- Substrate orientation and specificity in xanthine oxidase: Crystal structures of the enzyme in complex with indole-3-acetaldehyde and guanine
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Xanthine oxidase is a molybdenum-containing hydroxylase that catalyzes the hydroxylation of sp2-hybridized carbon centers in a variety of aromatic heterocycles as well as aldehydes. Crystal structures of the oxidase form of the bovine enzyme in complex with a poor substrate indole-3-acetaldehyde and the nonsubstrate guanine have been determined, both at a resolution of 1.6 A. In each structure, a specific and unambiguous orientation of the substrate in the active site is observed in which the hydroxylatable site is oriented away from the active site molybdenum center. The orientation seen with indole-3-acetaldehyde has the substrate positioned with the indole ring rather than the exocyclic aldehyde nearest the molybdenum center, indicating that the substrate must rotate some 30 in the enzyme active site to permit hydroxylation of the aldehyde group (as observed experimentally), accounting for the reduced reactivity of the enzyme toward this substrate. The principal product of hydroxylation of indole-3-acetaldehyde by the bovine enzyme is confirmed to be indole-3-carboxylic acid based on its characteristic UV-vis spectrum, and the kinetics of enzyme reduction are reported. With guanine, the dominant orientation seen crystallographically has the C-8 position that might be hydroxylated pointed away from the active site molybdenum center, in a configuration resembling that seen previously with hypoxanthine (a substrate that is effectively hydroxylated at position 2). The ～180 reorientation required to permit reaction is sterically prohibited, indicating that substrate (mis)orientation in the active site is a major factor precluding formation of the highly mutagenic 8-hydroxyguanine.
- Cao, Hongnan,Hall, James,Hille, Russ
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Read Online
- Development of 2-oindolin-3-ylidene-indole-3-carbohydrazide derivatives as novel apoptotic and anti-proliferative agents towards colorectal cancer cells
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Mitochondrial anti-apoptotic Bcl2 and BclxL proteins, are overexpressed in multiple tumour types, and has been involved in the progression and survival of malignant cells. Therefore, inhibition of such proteins has become a validated and attractive target for anticancer drug discovery. In this manner, the present studies developed a series of novel isatin–indole conjugates (7a-j and 9a-e) as potential anticancer Bcl2 and BclxL inhibitors. The progression of the two examined colorectal cancer cell lines was significantly inhibited by all of the prepared compounds with IC50 ranges132–611 nM compared to IC50 = 4.6 μM for 5FU, against HT-29 and IC50 ranges 37–468 nM compared to IC50 = 1.5 μM for 5FU, against SW-620. Thereafter, compounds 7c and 7g were selected for further investigations. Interestingly, both compounds exhibited selective cytotoxicity against both cell lines with high safety to normal fibroblast (HFF-1). In addition, both compounds 7c and 7g induced apoptosis and inhibited Bcl2 and BclxL expression in a dose-dependent manner. Collectively, the high potency and selective cytotoxicity suggested that conjugates 7c and 7g could be a starting point for further optimisation to develop novel pro-apoptotic and antitumor agents towards colon cancer.
- Abdel-Aziz, Hatem A.,Abdulla, maha,Abo-Ashour, mahmoud f.,Ahmad, Rehan,Al-Khayal, Khayal,Al-Rashood, Sara T.,Al-Warhi, Tarfah,Alharbi, Amal,Ayyad, Rezk R.,El-Haggar, Radwan,Eldehna, Wagdy m.
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p. 319 - 328
(2020/12/23)
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- Cleavage of Carboxylic Esters by Aluminum and Iodine
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A one-pot procedure for deprotecting carboxylic esters under nonhydrolytic conditions is described. Typical alkyl carboxylates are readily deblocked to the carboxylic acids by the action of aluminum powder and iodine in anhydrous acetonitrile. Cleavage of lactones affords the corresponding ω-iodoalkylcarboxylic acids. Aryl acetylates undergo deacetylation with the participation of the neighboring group. This method enables the selective cleavage of alkyl carboxylic esters in the presence of aryl esters.
- Sang, Dayong,Yue, Huaxin,Fu, Yang,Tian, Juan
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p. 4254 - 4261
(2021/03/09)
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- Development and Profiling of Inverse Agonist Tools for the Neuroprotective Transcription Factor Nurr1
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The ligand-sensing transcription factor nuclear receptor related 1 (Nurr1) evolves as an appealing target to treat neurodegenerative diseases. Despite its therapeutic potential observed in various rodent models, potent modulators for Nurr1 are lacking as pharmacological tools. Here, we report the structure-activity relationship and systematic optimization of indole-based inverse Nurr1 agonists. Optimized analogues decreased the receptor's intrinsic transcriptional activity by up to more than 90% and revealed preference for inhibiting Nurr1 monomer activity. In orthogonal cell-free settings, we detected displacement of NCoRs and disruption of the Nurr1 homodimer as molecular modes of action. The inverse Nurr1 agonists reduced the expression of Nurr1-regulated genes in T98G cells, and treatment with an inverse Nurr1 agonist mimicked the effect of Nurr1 silencing on interleukin-6 release from LPS-stimulated human astrocytes. The indole-based inverse Nurr1 agonists valuably extend the toolbox of Nurr1 modulators to further probe the role of Nurr1 in neuroinflammation, cancer, and beyond.
