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Photo-on-Demand Synthesis of Vilsmeier Reagents with Chloroform and Their Applications to One-Pot Organic Syntheses
The Vilsmeier reagent (VR), first reported a century ago, is a versatile reagent in a variety of organic reactions. It is used extensively in formylation reactions. However, the synthesis of VR generally requires highly toxic and corrosive reagents such as POCl3, SOCl2, or COCl2. In this study, we found that VR is readily obtained from a CHCl3 solution containing N,N-dimethylformamide or N,N-dimethylacetamide upon photo-irradiation under O2 bubbling. The corresponding Vilsmeier reagents were obtained in high yields with the generation of gaseous HCl and CO2 as byproducts to allow their isolations as crystalline solid products amenable to analysis by X-ray crystallography. With the advantage of using CHCl3, which bifunctionally serves as a reactant and a solvent, this photo-on-demand VR synthesis is available for one-pot syntheses of aldehydes, acid chlorides, formates, ketones, esters, and amides.
Liang, Fengying,Eda, Kazuo,Okazoe, Takashi,Wada, Akihiro,Mori, Nobuaki,Konishi, Katsuhiko,Tsuda, Akihiko
p. 6504 - 6517
(2021/05/06)

Rhodium(III)-catalyzed chemodivergent annulations between phenyloxazoles and diazos via C–H activation
Acid-controlled, chemodivergent and redox-neutral annulations for the synthesis of isocoumarins and isoquinolinones have been realized via Rh(III)-catalyzed C[sbnd]H activation. Diazo compounds act as a carbene precursor, and coupling occurs in one-pot process, where adipic acid and trimethylacetic acid promote chemodivergent cyclizations.
Zhang, Xueguo,Wang, Peigen,Zhu, Liangwei,Chen, Baohua
supporting information
p. 695 - 699
(2020/06/28)

Synthesis, experimental and theoretical study of novel 2-haloalkyl (-CF2H, -CCl2H, -CF2CF3)-, 3-bromo and bromomethyl substituted chromones
A set of seven new chromones with 2-haloalkyl (-CF2H, -CCl2H, -CF2CF3) and 3-bromo and bromomethyl substituents were synthesized. The novel compounds were studied by DFT calculations and characterized by vibrational spectroscopy (IR and Raman) in solid state, and NMR (1H, 13C and 19F) and UV–vis spectroscopy in solution. The crystal structure of 3-dibromomethyl-2-difluoromethyl chromone was determined by X-ray diffraction. Due to extended π-bond delocalization, the organic framework is planar and lies on a crystallographic m-mirror plane. The intermolecular non-covalent interactions of 3-dibromomethyl-2-difluoromethyl chromone, as π?π stacking arrangements, F?H hydrogen bonds and O?Br contacts were evaluated by Hirshfeld surfaces analysis. These intermolecular contacts, which affect the absorption bands location of the involved groups, were also detected in the vibrational spectra.
Narváez O, Ena G.,Bonilla V., Pablo M.,Zurita, Daniel A.,Alcívar L., Christian D.,Heredia-Moya, Jorge,Ulic, Sonia E.,Jios, Jorge L.,Piro, Oscar E.,Echeverría, Gustavo A.,Langer, Peter
(2021/01/12)

Electrodimerization ofN-Alkoxyamides for the Synthesis of Hydrazines
An efficient and valuable N-N dimerization reaction ofN-alkoxyamides is reported under undivided electrolytic conditions. This electrochemical strategy provides a powerful way to access a wide range of advanced, highly functionalized hydrazines. Remarkably, anN-centered radical generated from the cleavage of the N-H bond under electrolytic conditions plays a crucial role in this transformation. Furthermore, variousN-alkoxyamides bearing different substituents are suitable in this transformation, furnishing the corresponding hydrazines in up to 92% yield.
Nasier, Abudulajiang,Chang, Xihao,Guo, Chang
p. 16068 - 16076
(2021/09/18)

