- Rational Design and Development of Low-Price, Scalable, Shelf-Stable and Broadly Applicable Electrophilic Sulfonium Ylide-Based Trifluoromethylating Reagents
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The development of two highly reactive electrophilic trifluoromethylating reagents (trifluoromethyl)(4-nitrophenyl)bis(carbomethoxy)methylide (1g) and (trifluoromethyl)(3-chlorophenyl)bis(carbomethoxy)methylide (1j) through structure-activity study was described. Under mild conditions, reagent 1g reacted with β-ketoesters and silyl enol ethers to give α-trifluoromethylated-β-ketoesters or α-trifluoromethylated ketones in high yields. In addition, reagent 1g could serve as a trifluoromethyl radical for a variety of trifluoromethylative transformations under visible light irradiation, including radical trifluoromethylation of electron-rich indoles and pyrroles and sodium aryl sulfinates as well as trifluoromethylative difunctionalization with styrene derivatives. On the other hand, as a complimentary, under reductive coupling conditions, reagent 1j reacted with a variety of (hetero)aryl iodides for the formation of trifluoromethylated (hetero)arenes.
- Ge, Hangming,Ling, Yijing,Liu, Yafei,Lu, Long,Shen, Qilong
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p. 1667 - 1682
(2021/05/28)
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- Method for synthesizing aryl benzyl ether compound
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The invention discloses a method for synthesizing aryl benzyl ether compounds, which comprises the following steps: by using an iron (III) complex containing 1, 3-di-tert-butyl imidazole cations and having a molecular formula of [(tBuNCH = CHNtBu) CH] [FeBr4] as a catalyst and di-tert-butyl peroxide as an oxidant, carrying out oxidative coupling reaction on phenolic compounds and toluene compounds to synthesize the corresponding aryl benzyl ether compounds. The method is the first example for preparing the aryl benzyl ether compound through the oxidative coupling reaction of the phenolic compound and the toluene compound, which is realized by an iron-based catalyst, and has the advantages of atom economy, environmental friendliness and good substrate applicability.
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Paragraph 0023; 0024; 0041
(2021/04/14)
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- Application of iron (III) complex containing 1,3-di-tert-butyl imidazole cations in synthesis of aryl benzyl ether compounds
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The invention discloses an application of an iron (III) complex containing 1,3-di-tert-butyl imidazole cations in synthesis of aryl benzyl ether compounds, and particularly relates to a method for synthesizing corresponding aryl benzyl ether compounds by taking di-tert-butyl peroxide as an oxidizing agent and carrying out oxidative coupling reaction on phenolic compounds and toluene compounds. According to the method, the iron (III) complex is used as the catalyst for the first time, and oxidative coupling of the phenolic compound and the toluene compound is realized. The method is the first oxidative coupling reaction of phenolic compounds and benzyl C(sp3)-H bonds, and a new method is provided for synthesizing aryl benzyl ether compounds. Compared with an existing synthesis method, the method provided by the invention avoids using toxic and polluting halogenated hydrocarbon and strong base, has better atom economy, and conforms to the development concept of green synthetic chemistry.
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Paragraph 0023-0024
(2021/04/26)
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- Coupling of Alternating Current to Transition-Metal Catalysis: Examples of Nickel-Catalyzed Cross-Coupling
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The coupling of transition-metal to photoredox catalytic cycles through single-electron transfer steps has become a powerful tool in the development of catalytic processes. In this work, we demonstrated that transition-metal catalysis can be coupled to al
- Bortnikov, Evgeniy O.,Semenov, Sergey N.
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supporting information
p. 782 - 793
(2020/12/01)
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- Cross-Coupling Reactions of Aryl Halides with Primary and Secondary Aliphatic Alcohols Catalyzed by an O,N,N-Coordinated Nickel Complex
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A synthesis of alkyl aryl ethers was achieved via the cross-coupling of aryl halides with primary and secondary aliphatic alcohols catalyzed by a bench-stable nickel complex supported by a monoanionic O,N,N-tridentate ligand. This nickel-catalyzed reaction proceeds smoothly in the absence of a phosphine ligand, affording alkyl aryl ethers in moderate to good yields. (Figure presented.).