- Zaienne, Daniel,Willems, Sabine,Schierle, Simone,Heering, Jan,Merk, Daniel
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p. 15126 - 15140
(2021/10/25)
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- Discovery of novel indole-1,2,4-triazole derivatives as tubulin polymerization inhibitors
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A series of novel indole-1,2,4-triazole derivatives have been designed, synthesized, and evaluated as potential tubulin polymerization inhibitors. The top hit 12, bearing the 3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl moiety, exhibited substantial anti-proliferative activity against HepG2, HeLa, MCF-7, and A549 cells in vitro with IC50 values of 0.23 ± 0.08 μM, 0.15 ± 0.18 μM, 0.38 ± 0.12 μM, and 0.30 ± 0.13 μM, respectively. It also inhibited tubulin polymerization with the IC50 value of 2.1 ± 0.12 μM, which was comparable with that of the positive controls. Furthermore, compound 12 regulated the expression of cell cycle-related proteins (Cyclin B1, Cdc25c, and Cdc2) and apoptosis-related proteins (Bcl-2, Bcl-x, and Mcl-1). Mechanistically, compound 12 could arrest cell cycle at the G2/M phase, thus induce an increase of apoptotic cell death. In addition, molecular docking hinted the possible interaction mode of compound 12 into the colchicine binding site of tubulin heterodimers. According to the applications of microtubule-targeting agents in both direct and synergistic cancer therapies, we hope this work might be of significance for future researches.
- Wu, Meng-Ke,Man, Ruo-Jun,Liao, Yan-Juan,Zhu, Hai-Liang,Zhou, Zhu-Gui
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p. 1008 - 1020
(2021/03/15)
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- Efficient construction of diverse 3-cyanoindoles under novel tandem catalysis
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A novel and rapid construction of 3-cyanoindoles by palladium-catalyzed tandem reactions has been developed. "N-H"free unprotected, N-alkyl and N-aryl 3-cyanoindoles are obtained with good to excellent yields. The usefulness of this synthetic approach is further demonstrated by the successful synthesis of practical compounds such as the therapeutic estrogen receptor ligand A precursor. Mechanism study shows that the tandem catalysis exploits a Suzuki cross-coupling with subsequent base-induced isoxazole fragmentation, followed by the aldimine condensation.
- Wu, Jun,Liu, Jiabin,Zhou, Kerui,He, Zhenni,Wang, Qian,Wu, Fen,Miao, Tingting,Qian, Jinjie,Shi, Qian
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supporting information
p. 12660 - 12663
(2020/11/02)
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- Synthesis, anticancer evaluation and molecular docking studies of 2,5-bis(indolyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazoles, Nortopsentin analogues
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A series of ten novel 2,5-bis(indolyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazoles were designed and synthesized. All these compounds were evaluated for their cytotoxicity against four cancer cell lines namely A549, MDA-MB-231, MCF-7 and HeLa using MTT reduced assay. Among them, compound 12e exhibited good cytotoxicity on MCF-7 cell line with IC50 value of 1.8 μM and it was identified as a promising drug lead when compared to the standard drug doxorubicin (IC50 value 0.98 μM). Compound, 12h exhibited better antitumor activity against three cancer cell lines i.e., lung (A549), breast (MCF-7) and cervical (HeLa) with IC50 values of 3.3 μM, 2.6 μM and 6.34 μM respectively. The impact of these compounds on colchicine binding site of tubulin polymer was carefully investigated using molecular docking studies and interpretations between actives and inactive were explained.
- Sreenivasulu, Reddymasu,Tej, Mandava Bhuvan,Jadav, Surender Singh,Sujitha, Pombala,Kumar, C. Ganesh,Raju, Rudraraju Ramesh
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- CO2-Folded Single-Chain Nanoparticles as Recyclable, Improved Carboxylase Mimics
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Emulating the function of natural carboxylases to convert CO2 under atmospheric condition is a great challenge. Herein we report a class of CO2-folded single-chain nanoparticles (SCNPs) that can function as recyclable, function-intensified carboxylase mimics. Lewis pair polymers containing bulky Lewis acidic and basic groups as the precursor, can bind CO2 to drive an intramolecular folding into SCNPs, in which CO2 as the folded nodes can form gas-bridged bonds. Such bridging linkages highly activate CO2, which endows the SCNPs with extraordinary catalytic ability that can not only catalyze CO2-insertion of C(sp3)-H for imitating the natural enzyme's function, it can also act on non-natural carboxylation pathways for C(sp2 and sp)-H substrates. The nanocatalysts are of highly catalytic efficiency and recyclability, and can work at room temperature and near ambient CO2 condition, inspiring a new approach to sustainable C1 utilization.
- Chen, Liang,Yan, Qiang,Zeng, Rongjin
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supporting information
p. 18418 - 18422
(2020/08/21)
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- Design, synthesis, and antitumor activity of novel benzoheterocycle derivatives as inhibitors of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2 tyrosine kinase
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The vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2 signaling pathway promotes the formation of new blood vessels, and vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2 tyrosine kinase exists in both active and inactive conformations. Novel indole–benzimidazole and indole–benzothiazole derivatives joined by different linkers are designed and synthesized as inhibitors of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2 tyrosine kinase. All the synthesized compounds were evaluated for their cytotoxicity against four human cancer cell lines (HeLa, HT29, A549, and MDA-MB-435) and human umbilical vein endothelial cell. Meanwhile, the inhibitory activities against vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2 are estimated in vitro and the binding interactions with dual conformations of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2 tyrosine kinase are evaluated by molecular docking. Compounds 5a–c and 14 show inhibitory activity against vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2 tyrosine kinase and promising cytotoxicity, specifically with IC50 values ranging between 0.1 and 1 μM, which imply broad-spectrum antitumor activity. These results provide a deep insight into potential structural modifications for developing potent vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2 tyrosine kinase inhibitors.
