- Reaction of Diisobutylaluminum Borohydride, a Binary Hydride, with Selected Organic Compounds Containing Representative Functional Groups
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The binary hydride, diisobutylaluminum borohydride [(iBu)2AlBH4], synthesized from diisobutylaluminum hydride (DIBAL) and borane dimethyl sulfide (BMS) has shown great potential in reducing a variety of organic functional groups. This unique binary hydride, (iBu)2AlBH4, is readily synthesized, versatile, and simple to use. Aldehydes, ketones, esters, and epoxides are reduced very fast to the corresponding alcohols in essentially quantitative yields. This binary hydride can reduce tertiary amides rapidly to the corresponding amines at 25 °C in an efficient manner. Furthermore, nitriles are converted into the corresponding amines in essentially quantitative yields. These reactions occur under ambient conditions and are completed in an hour or less. The reduction products are isolated through a simple acid-base extraction and without the use of column chromatography. Further investigation showed that (iBu)2AlBH4 has the potential to be a selective hydride donor as shown through a series of competitive reactions. Similarities and differences between (iBu)2AlBH4, DIBAL, and BMS are discussed.
- Amberchan, Gabriella,Snelling, Rachel A.,Moya, Enrique,Landi, Madison,Lutz, Kyle,Gatihi, Roxanne,Singaram, Bakthan
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supporting information
p. 6207 - 6227
(2021/05/06)
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- Hydrogen Atom Transfer-Driven Enantioselective Minisci Reaction of Amides
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Minisci-type reactions constitute one of the most powerful methods for building up complexity around basic heteroarenes. The most desirable variants involve formal oxidative coupling of a C-H bond on each partner, leading back to the simplest possible starting materials. We herein disclose a method that enables such a coupling of linear amides and heteroarenes with full control of enantioselectivity at the newly formed stereocenter as well as site selectivity on both the heteroarene and the amide. This is achieved by the use of a chiral phosphoric acid catalyst in conjunction with diacetyl as a combined hydrogen atom transfer reagent and oxidant. Diacetyl is directly photoexcitable, and thus, no extraneous photocatalyst is required: an added feature that contributes to the simplicity and practicality of the protocol.
- Proctor, Rupert S. J.,Chuentragool, Padon,Colgan, Avene C.,Phipps, Robert J.
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supporting information
p. 4928 - 4934
(2021/05/04)
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- METHOD FOR PRODUCING 3-ARYLPROPIONAMIDE COMPOUND AND 3-ARYLPROPIONIC ACID ESTER COMPOUND
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The present invention provides a method for industrially producing: a pyrimidine compound having pest control efficacy; 2-[4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]ethylamine which is a production intermediate of the pyrimidine compound; a phenylethylamine compound usef
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Paragraph 0120-0122
(2020/06/15)
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- MANUFACTURING METHOD OF 2-[4-(TRIFLUOROMETHYL)PHENYL]ETHYLAMINE AND PYRIMIDINE COMPOUND
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PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To provide a manufacturing method of 5-chloro-4-ethyl-6-[2-(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)ethylamino]pyrimidine having pest control efficiency and 2-[4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]ethylamine as a manufacturing intermediate thereof, in which th
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- 17a-HYDROXYLASE/C17,20-LYASE INHIBITORS
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The present invention provides compounds of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, where R1, R2, R3, R4, R5, R6, A and n are as defined herein. A deuteriated derivative of the compound of Formula (I) is also provided.
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Paragraph 0403
(2014/03/21)
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- Electron transfer reduction of nitriles using SmI2-Et 3N-H2O: Synthetic utility and mechanism
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The first general reduction of nitriles to primary amines under single electron transfer conditions is demonstrated using SmI2 (Kagan's reagent) activated with Lewis bases. The reaction features excellent functional group tolerance and represents an attractive alternative to the use of pyrophoric alkali metal hydrides. Notably, the electron transfer from Sm(II) to CN functional groups generates imidoyl-type radicals from bench stable nitrile precursors.
- Szostak, Michal,Sautier, Brice,Spain, Malcolm,Procter, David J.