- Hashimoto, Toru,Shiota, Keisuke,Funatsu, Kei,Yamaguchi, Yoshitaka
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supporting information
p. 1625 - 1630
(2021/01/26)
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- A Unified and Practical Method for Carbon–Heteroatom Cross-Coupling using Nickel/Photo Dual Catalysis
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While carbon–heteroatom cross-coupling reactions have been extensively studied, many methods are specific and limited to a particular set of substrates or functional groups. Reported here is a general method that allows for C?O, C?N and C?S cross-coupling reactions under one general set of conditions. We propose that an energy transfer pathway, in which an iridium photosensitizer produces an excited nickel(II) complex, is responsible for the key reductive elimination step that couples aryl bromides, iodides, and chlorides to 1° and 2° alcohols, amines, thiols, carbamates, and sulfonamides, and is amenable to scale up via a flow apparatus.
- Escobar, Randolph A.,Johannes, Jeffrey W.
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supporting information
(2020/04/17)
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- Copper-catalyzed and additive free decarboxylative trifluoromethylation of aromatic and heteroaromatic iodides
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A copper-catalyzed decarboxylative trifluoromethylation of (hetero)aromatic iodides has been developed. Importantly, this new copper-catalyzed reaction operates in the absence of any ligands and metal additives. The protocol shows good functional group tolerance and is compatible with heteroaromatic systems. The reaction proved scalable to a 15 mmol scale with increased yield. Finally, late-stage installation of the trifluoromethyl functionality afforded the N-trifluoroacetamide variant of the antidepressant agent, Prozac, demonstrating the applicability of the developed method.
- Johansen, Martin B.,Lindhardt, Anders T.
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p. 1417 - 1425
(2020/03/03)
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- Ambident Reactivity of Phenolate Anions Revisited: A Quantitative Approach to Phenolate Reactivities
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Prompted by the observation that the regioselectivities of phenolate reactions (C versus O attack) are opposite to the predictions by the principle of hard and soft acids and bases, we performed a comprehensive experimental and computational investigation of phenolate reactivities. Rate and equilibrium constants for the reactions of various phenolate ions with benzhydrylium ions (Aryl2CH+) and structurally related quinone methides have been determined photometrically in polar aprotic solvents. Quantum chemical calculations at the SMD(MeCN)/M06-2X/6-31+G(d,p) level confirmed that O attack is generally favored under kinetically controlled conditions, whereas C attack is favored under thermodynamically controlled conditions. Exceptions are diffusion-limited reactions with strong electrophiles, which give mixtures of products arising from O and C attack, as well as reactions with metal alkoxides in nonpolar solvents, where oxygen attack is blocked by strong ion pairing. The Lewis basicity (LB) and nucleophilicity (N, sN) parameters of phenolates determined in this work can be used to predict whether their reactions with electrophiles are kinetically or thermodynamically controlled and whether the rates are activation- or diffusion-limited. Comparison of the measured rate constants for the reactions of phenolates with carbocations with the Gibbs energies for single-electron transfer manifests that these reactions proceed via polar mechanisms.
- Mayer, Robert J.,Breugst, Martin,Hampel, Nathalie,Ofial, Armin R.,Mayr, Herbert
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supporting information
p. 8837 - 8858
(2019/07/08)
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- Fluoxetine Inhibits Enterovirus Replication by Targeting the Viral 2C Protein in a Stereospecific Manner
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Enteroviruses (family Picornaviridae) comprise a large group of human pathogens against which no licensed antiviral therapy exists. Drug-repurposing screens uncovered the FDA-approved drug fluoxetine as a replication inhibitor of enterovirus B and D speci
- Bauer, Lisa,Manganaro, Roberto,Zonsics, Birgit,Strating, Jeroen R. P. M.,El Kazzi, Priscila,Lorenzo Lopez, Moira,Ulferts, Rachel,Van Hoey, Clara,Maté, Maria J.,Langer, Thierry,Coutard, Bruno,Brancale, Andrea,Van Kuppeveld, Frank J. M.