Neutrophil-Selective Fluorescent Probe Development through Metabolism-Oriented Live-Cell Distinction
Human neutrophils are the most abundant leukocytes and have been considered as the first line of defence in the innate immune system. Selective imaging of live neutrophils will facilitate the in situ study of neutrophils in infection or inflammation events as well as clinical diagnosis. However, small-molecule-based probes for the discrimination of live neutrophils among different granulocytes in human blood have yet to be reported. Herein, we report the first fluorescent probe NeutropG for the specific distinction and imaging of active neutrophils. The selective staining mechanism of NeutropG is elucidated as metabolism-oriented live-cell distinction (MOLD) through lipid droplet biogenesis with the help of ACSL and DGAT. Finally, NeutropG is applied to accurately quantify neutrophil levels in fresh blood samples by showing a high correlation with the current clinical method.
Gao, Min,Lee, Sun Hyeok,Park, Sang Hyuk,Ciaramicoli, Larissa Miasiro,Kwon, Haw-Young,Cho, Heewon,Jeong, Joseph,Chang, Young-Tae
supporting information
p. 23743 - 23749
(2021/10/14)

Synthesis of N-trifluoromethyl amides from carboxylic acids
Found in biomolecules, pharmaceuticals, and agrochemicals, amide-containing molecules are ubiquitous in nature, and their derivatization represents a significant methodological goal in fluorine chemistry. Trifluoromethyl amides have emerged as important functional groups frequently found in pharmaceutical compounds. To date, there is no strategy for synthesizing N-trifluoromethyl amides from abundant organic carboxylic acid derivatives, which are ideal starting materials in amide synthesis. Here, we report the synthesis of N-trifluoromethyl amides from carboxylic acid halides and esters under mild conditions via isothiocyanates in the presence of silver fluoride at room temperature. Through this strategy, isothiocyanates are desulfurized with AgF, and then the formed derivative is acylated to afford N-trifluoromethyl amides, including previously inaccessible structures. This method shows broad scope, provides a platform for rapidly generating N-trifluoromethyl amides by virtue of the diversity and availability of both reaction partners, and should find application in the modification of advanced intermediates.
Flavell, Robert R.,Liu, Jianbo,Parker, Matthew F. L.,Toste, F. Dean,Wang, Sinan,Wilson, David M.
supporting information
p. 2245 - 2255
(2021/08/12)

Palladium-Catalyzed 2-(Neopentylsulfinyl)aniline Directed C–H Acetoxylation and Alkenylation of Arylacetamides
The 2-(neopentylsulfinyl)aniline directing group that promotes rapid palladium-catalyzed C–H acetoxylation and alkenylation of arylacetamides has been developed. The acetoxylation reaches completion within only 40 min at 100 °C and leads to the bis-functionalized products. Alternatively, the reaction can be carried out at room temperature, which is beneficial for sensitive substrates. For the alkenylation, we have developed a protocol in which easily available 1-substituted cyclopropanols were employed as equivalents of vinyl ketones.
Barysevich, Maryia V.,Laktsevich-Iskryk, Marharyta V.,Krech, Anastasiya V.,Zhabinskii, Vladimir N.,Khripach, Vladimir A.,Hurski, Alaksiej L.
supporting information
p. 937 - 943
(2020/02/25)

Visible-Light-Assisted Gold-Catalyzed Fluoroarylation of Allenoates
A strategically novel synthetic method for the fluoroarylation of allenic ester was developed that enables the expedient construction of a host of β-fluoroalkyl-containing cinnamate derivatives. The reaction proceeds through visible-light-promoted gold redox catalysis, occurs smoothly under very mild reaction conditions, accommodates a large variety of functional groups, and more importantly allows the incorporation of fluorine and aryl groups with excellent regio- and stereoselectivity. The concomitant activation mode for both the allene motif and the hydrogen fluoride is key for the success of the reaction.
Feng, Chao,Tang, Hai-Jun,Zhang, Xinggui,Zhang, Yu-Feng
supporting information
p. 5242 - 5247
(2020/02/28)

Isoalantolactone derivative, pharmaceutical composition and application thereof
The invention relates to an isoalantolactone derivative, a pharmaceutical composition and application thereof, especially use of the isoalantolactone derivative shown as formula (I) or a salt pharmaceutical compound thereof in preparation of adjuvant drugs treating cancer, a pharmaceutical composition containing a therapeutically effective amount of isoalantolactone derivative (I) or its salt anda pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or a composition with other anticancer drugs.
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Paragraph 0014