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supporting information
p. 1092 - 1095
(2014/03/21)
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- Protonation switching to the least-basic heteroatom of carbamate through cationic hydrogen bonding promotes the formation of isocyanate cations
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We found that phenethylcarbamates that bear ortho-salicylate as an ether group (carbamoyl salicylates) dramatically accelerate O-C bond dissociation in strong acid to facilitate generation of isocyanate cation (N-protonated isocyanates), which undergo subsequent intramolecular aromatic electrophilic cyclization to give dihydroisoquinolones. To generate isocyanate cations from carbamates in acidic media as electrophiles for aromatic substitution, protonation at the ether oxygen, the least basic heteroatom, is essential to promote C-O bond cleavage. However, the carbonyl oxygen of carbamates, the most basic site, is protonated exclusively in strong acids. We found that the protonation site can be shifted to an alternative basic atom by linking methyl salicylate to the ether oxygen of carbamate. The methyl ester oxygen ortho to the phenolic (ether) oxygen of salicylate is as basic as the carbamate carbonyl oxygen, and we found that monoprotonation at the methyl ester oxygen in strong acid resulted in the formation of an intramolecular cationic hydrogen bond (>C=O+-H...O) with the phenolic ether oxygen. This facilitates O-C bond dissociation of phenethylcarbamates, thereby promoting isocyanate cation formation. In contrast, superacid-mediated diprotonation at the methyl ester oxygen of the salicylate and the carbonyl oxygen of the carbamate afforded a rather stable dication, which did not readily undergo C-O bond dissociation. This is an unprecedented and unknown case in which the monocation has greater reactivity than the dication.
- Kurouchi, Hiroaki,Sumita, Akinari,Otani, Yuko,Ohwada, Tomohiko
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supporting information
p. 8682 - 8690
(2014/07/21)
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- 17α-HYDROXYLASE/C17,20-LYASE INHIBITORS
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The present invention provides compounds of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, where R1, R2, R3, R4, R5, R6, A and n are as defined herein. A deuteriated derivative of the compound of Formula (I) is also provided.
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Page/Page column 67
(2012/04/04)
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- Heterocyclic cyclopentyl tetrahydroisoquinoline and tetrahydropyridopyridine modulators of chemokine receptor activity
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The present invention is directed to compounds of the formula I: Wherein R1, R2, R3, R4, R5, R6, R7, R8, R9, X, n and the broken lines are as defined herein which are useful as modulators of chemokine receptor activity. In particular, these compounds are useful as modulators of the chemokine receptor CCR-2.
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Page/Page column 24
(2008/06/13)
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- Structure-activity correlations for β-phenethylamines at human trace amine receptor 1
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A cell line in which RD-HGA16 cells were stably transfected with the hTAAR 1 receptor was created and utilized to carry out a systematic evaluation of a series of β-phenethylamines. Fair agreement was observed with data obtained for aryl and ethylene chain substituted analogs in an AV12-664 cell line in which hemagglutinin-tagged hTAAR 1 was stably co-expressed with rat Gαs. Analogs with multiple substituents as well as analogs with bulky groups were found to be partial agonists. Analogs in which the primary amino group was converted to a secondary or a tertiary amino group by N-methylation were also partial agonists. Comparative Molecular Field Analysis (CoMFA) using the potency data yielded a regression coefficient r2 of 0.824. The steric field contribution to the model was 61% with the balance (39%) contributed by the electrostatic field. The collective results suggest that increasing steric bulk both at the amino nitrogen, particularly by N-dimethylation, and at the 4-position of the aromatic ring leads to low efficacy ligands.
- Lewin, Anita H.,Navarro, Hernan A.,Wayne Mascarella
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p. 7415 - 7423
(2008/12/22)
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- ALKYLAMINO, ARYLAMINO, AND SULFONAMIDO CYCLOPENTYL AMIDE MODULATORS OF CHEMOKINE RECEPTOR ACTIVITY
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Compounds of the formula (I) which are modulators of chemokine receptor activity useful in the prevention or treatment of certain inflammatory and immunoregulatory disorders and diseases, allergic diseases, atopic conditions including allergic rhinitis, dermatitis, conjunctivitis, and asthma, as well as autoimmune pathologies such as rheumatoid arthritis and atherosclerosis, and pharmaceutical compositions comprising these compounds and the use of these compounds and compositions in the prevention or treatment of such diseases in which chemokine receptors are involved.
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Page/Page column 21
(2010/11/27)
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- AMINO HETEROCYCLIC MODULATORS OF CHEMOKINE RECEPTOR ACTIVITY
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Compounds of Formula I and Formula II: (wherein n, R 1,R2, R3, R4, R5, R6, R7, R8, R9, R10, R15, R16, R17, R18, R19, R24, R25, R26, R27, R28, R29, R30, R33 R34, R35, R36, R37, R38, A, j, k, m, n, X, Y and Z are as defined herein) which are modulators of chemokine receptor activity and are useful in the prevention or treatment of certain inflammatory and immunoregulatory disorders and diseases, allergic diseases, atopic conditions including allergic rhinitis, dermatitis, conjunctivitis, and asthma, as well as autoimmune pathologies such as rheumatoid arthritis and atherosclerosis. The invention is also directed to pharmaceutical compositions comprising these compounds and the use of these compounds and compositions in the prevention or treatment of such diseases in which chemokine receptors are involved.