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p. 1609 - 1623
(2019/08/20)
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- DBU-Promoted Trifluoromethylation of Aryl Iodides with Difluoromethyltriphenylphosphonium Bromide
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DBU-promoted trifluoromethylation of aryl iodides with difluoromethyltriphenylphosphonium bromide (DFPB) in the presence of copper source is described. In this transformation, DBU not only acts as base to deprotonate the difluoromethyl group in DFPB to generate difluoromethylene phosphonium ylide Ph3P+CF2-, but also converts the difluorocarbene generated from ylide Ph3P+CF2- into trifluoromethyl anion, finally resulting in the trifluoromethylation of aryl iodides. The reactions proceeded smoothly to afford expected products in moderate to good yields.
- Wei, Yun,Yu, Liuying,Lin, Jinhong,Zheng, Xing,Xiao, Jichang
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p. 481 - 484
(2016/06/01)
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- Copper-mediated trifluoromethylation of diaryliodonium salts with difluoromethyltriflate
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The reaction of diaryliodonium salts with difluoromethyltriflate in the presence of TBAT and CuTC gave the corresponding trifluoromethylated arenes in moderate yields. Compared to other difluorocarbene-derived trifluoromethylation reactions, the current one proceeded at mild reaction conditions (room temperature) within short reaction time (5 min).
- Yang, Jing-Yun,Xu, Xiu-Hua,Qing, Feng-Ling
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- Trifluoromethyl-substituted sulfonium ylide: Rh-catalyzed carbenoid addition to trifluoromethylthioether
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A highly efficient Rh-catalyzed carbenoid addition to trifluoromethylthioether for the formation of trifluoromethyl-substituted sulfonium ylide is described. The trifluoromethyl-substituted sulfonium ylide can act as an electrophilic trifluoromethylation reagent, as demonstrated by trifluoromethylation of β-ketoesters and aryl iodides.
- Liu, Yafei,Shao, Xinxin,Zhang, Panpan,Lu, Long,Shen, Qilong
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supporting information
p. 2752 - 2755
(2015/06/16)
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- Copper-mediated trifluoromethylation of diaryliodonium salts with TMSCF3 at room temperature
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A convenient method for the preparation of trifluoromethylated arenes from the reaction of diaryliodonium salts with TMSCF3 in the presence of CuBF4·(MeCN)4 and KF at room temperature within 25 min was developed. This reaction provides a valuable complement to the previously established trifluoromethylation methods.
- Yang, Jing-Yun,Xu, Xiu-Hua,Qing, Feng-Ling
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p. 175 - 180
(2015/10/20)
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- New Reagent for Highly Efficient Synthesis of Trifluoromethyl-Substituted Arenes and Heteroarenes
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A new reagent trimethylsilyl chlorodifluoroacetate (TCDA) is reported for the introduction of a -CF3 group to arenes and heteroarenes. Compared with current known reagents, TCDA shows very broad scope with respect to electron-deficient, -neutral, and -rich aryl/heteroaryl iodides as well as excellent functional group tolerance, including ester, amide, aldehyde, hydroxyl, and carboxylic acid. (Chemical Equation Presented).
- Zhang, Xiaomin,Wang, Jian,Wan, Zehong
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supporting information
p. 2086 - 2089
(2015/05/13)
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- Catalytic trifluoromethylation of aryl- and vinylboronic acids by 2-cyclopropyl-1-(trifluoromethyl)benzo[ b ]thiophenium triflate
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Catalytic trifluoromethylation of aryl- and vinylboronic acids by 2-cyclopropyl-1-(trifluoromethyl)benzo[b]thiophenium triflate is described. In the presence of a catalytic amount of CuOAc and 2,4,6-collidine in ethyl acetate, the reaction proceeded in good to high yields for various substrates under mild reaction conditions at room temperature.
- Arimori, Sadayuki,Shibata, Norio
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supporting information
p. 1632 - 1635
(2015/04/14)
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- Copper-catalyzed trifluoromethylation of organic zinc reagents with an electrophilic trifluoromethylating reagent
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A copper-catalyzed trifluoromethylation of aryl, vinyl and alkyl zinc reagents with Togni's reagent was described. Mechanistic studies indicated that the aryl group is initially transferred from the zinc reagent to hypervalent iodine to form a tri-substituted hypervalent iodine intermediate. Consequent reductive-elimination via a concerted bond-forming step and/or radical pathway from this intermediate generates the trifluoromethylated arenes.