(2019/02/02)

Pd/Cu-Catalyzed Cascade C(sp3)-H Arylation and Intramolecular C-N Coupling: A One-Pot Synthesis of 3,4-2 H-Quinolinone Skeletons
In this letter, we successfully explored a cascade Pd/Cu-catalyzed intermolecular C(sp3)-H arylation of amides and intramolecular C-N coupling reaction. This method provides a one-pot strategy to synthesize 3,4-2H-quinolinone with good regioselectivity of C-H arylation and C-N coupling from C-I and C-X bonds from readily available starting materials.
Xiao, Han-Zhi,Wang, Wen-Shu,Sun, Yu-Song,Luo, Hao,Li, Bo-Wen,Wang, Xiao-Dong,Lin, Wei-Li,Luo, Fei-Xian
supporting information
p. 1668 - 1671
(2019/03/11)

Cinnamyl alcohol fatty acid ester derivative and application and preparation method thereof
The invention relates to a derivative and an application and a preparation method thereof, in particular to a cinnamyl alcohol fatty acid ester derivative and an application and a preparation method thereof. As application of a percutaneous absorption penetration enhancer, a percutaneous administration preparation is prepared, so that the percutaneous absorption of a drug is improved, and the cumulative penetration amount of the drug is increased. The cinnamyl alcohol fatty acid ester derivative is prepared into fatty acyl chloride, and the fatty acyl chloride reacts with cinnamyl alcohol to obtain the cinnamyl alcohol fatty acid ester derivative. The compound can be applied to the percutaneous administration preparation to enhance the drug permeability, can further be used as perfume to cover up the bad smell of the preparation, and has wide potential application prospects.
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Paragraph 0040; 0041

(2019/05/08)

Electrochemical [4+2] Annulation-Rearrangement-Aromatization of Styrenes: Synthesis of Naphthalene Derivatives
We report the first electrochemical strategy to synthesize functionalized naphthalene derivatives through [4+2] annulation—rearrangement–aromatization from styrenes under mild conditions. The electrolysis does not require metals, oxidants and high valence substrates, indicating the atom and step-economy ideals. The dehydrodimer produced through [4+2] cycloaddition of 4-methoxy α-methyl styrene is isolated and proved to be the key intermediate for the following oxydehydrogenation to form carbon cation, which undergoes rearrangement–aromatization to afford the final products. This reaction represents a powerful access to construct multi-substituted naphthalene blocks in a single step.
Ma, Yueyue,Lv, Jufeng,Liu, Chengyu,Yao, Xiantong,Yan, Guoming,Yu, Wei,Ye, Jinxing
supporting information
p. 6756 - 6760
(2019/04/17)

ORALLY AVAILABLE SEH/PDE4 DUAL INHIBITORS
Provided herein are novel bioavailable dual inhibitors capable of inhibiting both soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH) and phosphodiesterase 4 (PDE4), and methods of using the same.
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Paragraph 0145; 0196; 0197

(2019/05/10)

2-Amino-5,6-difluorophenyl-1 H-pyrazole-Directed PdII Catalysis: Arylation of Unactivated β-C(sp3)-H Bonds
Palladium-catalyzed arylation of unactivated β-C(sp3)-H bonds in carboxylic acid derivatives with aryl iodides is described for the first time using 2-amino-5,6-difluorophenyl-1H-pyrazole as an efficient and readily removable directing group. Two fluoro groups are installed at the 5- and 6-position of the anilino moiety in 2-aminophenyl-1H-pyrazole, clearly enhancing the directing ability of the auxiliary. In addition, the protocol employs Cu(OAc)2/Ag3PO4 (1.2/0.3) as additives, evidently reducing the stoichiometric amount of expensive silver salts. Furthermore, this process exhibits high β-site selectivity, compatibility with diverse substrates containing α-hydrogen atoms, and excellent functional group tolerance.
Yang, Jinyue,Fu, Xiaopan,Tang, Shibiao,Deng, Kezuan,Zhang, Lili,Yang, Xianjin,Ji, Yafei
p. 10221 - 10236
(2019/08/20)

