(II) ions in complex molecule are coordinated by aldimine nitrogen atom, thiolate sulfur atom and the oxygen atom the pyrone ring keto-group as well as two bridged chloride anions in a distorted triangular bipyramidal geometry. The electrochemical investigations of synthesized ligands and complexes have been performed by cyclic voltammetry technique.
- Myannik, Ksenia A.,Yarovenko, Vladimir N.,Beloglazkina, Elena K.,Moiseeva, Anna A.,Krayushkin, Mikhail M.
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p. 208 - 214
(2017/11/20)
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- Synthesis and biological evaluation of N-Aryl-N′-(5-(2-hydroxybenzoyl) pyrimidin-2-yl)guanidines as toll-like receptor 4 antagonists
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Background: Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) has been associated with several inflammatory diseases, such as sepsis, atherosclerosis and chronic pain. Objective: The aim of the present study was to develop an efficient and straightforward synthetic approach for the preparation of small-molecule antagonists Naryl-N′-(5-(2-hydroxybenzoyl)pyrimidin-2-yl)guanidines in order to evaluate these for TLR4 antagonist activity and to obtain useful information about their structure-activity relationships. Methods: The present work have designed and optimized a three-step synthetic route for derivatives of a previously demonstrated antagonist of TLR4: 1-(4-fluorophenyl)-2-(5-(2-hydroxy-5-methoxybenzoyl)pyrimidin-2-yl)guanidine. The antagonist activities of eight novel synthesized compounds were evaluated on cells which selectively express TLR4. Results: Three guanidine derivatives showed promising antagonist activities, with IC50 values in the low micromolar range. Conclusion: Our findings represent an important starting point for further studies of small-molecule agents targeting Toll-like receptors.
- Sova, Matej,Ro?man, Kaja,?vajger, Urban,Ro?man, Primo?,Gobec, Stanislav
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p. 742 - 750
(2016/11/29)
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- Synthesis and characterization of new N-alkylated pyridin-2(1H)-ones
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A series of novel N-substituted pyridin-2(1H)-one derivatives have been synthesized by reacting (E)-ethyl 3-(6-fluoro-4-oxo-4H-chromen-3-yl)acrylate, with various alkylamines, benzylamines, diaminoalkanes, propargyl amine, 2-amino-1,3-dihydroxypropane, etc. under basic conditions, in 60-83% yield. The structures of the compounds have been established on the basis of their physical and spectral characterization data (1H and 13C NMR, UV-Vis, FT-IR, and HRMS) and further confirmed by X-ray crystallographic analysis of a representative compound. Antibacterial activity of obtained 2-pyridones have been investigated against three human pathogen bacterial strains. Most of the compounds exhibit low activity as compared to the reference.
- Sharma, Atul Kumar,Yadav, Preeti,Chand, Karam,Sharma, Sunil K.
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p. 492 - 500
(2017/01/18)
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- Selective and sensitive colorimetric sensor for CN- in the absence and presence of metal ions (Cu2+/Ni2+): Mimicking logic gate behaviour
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Enone based anion sensors have significance due to their colorimetric reaction upon deprotonation and variable occurrence in the conjugated moiety. We have designed a novel and easily forming cromene-isonicotinohydrazide based probe, exhibiting selectivity towards CN- through the naked eye. A Job's plot displays 1:1 stoichiometry along with a 0.76/0.68 μM detection limit. The results accentuate that upon addition of cations (Cu2+/Ni2+) to the heteroatom of donor moiety, sensitivity improves. The limits of detection were found to be 3.5/6.3 μM in the presence of Cu2+/Ni2+. The mechanism was proved by FTIR, NMR, DFT and -OH titration.
- Maurya, Nirma,Bhardwaj, Shubhrajyotsna,Singh, Ashok Kumar
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p. 71543 - 71549
(2016/08/05)
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- Direct construction of xanthene and benzophenone derivatives via Br?nsted acid controlled Diels-Alder reaction of 3-vinylchromones and arynes
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A Br?nsted acid controlled Diels-Alder reaction of 3-vinylchromones with arynes has been developed. By employing different kinds and amounts of acid, 9-aryl-9H-xanthen-9-ols or ortho-hydroxybenzophenones could be controllably furnished in good yields in an atom- and step-economic manner.