- Wang, Chang-Sheng,Wang, Haoyang,Yao, Cheng
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p. 24783 - 24787
(2015/03/30)
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- 1,8-Diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec-7-ene (DBU)-promoted decomposition of difluorocarbene and the subsequent trifluoromethylation
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Difluorocarbene derived from various carbene precursors could be effectively decomposed by 1,8-diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec-7-ene (DBU). This decomposition process was successfully applied in the subsequent trifluoromethylation of a variety of (hetero)aryl iodides without the addition of an external fluoride ion. Mechanistic investigation revealed the detailed difluorocarbene conversion process in which the decomposed difluorocarbene is finally transformed into a fluoride ion and carbon monoxide.
- Zheng, Jian,Lin, Jin-Hong,Deng, Xiao-Yun,Xiao, Ji-Chang
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supporting information
p. 532 - 535
(2015/03/04)
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- Conversion of aromatic amino into trifluoromethyl groups through a Sandmeyer-type transformation
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A novel strategy for aromatic trifluoromethylation by converting amino into trifluoromethyl groups via a Sandmeyer-type reaction is reported. The transformation involves diazotization of the aromatic amines with tert-butyl nitrite and hydrochloric acid to form aryldiazonium chlorides, followed by trifluoromethylation with trifluoromethylsilver at low temperature. Various readily available aromatic amines are smoothly converted under mild conditions. Georg Thieme Verlag Stuttgart. New York.
- Wang, Xi,Xu, Yan,Zhou, Yujing,Zhang, Yan,Wang, Jianbo
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supporting information
p. 2143 - 2148
(2014/08/18)
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- Copper-mediated radical trifluoromethylation of unsaturated potassium organotrifluoroborates
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Copper-mediated trifluoromethylation of unsaturated organotrifluoroborates with the Langlois reagent (NaSO2CF3) and TBHP allows the introduction of trifluoromethyl groups into a variety of organic substructures. The reactions are easy to set up, the conditions are mild and general, and the process provides access to trifluoromethylated alkynes, alkenes, arenes, and heteroarenes in fair to good yields.
- Presset, Marc,Oehlrich, Daniel,Rombouts, Frederik,Molander, Gary A.
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p. 12837 - 12843
(2014/01/17)
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- Metal-free synthesis of aryl ethers in water
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The first arylation of allylic and benzylic alcohols with diaryliodonium salts is reported. The reaction yields alkyl aryl ethers under mild and metal-free conditions. Phenols are arylated to diaryl ethers in good to excellent yields. The reaction employs diaryliodonium salts and sodium hydroxide in water at low temperature, and excess amounts of the coupling partners are avoided.
- Lindstedt, Erik,Ghosh, Raju,Olofsson, Berit
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supporting information
p. 6070 - 6073
(2014/01/06)
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- Silver-mediated trifluoromethylation of aryldiazonium salts: Conversion of amino group into trifluoromethyl group
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A novel strategy for aromatic trifluoromethylation by converting aromatic amino group into CF3 group is reported herein. This method, which can be considered as trifluoromethylation variation of the classic Sandmeyer reaction, uses readily available aromatic amines as starting materials and is performed under mild conditions.
- Wang, Xi,Xu, Yan,Mo, Fanyang,Ji, Guojing,Qiu, Di,Feng, Jiajie,Ye, Yuxuan,Zhang, Songnan,Zhang, Yan,Wang, Jianbo
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supporting information
p. 10330 - 10333
(2013/08/23)
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- Copper-catalyzed trifluoromethylation of aryl- and vinylboronic acids with generation of CF3-radicals
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The selective trifluoromethylation of aryl- and vinylboronic acids proceeds smoothly with CF3SO2Na (Langlois reagent) in the presence of copper catalysts and t-BuOOH. Therefore, the method relies both on transition metal catalysis an
- Li, Yang,Wu, Lipeng,Neumann, Helfried,Beller, Matthias
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supporting information
p. 2628 - 2630
(2013/04/23)
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- Room-temperature base-free copper-catalyzed trifluoromethylation of organotrifluoroborates to trifluoromethylarenes
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An efficient room temperature copper-catalyzed trifluoromethylation of organotrifluoroborates under the base free condition using an electrophilic trifluoromethylating reagent is demonstrated. The corresponding trifluoromethylarenes were obtained in good to excellent yields and the reaction tolerates a wide range of functional groups.
