- Compound for treating metabolic diseases as well as preparation method and application thereof
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The invention provides a compound for treating metabolic diseases, the compound has a structure represented by formula (I) or formula (II), or a racemate, a stereoisomer, a geometric isomer, a tautomer, a solvate, a hydrate, a metabolite, a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or a prodrug thereof. The compounds provided by the invention are FXR and/or TGR5 receptor activators, and the compounds havethe activity of activating FXR and/or TGR5 receptors, and can be used for preparing medicines for treating chronic liver diseases, metabolic diseases or portal hypertension.
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Paragraph 0098; 0144-0147
(2019/07/04)
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- Catalytic signal amplification for the discrimination of ATP and ADP using functionalised gold nanoparticles
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Diagnostic assays that incorporate a signal amplification mechanism permit the detection of analytes with enhanced selectivity. Herein, we report a gold nanoparticle-based chemical system able to differentiate ATP from ADP by means of catalytic signal amplification. The discrimination between ATP and ADP is of relevance for the development of universal assays for the detection of enzymes which consume ATP. For example, protein kinases are a class of enzymes critical for the regulation of cellular functions, and act to modulate the activity of other proteins by transphosphorylation, transferring a phosphate group from ATP to give ADP as a byproduct. The system described here exploits the ability of cooperative catalytic head groups on gold nanoparticles to very efficiently catalyze chromogenic reactions such as the transphosphorylation of 2-hydroxypropyl-4-nitrophenyl phosphate (HPNPP). A series of chromogenic substrates have been synthesized and evaluated by means of Michaelis-Menten kinetics (compounds 2, 4-6). 2-Hydroxypropyl-(3-trifluoromethyl-4-nitro)phenyl phosphate (5) was found to display higher reactivity (kcat) and higher binding affinity (KM) when compared to HPNPP. This higher binding affinity allows phosphate 5 to compete with ATP and ADP to different extents for binding on the monolayer surface, thus enabling a catalytically amplified signal only when ATP is absent. Overall, this represents a viable new approach for monitoring the conversion of ATP into ADP with high sensitivity.
- Pezzato, Cristian,Chen, Jack L.-Y.,Galzerano, Patrizia,Salvi, Michela,Prins, Leonard J.
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p. 6811 - 6820
(2016/07/21)
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- Design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of phosphoramide derivatives as urease inhibitors
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The design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of phosphoramide derivatives as urease inhibitors to reduce the loss of ammonia has been carried out. Forty phosphorus derivatives were synthesized and their inhibitory activities evaluated against that of jack bean urease. In addition, in vivo assays have been carried out. All of the compounds were characterized by IR, 1H NMR, MS, and elemental microanalysis. In some cases, detailed molecular modeling studies were carried out, and these highlighted the interaction between the enzyme active center and the compounds and also the characteristics related to their activity as urease inhibitors. According to the IC50 values for in vitro inhibitory activity, 12 compounds showed values below 1 μM and 8 of them represent improvements of activity in comparison to the commercial urease inhibitor N-n-butylthiophosphorictriamide (NBPT) (100 nM) (AGROTAIN). On the basis of the activity results and the conclusions of the molecular modeling study, a structural model for new potential inhibitors has been defined.
- Dominguez, Maria J.,Sanmartin, Carmen,Font, Maria,Palop, Juan A.,San Francisco, Sara,Urrutia, Oscar,Houdusse, Fabrice,Garcia-Mina, Jose M.
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scheme or table
p. 3721 - 3731
(2010/03/05)
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- Application of phosphoramidate ProTide technology significantly improves antiviral potency of carbocyclic adenosine derivatives
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We report the application of phosphoramidate pronucleotide (ProTide) technology to the antiviral agent carbocyclic L-d4A (L-Cd4A). The phenyl methyl alaninyl parent ProTide of L-Cd4A was prepared by Grignard-mediated phosphorochloridate reaction and resulted in a compound with significantly improved anti-HIV (2600-fold) and HBV activity. We describe modifications of the aryl, ester, and amino acid regions of the ProTide and how these changes affect antiviral activity and metabolic stability. Separate and distinct SARs were noted for HIV and HBV. Additionally, ProTides were prepared from the D-nucleoside D-Cd4A and the dideoxy analogues L-CddA and D-CddA. These compounds showed more modest potency improvements over the parent drug. In conclusion, the ProTide approach is highly successful when applied to L-Cd4A with potency improvements in vitro as high as 9000-fold against HIV. With a view to preclinical candidate selection we carried out metabolic stability studies using cynomolgus monkey liver and intestinal S9 fractions.
- McGuigan, Christopher,Hassan-Abdallah, Alshaimaa,Srinivasan, Sheila,Wang, Yikang,Siddiqui, Adam,Daluge, Susan M.,Gudmundsson, Kristjan S.,Zhou, Huiqiang,McLean, Ed W.,Peckham, Jennifer P.,Burnette, Thimysta C.,Marr, Harry,Hazen, Richard,Condreay, Lynn D.,Johnson, Lance,Balzarini, Jan
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p. 7215 - 7226
(2007/10/03)
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- Anti-proliferative and anti-leukemic activity of DDE46 (compound WHI-07), a novel bromomethoxylated arylphosphate derivative of zidovudine, and related compounds: Studies using human acute lymphoblastic leukemia cells and the zebrafish model
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The anti-proliferative effects of a novel bromomethoxylated arylphosphate derivative of zidovudine (compound DDE46, CAS 213982-96-8) were first examined in a zebra fish embryo model. DDE46 blocked the cell division at the 2-cell stage of the embryonic development followed by total cell fusion. DDE46 also inhibited the proliferation of the leukemic cell lines NALM-6 and MOLT-3. DDE46 enhanced the activity of the pro-apoptotic enzymes Caspase-3, Caspase-6, Caspase-8, and Caspase-9 leading to the apoptotic death of the leukemic cell line Jurkat. These results justify the further development of this agent as a new anti-leukemic drug candidate. ECV · Editio Cantor Verlag, Aulendorf (Germany).