- Huang, Xu-Jiao,Tao, Yuan,Li, Yue-Kun,Wu, Xin-Yan,Sha, Feng
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supporting information
p. 8565 - 8577
(2016/12/09)
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- Design, synthesis and docking studies of novel thienopyrimidine derivatives bearing chromone moiety as mTOR/PI3Kα inhibitors
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Two series of thienopyrimidine derivatives (10a-k, 16a-j) bearing chromone moiety were designed and synthesized. All the compounds were evaluated for inhibitory activity against mTOR kinase at a concentration of 10uM. Four selected compounds were further evaluated for the IC50 values against mTOR kinase, PI3Kα kinase and two cancer cell lines. Some of the target compounds exhibited moderate to excellent mTOR/PI3Kα kinase inhibitory activity and cytotoxicity. The most promising compound 16i showed good inhibitory activity against mTOR/PI3Kα kinase and good antitumor potency for H460 and PC-3 cell lines with IC50 values of 0.16 ± 0.03 μM, 2.35 ± 0.19 μM, 1.20 ± 0.23 μM and 0.85 ± 0.04 μM, which were 8.6, >5, 7.9 and 19.1 times more active than compound I (1.37 ± 0.07 μM, >10 μM, 9.52 ± 0.29 μM, 16.27 ± 0.54 μM), respectively. Structure-activity relationships (SARs) and docking studies indicated that the chromone moiety is necessary for the potent antitumor activity and cytotoxicity of these compounds. Substitution of the chromone moiety at the 6-position has a significant impact to the inhibitory activity, in particular a carboxylic acid group, produced the best potency.
- Zhu, Wufu,Chen, Chen,Sun, Chengyu,Xu, Shan,Wu, Chunjiang,Lei, Fei,Xia, Hui,Tu, Qidong,Zheng, Pengwu
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- Thiazolidine-2,4-diones derivatives as PPAR-γ agonists: Synthesis, molecular docking, in vitro and in vivo antidiabetic activity with hepatotoxicity risk evaluation and effect on PPAR-γ gene expression
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A library of conjugates of chromones and 2,4-thiazolidinedione has been synthesized by Knoevenagel condensation followed by reduction using hydrogen gas and Pd/C as a catalyst. Compounds 5c and 5e were most effective in lowering the blood glucose level comparable to standard drug pioglitazone. Compound 5e exhibited potent PPAR-γ transactivation of 48.72% in comparison to pioglitazone (62.48%). All the molecules showed good glide score against the PPAR-γ target in molecular docking study. PPAR-γ gene expression was significantly increased by compound 5e (2.56-fold) in comparison to standard drug pioglitazone. Compounds 5e and 5c did not cause any damage to the liver and may be considered as promising candidates for the development of new antidiabetic agents.
- Nazreen, Syed,Alam, Mohammad Sarwar,Hamid, Hinna,Yar, Mohammad Shahar,Dhulap, Abhijeet,Alam, Perwez,Pasha,Bano, Sameena,Alam, Mohammad Mahboob,Haider, Saqlain,Kharbanda, Chetna,Ali, Yakub,Pillai
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p. 3034 - 3042
(2014/06/24)
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- Design and syntheses of novel N′-((4-oxo-4H-chromen-3-yl)methylene) benzohydrazide as inhibitors of cyanobacterial fructose-1,6-/sedoheptulose-1,7- bisphosphatase
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Cyanobacterial fructose-1,6-/sedoheptulose-1,7-bisphoshatase (Cy-FBP/SBPase) is an important target enzyme for finding inhibitors to solve harmful algal bloom (HAB). In this study, as potential inhibitors of Cy-FBP/SBPase, a series of novel chromone-connecting benzohydrazone compounds (Novel N′-((4-oxo-4H-chromen-3-yl)methylene)benzohydrazide) were designed and synthesized. Their inhibitory activities against Cy-FBP/SBPase were further examined in vitro. Some of these compounds, such as f6-f8, f11, f12 and f16, exhibit higher inhibitory activities (IC50 = 11.2-16.1 μM), especially, the compound f7 was identified as the most potent inhibitor with IC50 value of 11.2 μM. The probable binding-mode of compound f7 was further analyzed carefully by molecular docking methods. These results indicate that compound f7 could be used as a lead compound for further optimization and might have potential to be developed as a new algicide.
- Tu, Qi-Dong,Li, Ding,Sun, Yao,Han, Xin-Ya,Yi, Fan,Sha, Yibamu,Ren, Yan-Liang,Ding, Ming-Wu,Feng, Ling-Ling,Wan, Jian
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p. 2826 - 2831
(2013/06/27)
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- 3-Formylchromone based topoisomerase IIα inhibitors: Discovery of potent leads
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Substituted 3-formylchromones were synthesized and evaluated as inhibitors of the human DNA topoisomerase IIα (hTopo-IIα) enzyme. The results of the decatenation, relaxation and DNA intercalation assays revealed that the compounds (11b, 12a, 12b, 12d, 12e, 13a and 13b) exhibited potent inhibitory activity against the hTopo-IIα enzyme, and are nonintercalating agents. These compounds also possess significant in vitro cytotoxicity (LC50 ranges from 0.5-8.6 μM) against prostate (PC-3) cancerous cell line as seen in comparison to the standard drug etoposide. To further probe the plausible mode of action of 3-formylchromone derivatives, molecular docking studies have also been carried out, which showed that the compounds under investigation fitted well in the ATP binding pocket of hTopo-IIα enzyme with good docking scores and form nonbonding interactions with the crucial residues of the catalytic site. The Royal Society of Chemistry.