- Huang, Yuanyuan,Fang, Xin,Lin, Xiaoxi,He, Weiming,Yuan, Yaofeng,Weng, Zhiqiang,Li, Huaifeng,Huang, Kuo-Wei
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p. 9949 - 9953,5
(2012/12/12)
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- FLUOROALKYLATION METHODS AND REAGENTS
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A method of forming a fluorinated molecular entity includes reacting in a reaction mixture an aromatic halide, copper, a fluoroalkyl group, and a ligand. The aromatic halide includes an aromatic group and a halogen substituent bonded to the aromatic group. The ligand includes at least one group-V donor selected from phosphorus and an amine. The overall molar ratio of copper to aromatic halide in the reaction mixture is from 0.2 to 3. The method further includes forming a fluoroalkylarene including the aromatic group and the fluoroalkyl group bonded to the aromatic group. A composition, which may be used in the method, consists essentially of copper, the fluoroalkyl group, and the ligand, where the molar ratio of copper to the fluoroalkyl group is approximately 1.
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Page/Page column 7; 35-36
(2012/03/11)
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- C(sp3)-O bond-forming reductive elimination of ethers from bisphosphine-ligated benzylpalladium(II) aryloxide complexes
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On the contrary: Isolated benzylpalladium aryloxide complexes undergo C(sp3)-O bond-forming reductive elimination by a stepwise ionic mechanism (see scheme) distinct from the accepted concerted pathway for reductive elimination of aromatic ethers from arylpalladium(II) species. The mechanism is proposed to result from dissociation of the aryloxide ligand followed by nucleophilic attack on the benzylic carbon atom. Copyright
- Marquard, Seth L.,Hartwig, John F.
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supporting information; experimental part
p. 7119 - 7123
(2011/09/16)
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- A ligand-free copper-catalyzed decarboxylative trifluoromethylation of aryliodides with sodium trifluoroacetate using Ag2O as a promoter
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A practical and ligand-free Cu-catalyzed decarboxylative trifluoromethylation of aryl iodides with sodium trifluoroacetate using Ag 2O as a promoter was reported. A variety of trifluoromethyl- substituted aromatics are synthesized in moderate to excellent yields and with wide functional-group tolerance under relatively mild reaction conditions. Georg Thieme Verlag Stuttgart · New York.
- Li, Yaming,Chen, Tao,Wang, Huifeng,Zhang, Rong,Jin, Kun,Wang, Xiuna,Duan, Chunying
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supporting information; experimental part
p. 1713 - 1716
(2011/09/12)
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- Copper-catalyzed trifluoromethylation of aryl and vinyl boronic acids with an electrophilic trifluoromethylating reagent
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Chemical equations presented. A copper-catalyzed trifluoromethylation of aryl- and alkenylboronic acids with Tognis reagent was described. The reaction proceeded in good to excellent yields for a range of different substrates including heteroarylboronic acids and substrates with a variety of functional groups under mild reaction conditions.
- Liu, Tianfei,Shen, Qilong
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supporting information; experimental part
p. 2342 - 2345
(2011/06/25)
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- Copper-catalyzed trifluoromethylation of aryl boronic acids using a CF 3+ reagent
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A copper-catalyzed process for trifluoromethylation of aryl, heteroaryl, and vinyl boronic acids has been developed. The reaction is conducted under mild conditions and shows tolerance to moisture and a variety of functional groups.
- Xu, Jun,Luo, Dong-Fen,Xiao, Bin,Liu, Zhao-Jing,Gong, Tian-Jun,Fu, Yao,Liu, Lei
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supporting information; experimental part
p. 4300 - 4302
(2011/06/21)
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- A broadly applicable copper reagent for trifluoromethylations and perfluoroalkylations of aryl iodides and bromides
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(Chemical Presented) Well compatible: The trifluoromethylations and perfluoroalkylations of aryl iodides and some aryl bromides with trifluoromethyl and perfluoroalkylcopper(I) phenanthroline complexes occur with broad scope at 25-50 8C (see scheme). The trifluoromethyl complex is prepared from inexpensive reagents and can be used in situ or isolated. The reactions tolerate a range of substituents and also occur with heteroaromatic systems.