- Ding, Yangyang,Liu, Kai,Zhao, Xinyu,Lv, Yingtao,Yu, Rilei,Kang, Congmin
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p. 286 - 294
(2020/01/28)
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- Synthesis, antiproliferative and apoptosis induction potential activities of novel bis(indolyl)hydrazide-hydrazone derivatives
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In recent years, indole-indazolyl hydrazide-hydrazone derivatives with strong cell growth inhibition and apoptosis induction characteristics are being strongly screened for their cancer chemo-preventive potential. In the present study, N-methyl and N,N-dimethyl bis(indolyl)hydrazide-hydrazone analog derivatives were designed, synthesized and allowed to evaluate for their anti-proliferative and apoptosis induction potential against cervical (HeLa), breast (MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231) and lung (A549) cancer cell lines relative to normal HEK293 cells. The MTT assay in conjunction with mitochondrial potential assays and the trypan blue dye exclusion were employed to ascertain the effects of the derivatives on the cancer cells. Further, mechanistic studies were conducted on compound 14a to understand the biochemical mechanisms and functional interactions with various signaling pathways triggered in HeLa and MCF-7 cells. Compound 14a induced apoptosis via caspase independent pathway through the participation of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) such as extracellular signal related kinase (ERK) and p38 as well as p53 pathways. It originates the activation of pro-apoptotic proteins such as Bak and Mcl-1s and also strongly induced the generation of reactive oxygen species. In downstream signaling pathway, activated p53 protein interacted with MAPK pathways, including SAPK/c-Jun N-terminal protein kinase (JNK), p38 and ERK kinases resulting in apoptotic cell death. The involvement of MAPK cascades such as p38, ERK and p38 on compound 14a induced apoptotic cell death was evidenced by the fact that the inclusion of specific inhibitors of p38, ERK1/2 and JNK MAPK (SB2035809, PD98059 and SP600125) prevented the compound 14a towards induced apoptosis. The results clearly showed that MAP kinase cascades were crucial for apoptotic response in compound 14a induced cellular killing and were dependent on p53 activity. Based on the results, compound 14a was identified as a promising candidate for cancer therapeutics and these findings furnish a basis for further in vivo experiments on anti-proliferative activity.
- Sreenivasulu, Reddymasu,Reddy, Kotthireddy Thirumal,Sujitha, Pombala,Kumar, C. Ganesh,Raju, Rudraraju Ramesh
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p. 1043 - 1055
(2019/02/19)
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- Visible light photocatalytic asymmetric synthesis of pyrrolo[1,2-: A] indoles via intermolecular [3+2] cycloaddition
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The intermolecular diastereoselective and enantioselective synthesis of pyrrolo[1,2-a]indoles is developed through a [3+2] cycloaddition between silyl-indole derivatives and α,β-unsaturated N-acyl oxazolidinones by merging photocatalysis and Lewis acid catalysis.
- Casado-Sánchez, Antonio,Domingo-Legarda, Pablo,Cabrera, Silvia,Alemán, José
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supporting information
p. 11303 - 11306
(2019/09/30)
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- Synthesis, anticancer evaluation and molecular docking studies of bis(indolyl) triazinones, Nortopsentin analogs
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Abstract: A new series of bis indolyl tri keto diazo compounds and 3,5-bis(3′-indolyl) triazinones were designed and synthesized as anticancer agents. Their anticancer activity was screened in vitro towards four different human cancer cell lines like HeLa, MCF-7, MDA-MB-231 and A549 cell lines. Among them, compounds 17a and 17b showed potent cytotoxicity with inhibition (IC50) values of 4.6 and 1.3?μM on Human Cervical cancer cell line, respectively. The in silico simulation studies using ADT 1.5.6 tools revealed unique interactions of indole ring of compound 17b with colchicines active site residue Tyr312 could be a valid reason behind its maximum potency when compared to remaining compounds in responsible of its higher activity.
- Sreenivasulu, Reddymasu,Durgesh, Rudavath,Jadav, Surender Singh,Sujitha, Pombala,Ganesh Kumar,Raju, Rudraraju Ramesh
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p. 1369 - 1378
(2018/06/01)
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- Preparation method of indole-3-carboxylic acid
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The invention discloses a preparation method of indole-3-carboxylic acid. The preparation method is implemented by the following steps: (1) adding a catalyst into an organic solvent prepared from indole; (2) adding solid phosgene into an indole solution containing the catalyst, so as to generate acylation reaction; (3) carrying out basic hydrolysis on a product generated in the step (2) by virtueof an alkaline solution; (4) carrying out acidization on a product generated in the step (3) by virtue of inorganic acid; and (5) carrying out recrystallization on a product generated in the step (4),so as to obtain indole-3-carboxylic acid. The preparation method is simple and convenient in operation and high in product purity and yield and can meet chemical and medicine production requirements.
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Paragraph 0020; 0024; 0025; 0026; 0027
(2018/07/30)
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- Design of potent B-RafV600E inhibitors by multiple copy simulation search strategy
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B-Raf kinase is a vital intermedium in the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway, which transforms extracellular signals into cellular mechanisms. Mutations in this kinase, for instance, the most common V600E mutation, can lead to the ERK signaling pathologically activated and hence cause severe diseases such as somatic tumors. So far, the development of B-Raf inhibitors has made remarkable progress. However, the resistance and relapse of approved Raf drugs have been widely reported, and the optimization for old drugs and the discovery for new inhibitors still remain a significant task. In this study, we designed and evaluated a series of novel B-RafV600E inhibitors. A fragment library has been established before the docking simulation carried out using the MCSS strategy (multicopy simulation search). The appropriate fragments were reassembled to provide new candidate compounds, which were further screened by iterative docking simulations and molecular dynamics. Bioassays were carried out to evaluate the pharmacological profile of the compounds identified and synthesized. The result showed that compound 5n had an impressive enzyme inhibitory and antiproliferation activity, suggesting a promising potential in the future study.