Structure-Based Design of Selective, Covalent G Protein-Coupled Receptor Kinase 5 Inhibitors
The ability of G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) kinases (GRKs) to regulate desensitization of GPCRs has made GRK2 and GRK5 attractive targets for treating heart failure and other diseases such as cancer. Although advances have been made toward developing inhibitors that are selective for GRK2, there have been far fewer reports of GRK5 selective compounds. Herein, we describe the development of GRK5 subfamily selective inhibitors, 5 and 16d that covalently interact with a nonconserved cysteine (Cys474) unique to this subfamily. Compounds 5 and 16d feature a highly amenable pyrrolopyrimidine scaffold that affords high nanomolar to low micromolar activity that can be easily modified with Michael acceptors with various reactivities and geometries. Our work thereby establishes a new pathway toward further development of subfamily selective GRK inhibitors and establishes Cys474 as a new and useful covalent handle in GRK5 drug discovery.
Rowlands, Rachel A.,Cato, M. Claire,Waldschmidt, Helen V.,Bouley, Renee A.,Chen, Qiuyan,Avramova, Larisa,Larsen, Scott D.,Tesmer, John J. G.,White, Andrew D.
supporting information
p. 1628 - 1634
(2019/12/03)

Orally Available Soluble Epoxide Hydrolase/Phosphodiesterase 4 Dual Inhibitor Treats Inflammatory Pain
Inspired by previously discovered enhanced analgesic efficacy between soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH) and phosphodiesterase 4 (PDE4) inhibitors, we designed, synthesized and characterized 21 novel sEH/PDE4 dual inhibitors. The best of these displayed good efficacy in in vitro assays. Further pharmacokinetic studies of a subset of four selected compounds led to the identification of a bioavailable dual inhibitor N-(4-methoxy-2-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl)-1-propionylpiperidine-4-carboxamide (MPPA). In a lipopolysaccharide induced inflammatory pain rat model, MPPA rapidly increased in the blood (Tmax = 30 min; Cmax = 460 nM) after oral administration of 3 mg/kg and reduced inflammatory pain with rapid onset of action correlating with blood levels over a time course of 4 h. Additionally, MPPA does not alter self-motivated exploration of rats with inflammatory pain or the withdrawal latency in control rats.
Bl?cher, René,Wagner, Karen M.,Gopireddy, Raghavender R.,Harris, Todd R.,Wu, Hao,Barnych, Bogdan,Hwang, Sung Hee,Xiang, Yang K.,Proschak, Ewgenij,Morisseau, Christophe,Hammock, Bruce D.
p. 3541 - 3550
(2018/05/01)

Visible Light-Mediated Decarboxylative Alkylation of Pharmaceutically Relevant Heterocycles
A net redox-neutral method for the decarboxylative alkylation of heteroarenes using photoredox catalysis is reported. Additionally, this method features the use of simple, commercially available carboxylic acid derivatives as alkylating agents, enabling the facile alkylation of a variety of biologically relevant heterocyclic scaffolds under mild conditions.
Sun, Alexandra C.,McClain, Edward J.,Beatty, Joel W.,Stephenson, Corey R. J.
supporting information
p. 3487 - 3490
(2018/06/26)

INHIBITORS OF RAC1 AND USES THEREOF FOR TREATING CANCERS
The present invention concerns a compound having the following formula (I): wherein: - A is in particular -N(R'a)-C(=O)-R, R'a being H or a (C1-C6)alkyl group, and R being preferably a group having the following formula (II): - X is in particular chosen from the group consisting of: -SO2-N(R'b)-, R'b being H or a (C1-C6)alkyl group, -N(R"b)-SO2-, R"b being H or a (C1-C6)alkyl group, -CO-NH-, and -NH-CO-, for use for the treatment of cancers, such as metastatic cancers.
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Paragraph 0108-0110

(2019/01/04)

INHIBITORS OF RAC1 AND USES THEREOF FOR INDUCING BRONCHODILATATION
The present invention concerns a compound having the following formula (I): wherein: - A is in particular -N(R'a)-C(=O)-R, R'a being H or a (C1-C6)alkyl group, and R being preferably a group having the following formula (II): - X is in particular chosen from the group consisting of: -SO2-N(R'b)-, R'b being H or a (C1-C6)alkyl group, -N(R"b)-SO2-, R"b being H or a (C1-C6)alkyl group, -CO-NH-, and -NH-CO-, for use for the treatment of pathologies characterized by bronchoconstriction, such as asthma.
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Paragraph 0110