- Benyumov, Alexey O.,Venkatachalam, Taracad K.,Grigoriants, Olga O.,Vassilev, Alexei O.,Tibbles, Heather E.,Downs, Suzanne,Dumez, Darin,Uckun, Fatih M.
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p. 114 - 122
(2007/10/03)
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- Synthesis of aryl dichlorophosphates using phase transfer catalysts
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Synthesis of aryl dichlorophosphates has been carried out using phase transfer method.Two strategies, one involving solid-liquid and the other liquid-liquid phase transfer catalysts, have been used to synthesize phenyl, p-nitrophenyl and o-chlorophenyl phosphorodichloridates.In either case, the phenoxide ions are carried from the solid or aq. phase with the help of a phase transfer catalyst into the organic phase where the reaction with phosphoryl chloride occurs efficiently.A possible mechanism has been proposed.
- Rathore, M.,Kabra, A.,Rani, P.,Narang, C. K.,Mathur, N. K.
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p. 1066 - 1067
(2007/10/02)
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- Phosphoryl-transfer reactions of phosphodiesters: Characterization of transition states by heavy-atom isotope effects
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The secondary 18O and 15N isotope effects have been measured for phosphoryl-transfer reactions of the phosphodiester 3,3-dimethyl p-nitrophenyl phosphate under conditions of acid and alkaline hydrolysis, cleavage by β-cyclodextrin, and cleavage by snake venom phosphodiesterase. Isotopic labeling and other experiments show that these reactions proceed by an SN2(P) mechanism. The secondary 18O isotope effect measures changes in transition state bonding to the nonbridge oxygen atoms in the central phosphoryl group in these SN2 reactions. The 15N isotope effects measure transition-state bond cleavage to the leaving group p-nitrophenol. The isotope effect data indicate that weaker nucleophiles lead to a more associative transition state with respect to the central phosphoryl group (decreased bonding to the nonbridge oxygens) while the extent of bond cleavage to the leaving group is affected little. Comparison of isotope effect data from the attack of hydroxide on a phosphodiester monoanion with that of a neutral phosphotriester suggests the oxyanion in the diester may assist in expulsion of the leaving group.
- Hengge, Alvan C.,Cleland
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p. 5835 - 5841
(2007/10/02)
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- 2,',5'-phosphorothioate oligoadenylates and plant antiviral uses thereof
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Optically active compounds of the formula STR1 wherein n is 1 or 2 and m is 0, 1, 2 or 3 have antiviral activity. Compounds of the formula wherein at least one of the internucleotide phosphorothioate linkages is of the Sp configuration possess increased antiviral activity and/or metabolic stability.
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- Preparation of 3-substituted cephalosporins
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There is described a process for preparing an enamine of formula (IX): STR1 where R2 is a carboxylic acid protecting group and R3 is the residue of a carboxylic acid derived acyl group and where R5 and R6 are the same or different C1-4 alkyl or C7-10 aralkyl groups; or taken together with the adjacent nitrogen atom form a heterocyclic ring containing from 4 to 8 carbon atoms and optionally a further heteroatom selected from oxygen and nitrogen; by reacting a compound of formula (XII): STR2 with an amine of formula HNR5 R6, the reactant of formula (XII) being prepared by reaction of an appropriate enol derivative with a phosphorus reagent. The enamines of formula (IX) are useful in the preparation of 3-hydroxycephalosporins.
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- Mechanism of Hydrolysis of Phosphorylethanolamine Diesters. Intramolecular Nucleophilic Amine Participation
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Intramolecular displacement reactions at phosphorus have been examined in a series of N-alkyl-O-arylphosphorylethanolamines in water at 35 deg C.The examination of the pH-rate profiles and the direct observation by 31P n.m.r. of the reaction products implicate a nucleophilic role for the amine.A rate enhancement of 1E6-1E7 is observed.Structure-reactivity correlations derived by changing the pKa of the amine and leaving group yield values for βnuc 0.7 and βlg -1.25 and support an uncoupled concerted mechanism.A discussion of the mechanisms of nucleophilic reactions involving amines and oxyanions with inter- and intra-molecular phosphate di- and tri-esters is presented.
- Lazarus, Robert A.,Benkovic, Patricia A.,Benkovic, Stephen J.
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p. 373 - 379
(2007/10/02)
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- Synthesis and mass spectrometry of crufomate metabolites and related compounds.
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Phosphates and phosphoramidates related to 2-chloro-4-t-butylphenyl methyl methylphosphoramidate (crufomate) were synthesized to aid in the identification of crufomate metabolites. Deuterium labeling metastable determinations and precise mass measurements were used to establish fragmentation pathways. Evidence was obtained for the rearrangement of an N-formyl phosphoramidate (the expected result of oxidative metabolism of N-methyl phosphoramidates) to an iminomethyl phosphate.
- Feil,Bakke,Zaylskie
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p. 316 - 328
(2007/10/11)
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