- Wang, Ze-Feng,Wang, Peng-Fei,Ma, Jun-Ting,Chai, Ying-Zi,Hu, Hui-Min,Gao, Wen-Long,Wang, Zhong-Chang,Wang, Bao-Zhong,Zhu, Hai-Liang
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p. 567 - 574
(2017/12/26)
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- Efficient Synthesis and Biological Activity of Novel Indole Derivatives as VEGFR-2 Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors
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A series of novel indole derivatives were synthesized as potent inhibitors for the vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 (VEGFR-2) tyrosine kinase. Among those, compound 10b demonstrated the highest growth inhibition rate of 66.7% against the VEGFR-2 tyrosine kinase at 10 μM which indicates that indole-benzothiazole might be the favorable structure. The binding mode of compound 10b with VEGFR-2 tyrosine kinase was evaluated by molecular docking.
- Zhang,Xu,Wang,Kang
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p. 3006 - 3016
(2018/02/21)
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- Halogen–metal exchange on bromoheterocyclics with substituents containing an acidic proton via formation of a magnesium intermediate
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A selective and practical bromine–metal exchange on bromoheterocyclics bearing substituents with an acidic proton under non-cryogenic conditions was developed by a simple modification of an existing protocol. Our protocol of using a combination of i-PrMgCl and n-BuLi has not only solved the problem of intermolecular quenching that often occurred when using alkyl lithium alone as the reagent for halogen–lithium exchange, but also offered a highly selective method for performing bromo–metal exchange on dibrominated arene compounds through chelation effect.
- Tian, Qingqiang,Shang, Suqin,Wang, Huajun,Shi, Guoqiang,Li, Zhiyao,Yuan, Jianyong
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supporting information
(2017/12/05)
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- One-pot synthesis of 2,3-difunctionalized indoles: Via Rh(III)-catalyzed carbenoid insertion C-H activation/cyclization
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Reported herein is the first Rh(iii)-catalyzed carbenoid insertion C-H activation/cyclization of N-arylureas and α-diazo β-keto esters. The redox-neutral reaction has the following features: good to excellent yields, broad substrate/functional group tolerance, exclusive regioselectivity, and no need for additional oxidants or additives, which render this methodology as a more efficient and versatile alternative to the existing methods for the synthesis of 2,3-difunctionalized indoles.
- Lv, Honggui,Shi, Jingjing,Wu, Bo,Guo, Yujuan,Huang, Junjun,Yi, Wei
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supporting information
p. 8054 - 8058
(2017/10/13)
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- Amidoalkylindoles as Potent and Selective Cannabinoid Type 2 Receptor Agonists with in Vivo Efficacy in a Mouse Model of Multiple Sclerosis
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Selective CB2 agonists represent an attractive therapeutic strategy for the treatment of a variety of diseases without psychiatric side effects mediated by the CB1 receptor. We carried out a rational optimization of a black market designer drug SDB-001 that led to the identification of potent and selective CB2 agonists. A 7-methoxy or 7-methylthio substitution at the 3-amidoalkylindoles resulted in potent CB2 antagonists (27 or 28, IC50 = 16-28 nM). Replacement of the amidoalkyls from 3-position to the 2-position of the indole ring dramatically increased the agonist selectivity on the CB2 over CB1 receptor. Particularly, compound 57 displayed a potent agonist activity on the CB2 receptor (EC50 = 114-142 nM) without observable agonist or antagonist activity on the CB1 receptor. Furthermore, 57 significantly alleviated the clinical symptoms and protected the murine central nervous system from immune damage in an experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) mouse model of multiple sclerosis.
- Shi, Ying,Duan, Yan-Hui,Ji, Yue-Yang,Wang, Zhi-Long,Wu, Yan-Ran,Gunosewoyo, Hendra,Xie, Xiao-Yu,Chen, Jian-Zhong,Yang, Fan,Li, Jing,Tang, Jie,Xie, Xin,Yu, Li-Fang
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p. 7067 - 7083
(2017/09/07)
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- Derivatives containing 1,2,4-triazole framework and preparation method and application thereof
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The invention discloses derivatives containing a 1,2,4-triazole framework and a preparation method and application thereof. The structural formula of the derivatives containing formula 1,2,4-triazole framework is as shown in the specification, where R1 is selected from -H, -F, -Cl and -Br; R2 is selected from -H, -OCH3, -Cl, -Br and -F; R3 is selected from -H, -OCH3, -Cl, -Br, -F, -CH3, -I and -CF3; R4 is selected from -H and -OCH3; and R5 is selected from -H and -F. The synthetic method disclosed by the invention is simple in process, involves few steps, is relatively low in cost, efficient and simple, has good universality and can be produced in batches.
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Paragraph 0039; 0047; 0057
(2017/09/01)
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- Me2AlCl-mediated carboxylation, ethoxycarbonylation, and carbamoylation of indoles
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Various 1-methyl-, 1-triisopropylsilyl-, and 1-benzylindoles are carboxylated under CO2 pressure (3.0 MPa) with the aid of 1.0 molar equiv of Me2AlCl to give 1-substituted indole-3-carboxylic acids in good to excellent yields. Mechanistic studies suggest that the intermediate, an indol-3-ylaluminum ate complex, was reversibly formed by electrophilic addition of Me2AlCl to the substrate followed by deprotonation of the resulting adduct. This method is successfully extended to alkoxycarbonylation with ethyl chloroformate and carbamoylation with naphthalen-1-yl isocyanate, which afford ethyl indole-3-carboxylates and N-naphthalen-1-ylindole-3-carboxamides, respectively.