(2019/01/04)

Aryl nitrogen mustard derivative N,N-di(2-chloroethyl)-N'-propionyl-1,4-phenylenediamine and preparation method thereof
The invention particularly discloses a structural formula and preparation method of an aryl nitrogen mustard derivative N,N-di(2-chloroethyl)-N'-propionyl-1,4-phenylenediamine. The method comprises the following steps: preparing N,N-di(2-chloroethyl)-1,4-phenylenediamine; adding the N,N-di(2-chloroethyl)-1,4-phenylenediamine, dichloromethane and triethylamine into a reactor, cooling in an ice water bath, stirring, and dropwisely adding a propionyl chloride-dichloromethane mixed solution into the reactor; after finishing the dropwise addition, removing the ice water bath, and reacting at room temperature for 4-14 hours; and after the reaction finishes, washing the reaction solution, drying with anhydrous cupric sulfate, carrying out atmospheric distillation, and purifying the filter cake. The aryl nitrogen mustard derivative can effectively lower the toxic and side effects of nitrogen mustards on the premise of enhancing the therapeutic index of the nitrogen mustards, and has the curative effects of killing germs and diminishing inflammation, thereby lowering the risk of complications caused by decrease in immunity of the patient after chemotherapy.
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Paragraph 0056; 0069; 0082

(2017/08/29)

T- and B-cell immunosuppressive activity of novel α-santonin analogs with humoral and cellular immune response in Balb/c mice
In continuation of our endeavours to synthesize immunosuppressive agents from α-santonin, we report herein the design and synthesis of a new series of α-santonin derived O-aryl/aliphatic ether, ester and amide analogs and the evaluation of their immunosuppressive activities. The in vitro studies led to several analogs with significant immunosuppressive effects by inhibiting ConA and LPS stimulated T- and B-cell proliferation in a dose dependent manner. The more significant compounds 4d, 4e, 4f, 4h, 6a and 6b displayed potent inhibitory activity on the mitogen-induced T- and B-cell proliferation in comparison to α-santonin 1. Compound 4e displayed stupendous in vitro immunosuppressive effects with ～80% suppression of B and ～75% suppression of T lymphocyte proliferation, respectively. The in vivo investigation on BALB/c mice revealed that non-cytotoxic compound 4e suppresses both humoral and cellular immunity.
Dangroo, Nisar A.,Singh, Jasvinder,Gupta, Nidhi,Singh, Shashank,Kaul, Anapurna,Khuroo, Mohmmed A.,Sangwan, Payare L.
p. 211 - 219
(2017/02/05)

Novel inhibitors of tyrosinase produced by the 4-substitution of TCT (П)
Novel Tyrosinase Inhibitors of 4-functionalized Thiophene-2-carbaldehyde thiosemicarbazone (TCT) derivatives (1–8) had been synthesized and Spectrofluorimetry, 1H and 13C NMR titration and Molecular docking had been used to investigate their inhibitory activities and mechanisms on tyrosinase. The results showed that the inter-molecular interactions or hydrogen bond formation by increasing length of carbon chain or introducing benzene ring to the 4-functionalized ester group promoted or stabilized formation of complexes between modifier and tyrosinase, and enhanced the inhibitory activity of modifiers. The inhibitory activity of 4-benzoy methoxy-TCT was much stronger than that of any other synthesized tested modifiers, which was well explained by molecular docking and further verified by spectrofluorimetry and NMR titration by assuming that there existed an inter-molecular interaction besides formation of hydrogen bonds between the amino acid residues ASN260, GLU256, HIS85 of enzyme and the modifier.We concluded that 4-benzoy methoxy substitution of TCT was a good route obtaining novel tyrosinase inhibitors and deserved further studies.
Liu, Jing,Li, Mengrong,Yu, Yanying,Cao, Shuwen
p. 1096 - 1106
(2017/06/07)