- Singh, Satyajit,Baviskar, Ashish Triambak,Jain, Vaibhav,Mishra, Nidhi,Chand Banerjee, Uttam,Bharatam, Prasad V.,Tikoo, Kulbhushan,Singh Ishar, Mohan Paul
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p. 1257 - 1266
(2013/09/12)
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- Novel benzofuran-chromone and -coumarin derivatives: Synthesis and biological activity in K562 human leukemia cells
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Not widely distributed in nature, aurones, (Z)-2-benzylidene-benzofuran- 3(2H)-ones, are one of the less common and lesser-known representatives of a flavonoid subclass. Nevertheless, they exhibit a strong and broad variety of biological activities. We have combined the benzofuranone part of a classical aurone with either a chromone or a coumarin scaffold which proved to feature interesting biological activities including antimicrobial, antiviral, anticancer, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. Herein we present a series of 26 novel benzofuran derivatives with the first biological results in K562 human leukemia cells showing that compounds 21b, 29b and 29c are able to induce around 24% apoptosis.
- Zwergel, Clemens,Valente, Sergio,Salvato, Angela,Xu, Zhanjie,Talhi, Oualid,Mai, Antonello,Silva, Artur,Altucci, Lucia,Kirsch, Gilbert
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supporting information
p. 1571 - 1579
(2013/12/04)
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- Continuous-flow preparation and use of β-chloro enals using the Vilsmeier reagent
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The Vilsmeier reagent is used in the preparation of a wide variety of heterocycles, such as pyrazoles, via formation of β-chloroacrolein intermediates. However, use of this extremely reactive reagent on large scale requires special precautions to avoid potentially dangerous exotherms. This article describes the safe preparation at room temperature of the Vilsmeier reagent under flow conditions for the formation of β-chloroacroleins and 3-formylchromones, as well as the use of these in multistep, continuous flow processes for the syntheses of β-acrylonitriles and polysubstituted pyrazoles.
- Pellegatti, Laurent,Buchwald, Stephen L.
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p. 1442 - 1448
(2012/10/29)
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- Catalytic effects in baylis-hillman reactions of chromone-3-carbaldehydes with acrylonitrile and methyl acrylate
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The effects of various catalysts, the solvent system, and the temperature on the efficiency and chemoselectivity of reactions of a series of chromone-3-carbaldehydes with acrylonitrile and methyl acrylate are discussed.
- Molefe, Duduzile M.,Kaye, Perry T.
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scheme or table
p. 3586 - 3600
(2009/12/09)
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- Chromone studies. Part 17. Tricyclic scaffolds from reactions of chromone- 3-carbaldehydes and methyl vinyl ketone under Baylis-Hillman conditions
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Reaction of a series of chromone-3-carbaldehydes with methyl vinyl ketone under Baylis-Hillman conditions, sing 3-hydroxyquinuclidine in chloroform or DABCO in 1-methyl-2-pyrrolidinone, affords unprecedented tricylic hromone derivatives which, depending on the conditions, may be accompanied by the normal Baylis-Hillman roducts or their respective tricycl ic dimers.
- Molefe, Duduzile M.,Ganto, Mlungiseleli M.,Lobb, Kevin A.,Kaye, Perry T.
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scheme or table
p. 452 - 456
(2010/01/16)
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- Ceric ammonium nitrate catalyzed efficient and chemoselective method for protection and deprotection of 4-oxo-4H-1-benzopyran-3-carbaldehydes
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A chemoselective, solvent-free, mild and efficient method for the synthesis of acylals and their deprotection to 4-oxo-4H-1-benzopyran-3-carbaldehydes catalyzed by ceric ammonium nitrate (CAN) are carried out in good yields and all compounds 2a-h are characterized by IR, 1H NMR and 13C NMR spectral data.
- Shindalkar,Madje,Hangarge,Shingare
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p. 2409 - 2411
(2007/10/03)
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- Synthesis of dihydroxanthone derivatives and evaluation of their inhibitory activity against acetylcholinesterase: Unique structural analogs of tacrine based on the BCD-ring of arisugacin
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A general approach to synthesis of dihydroxanthone derivatives is described here. In vitro evaluation of these dihydroxanthones demonstrated that some derivatives possess moderate anti-cholinesterase activities and better selectivities than tacrine for acetylcholinesterase over butyrylcholinesterase. Structural effects on anti-cholinesterase activities were also examined, and docking experiments were carried out to provide preliminary understandings of these experimental observations.
- Degen, Shane J.,Mueller, Kristen L.,Shen, Hong C.,Mulder, Jason A.,Golding, Geoffrey M.,Wei, Lin-li,Zificsak, Craig A.,Neeno-Eckwall, Amy,Hsung, Richard P.
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p. 973 - 978
(2007/10/03)
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