- Nemoto, Koji,Tanaka, Shinya,Konno, Megumi,Onozawa, Satoru,Chiba, Masafumi,Tanaka, Yuuki,Sasaki, Yosuke,Okubo, Ryo,Hattori, Tetsutaro
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p. 734 - 745
(2016/01/15)
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- 3-indole carboxylic acid preparation method
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The present invention discloses a 3-indole carboxylic acid preparation method comprising the following steps: (1) indole and trichloroacetyl chloride are added into methylene chloride for reaction under the effect of anhydrous aluminium trichloride to obtain crude 3-trichloroacetyl indole; (2) the crude 3-trichloroacetyl indole is poured into ice water, stirred and allowed to stand for layering to separate an organic layer; (3) the organic layer is dried, filtered and concentrated to obtain pure 3-trichloroacetyl indole; (4) the 3-trichloroacetyl indole is added into methanol, an alkali solution is added dropwise for heating for refluxing for 18 to 22 hours, the mixture is cooled to room temperature, the methanol is recovered by concentration, and a remaining liquid is remained; (5) water is added into the remaining liquid, hydrochloric acid is added dropwise for adjusting PH to 3-4, the remaining liquid is filtered, and a solid obtained by the filteration is dried to obtain crude 3-indolyl carboxylic acid; and (6) the crude3-indole carboxylic acid is beaten with ethyl acetate, then filtered, and dried to obtain pure 3-indole carboxylic acid. The 3-indole carboxylic acid preparation method provides a new idea for the preparation of 3-indole carboxylic acid, and significantly improves product yield and purity.
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Paragraph 0028; 0029
(2016/11/07)
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- Synthesis of novel indole-benzimidazole derivatives
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2-Methylindole-3-acetic acid and its 5-methoxy derivative were prepared from the respective phenylhydrazines and levulinic acid. Indole-3-carboxylic acid was obtained from indole, dimethylformamide and trifluoroacetic acid. These indole carboxylic acids were then condensed with substituted o-phenylenediamines under high temperature conditions in the presence of polyphosphoric acid as a catalyst to give the combined indole-benzimidazoles.
- Wang, Xinying,Liu, Yizhou,Xu, Juan,Jiang, Fanwei,Kang, Congmin
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p. 588 - 590
(2016/10/18)
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- Development of Novel Bis(indolyl)-hydrazide-Hydrazone Derivatives as Potent Microtubule-Targeting Cytotoxic Agents against A549 Lung Cancer Cells
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The biological significance of microtubules makes them a validated target of cancer therapy. In this study, we have utilized indole, an important pharmacological scaffold, to synthesize novel bis(indolyl)-hydrazide-hydrazone derivatives (NMK-BH compounds) and recognized NMK-BH3 as the most effective one in inhibiting A549 cell proliferation and assembly of tissue-purified tubulin. Cell viability experiments showed that NMK-BH3 inhibited proliferation of human lung adenocarcinoma (A549) cells, normal human lung fibroblasts (WI38) and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) with IC50 values of -2, 48.5, and 62 μM, respectively. Thus, the relatively high cytotoxicity of NMK-BH3 toward lung carcinoma (A549) cells over normal lung fibroblasts (WI38) and PBMC confers a therapeutic advantage of reduced host toxicity. Flow cytometry, Western blot, and immunofluorescence studies in the A549 cell line revealed that NMK-BH3 induced G2/M arrest, mitochondrial depolarization, and apoptosis by depolymerizing the cellular interphase and spindle microtubules. Consistent with these observations, study in cell free system revealed that NMK-BH3 inhibited the microtubule assembly with an IC50 value of -7.5 μM. The tubulin-ligand interaction study using fluorescence spectroscopy indicated that NMK-BH3 exhibited strong and specific tubulin binding with a dissociation constant of -1.4 μM at a single site, very close to colchicine site, on β-tubulin. Collectively, these findings explore the cytotoxic potential of NMK-BH3 by targeting the microtubules and inspire its development as a potential candidate for lung cancer chemotherapy.
- Das Mukherjee, Dipanwita,Kumar, N. Maruthi,Tantak, Mukund P.,Das, Amlan,Ganguli, Arnab,Datta, Satabdi,Kumar, Dalip,Chakrabarti, Gopal
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p. 3020 - 3035
(2016/06/14)
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- Lithium tert-butoxide-mediated carboxylation reactions of unprotected indoles and pyrroles with carbon dioxide
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Unprotected indoles and pyrroles were found to undergo base-mediated carboxylation reactions under ambient pressure of carbon dioxide. It was found that this transition metal-free carboxylation reaction proceeded smoothly with the use of a large excess of LiOtBu.
- Yoo, Woo-Jin,Nguyen, Thanh V. Q.,Guiteras Capdevila, Montse,Kobayashi, Shu
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p. 1196 - 1204
(2015/04/21)
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- Gene-inspired mycosynthesis of skeletally new indole alkaloids
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Dalesindole, an antibacterial and anti-inflammatory indole alkaloid with an undescribed carbon skeleton, was stereoselectively constructed by Daldinia eschscholzii through class II aldolase catalyzed Michael addition of fungal chromone with 3,3′-diindolylmethane (DIM) formed in situ from indole-3-carbinol (I3C) under catalyses of monooxygenase and 8-amino-7-oxononanoate synthase (AONS). Dalesindole isomerizes via a retro-Michael reaction to give stereoisomers with bioactivities. The work provides an access to new bioactive hybrids of fungal oligoketide with microbially decorated exogenous chemistry.