Terpene Cyclizations inside a Supramolecular Catalyst: Leaving-Group-Controlled Product Selectivity and Mechanistic Studies
The tail-to-head terpene cyclization is arguably one of the most complex reactions found in nature. The hydrogen-bond-based resorcinarene capsule represents the first man-made enzyme-like catalyst that is capable of catalyzing this reaction. Based on noncovalent interactions between the capsule and the substrate, the product selectivity can be tuned by using different leaving groups. A detailed mechanistic investigation was performed to elucidate the reaction mechanism. For the cyclization of geranyl acetate, it was found that the cleavage of the leaving group is the rate-determining step. Furthermore, the studies revealed that trace amounts of acid are required as cocatalyst. A series of control experiments demonstrate that a synergistic interplay between the supramolecular capsule and the acid traces is required for catalytic activity.
Zhang, Qi,Catti, Lorenzo,Pleiss, Jürgen,Tiefenbacher, Konrad
supporting information
p. 11482 - 11492
(2017/08/30)

a-ASARY-LALDEHYDE ESTER, PREPARATION METHOD THEREFOR, AND APPLICATION THEREOF
The present invention relates to α-asary-laldehyde ester, a preparation method therefor, and an application thereof. The chemical structure of the related α-asary-laldehyde ester is represented by formula I. A related application is an application of the compound in preparation of drugs for calming, mind tranquillizing, senile dementia resisting, convulsion resisting, epilepsy resisting and depression resisting.
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Paragraph 0073

(2017/09/23)

Citronellol fatty acid ester derivative and application and preparation method thereof
The invention relates to a citronellol fatty acid ester derivative and an application and preparation method thereof. The citronellol fatty acid ester derivative is used as a transdermal absorption penetration enhancer for application and used for preparing a transdermal drug delivery preparation so that transdermal absorption of drugs can be improved, and the accumulative penetration amount of the drugs is increased. According to the citronellol fatty acid ester derivative, after reaction with thionyl chloride, fatty acyl chloride is prepared, then the fatty acyl chloride reacts with citronellol, and the citronellol fatty acid ester derivative is obtained. The citronellol fatty acid ester derivative can be applied to the transdermal drug delivery preparation, improves the penetration ability of the drugs, and can also be used as spice to mask the objectionable odor of the preparation.
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Paragraph 0041; 0042

(2017/12/09)

Nerol aliphatic ester derivative as well as application and preparation method thereof
The invention belongs to the technical field of medicine, and relates to a nerol aliphatic ester derivative as well as application and a preparation method thereof. The nerol aliphatic ester is obtained by a esterification reaction between nerol and straight-chain fatty acid and is prepared from the following steps: preparing acyl chloride by reaction between fatty acid and sulfoxide chloride; preparing nerol aliphatic ester. by reaction between acyl chloride and nerol. The nerol aliphatic ester can be used as a penetration enhancer to be applied to external preparation, such as a patch, a cataplasm, an ointment, a gelling agent and a spraying agent, so that the percutaneous absorption of medicine is improved. The nerol aliphatic ester is a good percutaneous absorption enhancer and has a wide application prospect.
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Paragraph 0039; 0040

(2017/11/04)

Lavandulol fatty acid ester derivative, application and preparation method thereof
The invention relates to a derivative, application and a preparation method of the derivative, in particular to a lavandulol fatty acid ester derivative, application and a preparation method thereof. The lavandulol fatty acid ester derivative is prepared by preparing fatty acyl chloride and then carrying out reaction with lavandulol. The lavandulol fatty acid ester derivative can be applied as a transdermal absorption penetration enhancer to prepare transdermal drug delivery preparations, and can improve transdermal absorption of drugs and increase the cumulative penetration amount of drugs. The compound provided by the invention can be applied to transdermal drug delivery preparations to strengthen the penetration performance of drugs, and also can be used as lavender alcohol fatty acid ester derivative, and its application and preparation method. Lavender fatty acid ester derivatives are prepared by preparing fatty acyl chloride and then reacting with lavender. As a percutaneous absorption and penetration enhancer, the transdermal drug preparation is prepared to improve the absorption of the drug and increase the cumulative permeation of the drug. The compounds described in the present invention can be used in the percutaneous drug delivery, enhance the permeation ability of the drug, and can also be used as a spice to cover up the objectionable odor of preparations.
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Paragraph 0006; 0007; 0040; 0041