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Page/Page column 49
(2010/02/13)
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- TETRAHYDROPYRANYL CYCLOPENTYL TETRAHY-DROPYRIDOPYRIDINE MODULATORS OF CHEMOKINE RECEPTOR ACTIVITY
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Compounds of Formula I (wherein n, R1, R3, R4, R5, R6, R7, R8, R9, R10, R15, R16, Y and Z are as defined herein) which are modulators of chemokine receptor activity and are useful in the prevention or treatment of certain inflammatory and immunoregulatory
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Page/Page column 27-28
(2008/06/13)
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- TETRAHYDROPYRANYL CYCLOPENTYL 1-SUBSTITUTED AND 1,1-DISUBSTITUTED TETRAHYDROISOQUINOLINE MODULATORS OF CHEMOKINE RECEPTOR ACTIVITY
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Compounds of Formula I: I (wherein n, R1, R2, R3, R4, R5, R6, R7, R8, R9, R10, R15, R16, Y and Z are as defined herein) which are modulators of chemokine receptor activity and are useful in the prevention or treatment of certain inflammatory and immunoregulatory disorders and diseases, allergic diseases, atopic conditions including allergic rhinitis, dermatitis, conjunctivitis, and asthma, as well as autoimmune pathologies such as rheumatoid arthritis and atherosclerosis. The invention is also directed to pharmaceutical compositions comprising these compounds and the use of these compounds and compositions in the prevention or treatment of such diseases in which chemokine receptors are involved.
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Page/Page column 36
(2010/02/14)
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- 3-(4-Heteroarylcyclohexylamino)cyclopentanecarboxamides as modulators of chemokine receptors
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The present invention is directed to compounds of Formula I: which are modulators of chemokine receptors. The compounds of the invention, and compositions thereof, are useful in the treatment of diseases related to chemokine receptor expression and/or act
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Page/Page column 18
(2010/02/14)
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- AMINO CYCLOBUTYLAMIDE MODULATORS OF CHEMOKINE RECEPTOR ACTIVITY
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The present invention is directed to compounds of the formulas I and II : wherein R1, R2, R3, R4, R5, R6, R7, R8, R9, R10, R15, R16, R17, R18, R19, R25, R26, Y, Z, l, m, n and the broken lines are as defined herein which are useful as modulators of chemokine receptor activity. In particular, these compounds are useful as modulators of the chemokine receptor CCR-2.
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- TETRAHYDROPYRANYL CYCLOPENTYL TETRAHYDROISOQUINOLINE MODULATORS OF CHEMOKINE RECEPTOR ACTIVITY
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The present invention is directed to compounds of the formula I: I(wherein R1, R2, R3, R4, R5, R6, R7, R8, R9, R10, X, n and the dashed line are defined herein) which are useful as modulators of chemokine receptor activity. In particular, these compounds are useful as modulators of the chemokine receptor CCR-2.
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Page/Page column 48
(2010/02/07)
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- Mechanisms of Elimination Reactions. 35. Deuterium Kinetic Isotope Effects and Tunneling in the Reaction of ethyl>trimethylammonium Ion with Hydroxide Ion in Mixtures of Water and Dimethyl Sulfoxide
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The rates of reaction of ethyl>trimethylammonium (1h) and ethyl-2,2-d2>trimethylammonium (1d) iodides with hydroxide ion in mixtures of dimethyl sulfoxide and water were determined as a function of temperature.A maximum in kH/kD (7.25 at 50 degC) is observed at 35percent dimethyl sulfoxide.The Arrhenius parameters provide qualitative evidence for tunneling, and fitting the Bell theory expression for tunneling to the observed temperature dependence gives tunnel corrections, QtH/QtD, of 1.6-1.8 at 50 degC.Equations for calculating the effect of error in the Arrhenius preexponential factor, AaH/AaD, on the tunnel correction are derived.The error in QtH/QtD (3-18percent) is less than the error in AaH/AaD (10-50percent) but is still enough to render uncertain the significance of observed variations in QtH/QtD.These results are compared with earlier results on the (2-phenylethyl)trimethylammonium ion, and the effect of the p-trifluoromethyl substituent on the structure of the transition state for elimination is discussed.The application of Marcus theory to kH/kD variation in these reactions is considered.
- Miller, David J.,Saunders, William H.
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p. 4247 - 4252
(2007/10/02)
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