- Morimoto, Hiroyuki,Tsubogo, Tetsu,Litvinas, Nichole D.,Hartwig, John F.
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supporting information; experimental part
p. 3793 - 3798
(2011/05/15)
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- HETEROCYCLYL COMPOUNDS
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Compounds of formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable derivative thereof: wherein A, B, D, Z, R1, R2a , R2b, and Rx are as defined in the specification, a process for the preparation of such compounds, pharm
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Page/Page column 44
(2010/02/11)
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- CYCLOHEXENE COMPOUNDS
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Formula (I) wherein A, B, Z, R1, R2a , R2b, R8, R9 and Rx are as defined in the specification, a process for the preparation of such compounds, pharmaceutical compositions comprising such compounds and the use of such compounds in medicine.
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Page/Page column 29
(2010/02/11)
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- PHENYL COMPOUNDS
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Compounds of formula (I) or derivatives thereof: wherein A, B, Z, R, R, R, R, R, and R are as defined in the specification, a process for the preparation of such compounds, pharmaceutical compositions comprising such compounds and the use of such compounds in medicine.
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- (2-((2-ALKOXY) -PHENYL) -CYCLOPENT-1-ENYL) AROMATIC CARBO AND HETEROCYCLIC ACID AND DERIVATIVES
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Compounds of formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable derivative thereof: (I) wherein A, R1 , R2 , Rx , R8 , R9 and n are as defined in the specification, a process for the preparation of such compounds, pharmaceutical compositions comprising such compounds and the use of such compounds in medicine.
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Page/Page column 60
(2010/02/07)
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- Oxygen-Carbon bond dissociation enthalpies of benzyl phenyl ethers and anisoles. An example of temperature dependent substituent effects
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For some time it has been assumed that the direction and magnitude of the effects of Y-substituents on the Z-X bond dissociation enthalpies (BDE's) in compounds of the general formula 4-YC6H4Z-X could be correlated with the polarity of the Z-X bond undergoing homolysis. Recently we have shown by DFT calculations on 4-YC6H4CH2-X (X = H, F, Cl, Br) that the effects of Y on CH2-X BDE's are small and roughly equal for each X, despite large changes in C-X bond polarity. We then proposed that when Y have significant effects on Z-X BDE's it is due to their stabilization or destabilization of the radical. This proposal has been examined by studying 4-YC6H4O-X BDE's for X = H, CH3, and CH2C6H5 both by theory and experiment. The magnitudes of the effects of Y on O-X BDE's were quantified by Hammett type plots of ΔBDE's vs σ+ (Y). Calculations reveal that changes in O-X BDE's induced by changing Y are large and essentially identical (ρ+ = 6.7-6.9 kcal mol-1) for these three classes of compounds. The calculated ρ+ values are close to those obtained experimentally for X = H at ca. 300 K and for X = CH2C6H5 at ca. 550 K. However, early literature reports of the effects of Y on O-X BDE's for X = CH3 with measurements made at ca. 1000 K gave ρ+ ≈ 3 kcal mol-1. We have confirmed some of these earlier, high-temperature O-CH3 BDE's and propose that at 1000 K, conjugating groups such as -OCH3 are essentially free rotors, and no longer lie mainly in the plane of the aromatic ring. As a consequence, the 298 K DFT-calculated ΔBDE for 4-OCH3-anisole of -6.1 kcal mol-1 decreases to -3.8 kcal mol-1 for free rotation, in agreement with the ca. 1000 K experimental value. In contrast, high-temperature O-CH3 ΔBDE's for three anisoles with strongly hindered substituent rotation are essentially identical to those that would be observed at ambient temperatures. We conclude that substituent effects measured at elevated temperatures may differ substantially from those appropriate for 298 K.
- Pratt,De Heer,Mulder,Ingold
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p. 5518 - 5526
(2007/10/03)
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- Trifluoromethylphenyl benzyl ethers
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Trifluoromethylphenols are prepared by hydrogenation of the corresponding trifluoromethylbenzylethers.
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