- Lin, Li Ping,Yuan, Peng,Jiang, Nan,Mei, Ya Ning,Zhang, Wen Jing,Wu, Hui Min,Zhang, Ai Hua,Cao, Jiang Ming,Xiong, Zheng Xin,Lu, Ye,Tan, Ren Xiang
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supporting information
p. 2610 - 2613
(2015/06/25)
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- Nanoparticle-supported and magnetically recoverable organic-inorganic hybrid copper(ii) nanocatalyst: A selective and sustainable oxidation protocol with a high turnover number
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A magnetically recoverable copper-based nanocatalyst was prepared from inexpensive starting materials. With a particle size between 20 to 30 nm, it was shown to catalyze the oxidation of benzylic alcohols. The catalyst exhibited a high turnover number (TON) and excellent selectivity. The catalyst was characterized by several techniques, such as XRD, HR-TEM, SAED, EDS, FT-IR, VSM, and BET surface area. Factors affecting the reaction parameters, such as the substrate to oxidant molar ratio, weight of the catalyst, reaction time, etc., were investigated in detail. The reusability of the catalyst was examined by conducting repeat experiments with the same catalyst; it was observed that the catalyst displayed no significant changes in its activity even after seven cycles for the aerobic, as well as for the peroxide, oxidation of benzyl alcohol. Furthermore, the heterogeneous nature, easy recovery, and reusability, makes the present protocol highly beneficial for addressing environmental concerns and industrial requirements. This journal is
- Rathore, Puran Singh,Patidar, Rajesh,Thakore, Sonal
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p. 41111 - 41121
(2014/12/10)
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- Direct carbocyclizations of benzoic acids: Catalyst-controlled synthesis of cyclic ketones and the development of tandem aHH (acyl Heck-Heck) reactions
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The formation of exo-methylene indanones and indenones from simple ortho-allyl benzoic acid derivatives has been developed. Selective formation of the indanone or indenone products in these reactions is controlled by choice of ancillary ligand. This new process has a low environmental footprint as the products are formed in high yields using low catalyst loadings, while the only stoichiometric chemical waste generated from the reactants in the transformation is acetic acid. The conversion of the active cyclization catalyst into the Hermman-Beller palladacycle was exploited in a one-pot tandem acyl Heck-Heck (aHH) reaction, and utilized in the synthesis of donepezil. Carboxylic acids in aHH: Simple ortho-allyl benzoic acid derivatives have been utilized in an acyl Heck (aH) reaction to selectively form indanones and indenones. The conversion of the active cyclization catalyst into the Hermman-Beller palladacycle was exploited in a one-pot tandem acyl Heck-Heck (aHH) reaction to form two sp 2-sp2 bonds of (E)-trisubstituted olefins.
- Miles, Kelsey C.,Le, Chi,Stambuli, James P.
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supporting information
p. 11336 - 11339
(2014/10/16)
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- An investigation into the substituent effect of halogen atoms on the crystal structures of indole-3-carboxylic acid (ICA)
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An investigation into the substituent effect of halogen atoms (F, Cl, Br) on the crystal structure of indole-3-carboxylic acid (ICA) was prepared in this work. The investigation was done through the aspect of crystal structure, intermolecular interactions and π...π stacking motifs with the assistance of infrared spectra, elemental analyses, NMR spectra, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermogravimetric analyses (TGA) and hot stage microscopy (HSM) measurements. The results revealed that the different kinds of halogen atoms and the different substituted positions have a significant effect on the crystal structures, molecular π...π stacking motifs and the kinds of intermolecular interactions. We further correlated the melting points of the ICAs with the H-H, O-H and X-H (X = F, Cl, Br) interactions, and found a positive correlation between them.
- Luo, Yang-Hui,Sun, Bai-Wang
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p. 7490 - 7497
(2013/09/24)
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- Photostability study of natural high-potency sweetener monatin in a model beverage system and characterisation of the degradation products
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Photodegradation of the naturally occurring high-potency sweetener monatin was studied in a lemon-lime beverage model system under simulated conditions. Most of the monatin disappeared after treatment with the equivalent of four days of ultraviolet light exposure and resulted in the formation of a number of degradation products. These degradation products have been isolated and characterised in the present study. On the basis of these identified structures, a photodegradation pathway has been proposed suggesting that monatin gets oxidised on the indole C-2 position to result in 2-hydroxymonatin. It also undergoes decarboxylation resulting in a 4-oxopentanoic acid analog and a major rearrangement resulting in an isonicotinic acid analog. Monatin also degrades into 3-formylindole and indole-3-carboxylic acid. Besides these, a partial monatin dimer and a monatin lactone were identified as additional degradation products. Details of the isolation and characterisation are given.
- Upreti, Mani,Somayajula, Kasi V.,Milanowski, Dennis J.,Kowalenko, Peter,Mocek, Ulla,Miguel, Rafael San,Prakash, Indra
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experimental part
p. 413 - 421
(2012/05/20)
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- Base-mediated carboxylation of unprotected indole derivatives with carbon dioxide
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A simple and straightforward method for the preparation of indole-3-carboxylic acids was discovered through the direct carboxylation of indoles with atmospheric pressure of carbon dioxide (CO2) under basic conditions. The key for the reaction was found to be the use of a large excess of LiOtBu as a base to suppress the undesired decarboxylation side reaction.
- Yoo, Woo-Jin,Capdevila, Montse Guiteras,Du, Xiangwei,Kobayashi, Shu
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supporting information
p. 5326 - 5329,4
(2020/09/02)
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- Synthesis and anticancer activity of 5-(3-indolyl)-1,3,4-thiadiazoles
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A series of 5-(3-indolyl)-2-substituted-1,3,4-thiadiazoles 5a-m were synthesized and their cytotoxicity analyzed against six human cancer cell lines. The reaction of indole-3-carboxylic acid 3 with aryl or heteroaryl hydrazides afforded the N,N′-diacylhydrazines 4, which upon treatment with Lawesson's reagent resulted in the formation of indolyl-1,3,4-thiadiazoles 5a-m in good yields. Indolyl-1,3,4-thiadiazole 5m with 4-benzyloxy-3-methoxyphenyl and 5-bromo indolyl substituents is the most active in suppressing the growth of cancer cells (IC50 1.5 μM, PaCa2). The compounds 5b, 5e and 5h bearing C-2 substituent as benzyl, 3,4-dimethoxyphenyl and 4-benzyloxy-3- methoxyphenyl, respectively, have shown significant cytotoxicity against multiple cancer cell lines. Introduction of 4-dimethylamino (5d and 5k) and 3,4,5-trimethoxy (5l) groups in the C-2 phenyl ring induced selectivity against MCF7 and MDA-MB-231 cancer cell lines (compounds 5d, 5k and 5l).
- Kumar, Dalip,Maruthi Kumar,Chang, Kuei-Hua,Shah, Kavita
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scheme or table
p. 4664 - 4668
(2010/10/03)
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- Preparation of indole-phosphine oxazoline (IndPHOX) ligands and their application in allylic alkylation
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Two classes of indole-phosphine oxazoline ligands have been prepared from readily available starting materials in good overall yields. These modular ligands include an indole skeleton with either a phosphine moiety or an oxazoline ring at the 2- or 3-position, respectively. The utility of these ligands was demonstrated in a catalytic asymmetric reaction: the palladium-catalyzed allylic alkylation of 1,3-diphenyl-2-propenyl acetate with dimethyl malonate was performed with enantioselectivities as high as 98%.
- Wang, Yu,Haemaelaeinen, Antti,Tois, Jan,Franzen, Robert
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experimental part
p. 2376 - 2384
(2010/12/25)
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- Carboxylation of indoles and pyrroles with CO2 in the presence of dialkylaluminum halides
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The Lewis acid-mediated carboxylation of arenes with CO2 has been successfully applied to 1-substituted indoles and pyrroles by using dialkylaluminum chlorides instead of aluminum trihalides. Thus, the carboxylation of 1-methylindoles, 1-benzyl-, and 1-phenylpyrroles proceeds regioselectively with the aid of an equimolar amount of Me2AlCl under CO2 pressure (3.0 MPa) at room temperature to afford the corresponding indole-3-carboxylic acids and pyrrole-2-carboxylic acids in 61-85% yields, while the same treatment of 1,2,5-trimethylpyrrole affords the 3-carboxylic acid in 52% yield.
- Nemoto, Koji,Onozawa, Satoru,Egusa, Naoki,Morohashi, Naoya,Hattori, Tetsutaro
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experimental part
p. 4512 - 4514
(2009/11/30)
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- Synthesis and structure-activity relationship of 1H-indole-3-carboxylic acid pyridine-3-ylamides: A novel series of 5-HT2C receptor antagonists
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A novel series of 1H-indole-3-carboxylic acid pyridine-3-ylamides were synthesized and identified to show high affinity and selectivity for 5-HT2C receptor. Among them, 1H-indole-3-carboxylic acid[6-(2-chloro-pyridin-3-yloxy)-pyridin-3-yl]-amide (15k) exhibits the highest affinity (IC50 = 0.5 nM) with an excellent selectivity (>2000 times) over other serotonin (5-HT1A, 5-HT2A, and 5-HT6) and dopamine (D2-D4) receptors.
- Park, Chul Min,Kim, So Young,Park, Woo Kyu,Park, No Sang,Seong, Churl Min
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supporting information; experimental part
p. 3844 - 3847
(2009/04/16)
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- Design, synthesis, and biological activity of potent and selective inhibitors of mast cell tryptase
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A new series of novel mast cell tryptase inhibitors is reported, which features the use of an indole structure as the hydrophobic substituent on a m-benzylaminepiperidine template. The best members of this series display good in vitro activity and excellent selectivity against other serine proteases.
- Hopkins, Corey R.,Czekaj, Mark,Kaye, Steven S.,Gao, Zhongli,Pribish, James,Pauls, Henry,Liang, Guyan,Sides, Keith,Cramer, Dona,Cairns, Jennifer,Luo, Yongyi,Lim, Heng-Keang,Vaz, Roy,Rebello, Sam,Maignan, Sebastian,Dupuy, Alain,Mathieu, Magali,Levell, Julian
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p. 2734 - 2737
(2007/10/03)
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- Synthesis of 4,6-disubstituted-2-(1H-indol-3-yl)-benzothiazoles
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A new four-step synthesis of substituted 2-(1H-indol-3-yl)benzothiazoles is described, using N3-phenyl-1H-indole-3-carbothioamides as key intermediates. The structure of the obtained products was determined by IR, 1H, 13C NMR and MS spectral methods.
- Zaletova, Janka,Dzurilla, Milan,Kutschy, Peter,Pazdera, Pavel,Kovacik, Vladimir,Aldoelfi, Juraj,Bekesova, Slavka
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p. 453 - 460
(2007/10/03)
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- Novel reversible indole-3-carboxylate decarboxylase catalyzing nonoxidative decarboxylation
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After enrichment culture with indole-3-carboxylate in static culture, a novel reversible decarboxylase, indole-3-carboxylate decarboxylase, was found in Arthrobacter nicotianae FI1612 and several molds. The enzyme reaction was examined in resting-cell reactions with A. nicotianae FI1612. The enzyme activity was induced specifically by indole-3-carboxylate, but not by indole. The indole-3-carboxylate decarboxylase of A. nicotianae FI1612 catalyzed the nonoxidative decarboxylation of indole-3-carboxylate into indole, and efficiently carboxylated indole and 2-methylindole by the reverse reaction. In the presence of 1 mM dithiothreitol, 50 mM Na2 S2O 3, and 20% (v/v) glycerol, indole-3-carboxylate decarboxylase was partially purified from A. nicotianae FI1612. The purified enzyme had a molecular mass of approximately 258 kDa. The enzyme did not need any cofactor for the decarboxylating and carboxylating reactions.
- Yoshida, Toyokazu,Fujita, Kohei,Nagasawa, Toru
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p. 2388 - 2394
(2007/10/03)
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- An in-depth study of the biotransformation of nitriles into amides and/or acids using Rhodococcus rhodochrous AJ270
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A variety of aliphatic, aromatic and heterocyclic nitriles have been readily hydrolysed into the corresponding amides and/or acids under very mild conditions using Rhodococcus sp. AJ270. The nitrile hydratase involved in this novel nitrile-hydrolysing microorganism efficiently hydrates most nitriles tested, irrespective of the electronic and steric effects of the substituents, to form the amides. Conversion of amides into acids catalysed by the associated amidase is rapid and efficient in most cases. Substrates bearing an adjacent substituent (which may be an ortho substituent on an aromatic nitrile, an adjacent heteroatom in a heterocyclic ring or a geminal substituent in an α,β-unsaturated nitrile) undergo slow hydrolysis of the amides allowing efficient amide isolation. The scope, limitations and reaction mechanism of this enzymatic process have been systematically studied. A molecular size of >7 A diameter and the presence of functions capable of metal complexation near to the nitrile inhibit hydrolysis.
- Meth-Cohn, Otto,Wang, Mei-Xiang
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p. 1099 - 1104
(2007/10/03)
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- New amino acid derivatives from the marine ascidian Leptoclinides dubius
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From the cytotoxic extracts of the marine ascidian Leptoclinides dubius, N-(p-hydroxybenzoyl)L-arginine (1), N-(1H-indolyl-3-carbonyl)-D-arginine (2), and N-(6-bromo-1H-indolyl-3-carbonyl)-R, where R is L-Arg (4), L-His (5), and the very rare amino acid L-enduracididine (3), have been isolated and identified by spectroscopic data, hydrolysis, and comparison with authentic samples.
- Garcia, Angel,Vazquez, Maria Jesus,Quinoa, Emilio,Riguera, Ricardo,Debitus, Cecile
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p. 782 - 785
(2007/10/03)
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- A Powerful New Nitrile Hydratase For Organic Synthesis-Aromatic And Heteroaromatic Nitrile Hydrolyses- A Rationalisation
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A powerful new nitrile hydratase organism, Rhodococcus rhodocrous AJ270 has been isolated that efficiently hydrolyses all kinds of nitriles to amides and/or acids.This paper shows that aromatic and heterocyclic nitriles are readily hydrolysed to acids but, that those bearing an adjacent-substituent (which may be an ortho substituent or an adjacent heteroatom in the ring) give amides in good yield but only slowly proceed to acids.
- Meth-Cohn, Otto,Wang, Mei-Xiang
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p. 9561 - 9564
(2007/10/02)
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- Selective transformation of nitriles into amides and carboxylic acids by an immobilized nitrilase
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Using an immobilized nitrilase from Rhodococcus sp. mild and selective hydrolysis of nitriles can be achieved even in the presence of acid or base sensitive groups under neutral conditions. This method is applicable to a broad range of substrates as exemplified by aliphatic, alicyclic, heterocyclic and carbohydrate type nitriles.
- Klempier,De Raadt,Faber,Grieng
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p. 341 - 344
(2007/10/02)
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- Simple Syntheses of 3-Substituted Indoles and their Applications for High Yield 14C-Labelling
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Methods are described which allow the synthesis of several plant indole alkaloids and their metabolites at different scales.Compounds synthesized include gramine (1) (3-dimethylaminoindole) which is directly derived from indole, while its biosynthetic precursor 3-aminomethylindole (3) and 3-methylaminomethylindole (2) as well as indole-3-carboxylic acid (7) are synthesized via indole-3-aldehyde (6).Slight changes of the experimental conditions allow syntheses with high yields not only at the molar but also at the μmolar level.This is extremely useful when isotope labelled compounds of high specific radioactivity are required for studies of plant metabolism. - Keywords: 3-Substituted Indoles, Indole Alkaloids, UV Spectra, MS Spectra, 1H NMR spectra
- Schallenberg, Juergen,Meyer, Eckart
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p. 108 - 112
(2007/10/02)
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- CARBOXYLATION OF 1-ACYLINDOLES WITH CARBON MONOXIDE AND PALLADIUM ACETATE IN THE PRESENCE OF SODIUM PEROXYDISULFATE
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A treatment of 1-acylindoles with palladium acetate and sodium peroxydisulfate under a carbon monoxide atmosphere gave the corresponding 1-acylindole-3-carboxylic acids.
- Itahara, Toshio
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p. 1151 - 1152
(2007/10/02)
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