(2017/12/27)

Eugenol fatty acid ester derivative as well as application and preparation method thereof
The invention discloses a eugenol fatty acid ester derivative as well as application and a preparation method thereof. Eugenol fatty acid ester is obtained by an esterification reaction of eugenol and straight-chain fatty acid. The method comprises the following steps: firstly, preparing acyl chlorine by reacting fatty acid with thionyl chloride; mixing eugenol with an equal mole amount of pyridine or triethylamine; then, dropwise adding the prepared acyl chloride under the cooling action of an ice bath to generate the eugenol fatty acid ester. Eugenol ester can be applied to external preparations such as patches, cataplasm, ointments, gels and spray agents as a penetration enhancer in order to increase the transdermal absorption amount of medicaments, is a very good percutaneous absorption penetration enhancer, and has a wide application prospect.
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Paragraph 0042-0043

(2017/11/18)

Anhydrides from aldehydes or alcohols via oxidative cross-coupling
A novel type of metal-free oxidative cross-coupling for the synthesis of symmetrical and mixed anhydrides from aldehydes or benzylic alcohols has been developed. The aldehydes or alcohols were converted in situ into their corresponding acyl chlorides, which were then reacted with an array of carboxylic acids. The methodology has a general applicability, and was successfully employed to prepare either aromatic or aliphatic symmetrical anhydrides and mixed anhydrides, which are very unstable compounds.
Gaspa, Silvia,Amura, Ida,Porcheddu, Andrea,De Luca, Lidia
supporting information
p. 931 - 939
(2017/02/10)

Metal-free oxidative self-coupling of aldehydes or alcohols to symmetric carboxylic anhydrides
A metal-free synthesis of symmetrical anhydrides has been developed starting from aldehydes, both aliphatic and aromatic or primary benzylic alcohols. The reaction occurs at room temperature and makes use of trichloroisocyanuric acid (TCCA) as an oxidant providing the desired carboxylic anhydrides in satisfactory yields.
Gaspa, Silvia,Porcheddu, Andrea,De Luca, Lidia
supporting information
p. 2533 - 2536
(2017/06/13)

Design and Synthesis of 2-Methyl-7-aminobenzoxazole as Auxiliary in the Palladium(II)-Catalyzed Arylation of a beta-Positioned C(sp3)-H Bond
A palladium(II)-catalyzed direct arylation of methylene C(sp3)-H bonds by 2-methyl-7-aminobenzoxazole as an effective auxiliary is reported. This process exhibited high beta-site selectivity, broad substrate scope, and compatibility with different functional groups with moderate to high yields up to 89%.
Luo, Feihua,Yang, Jun,Li, Zhengkai,Xiang, Haifeng,Zhou, Xiangge
supporting information
p. 887 - 893
(2016/04/05)

Synthesis and Anti-Staphylococcal Activity of 2,4-Disubstituted Diphenylamines
Infections caused by Staphylococcus aureus are ubiquitous and life threatening. Evolution of resistant strains has necessitated the need to continuously discover new drugs to combat such organisms. Diphenyl ethers, such as triclosan, have recently shown potential as antibacterial agents. In this study, a series of diphenyl amines were synthesized and evaluated for in vitro antibacterial activity against Gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus epidermidis) and Gram-negative (Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Pseudomonas putida) bacteria. Preliminary results showed that six of the twelve synthesized molecules were active against Staphylococcus aureus. Most notable amongst them were compounds 2(2,4-dinitrophenylamino) phenol and 2(2-dinitrophenylamino)phenol having minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) in the range of 7.8-15.6 μg mL-1 and 7.8-62.5 μg mL-1 respectively for all the eight selected organisms. Five active compounds from the preliminary results were further screened against resistant S. aureus cultures where compounds 2(2,4-dinitrophenylamino)phenol, 2(2-dinitrophenylamino)phenol and 2-chloro-N-(2-(2,4-dichlorophenylamino)phenyl)acetamide gave encouraging results having MIC in the range 3.9-7.8 μg mL-1 for most of the organisms. Results obtained above for the selected organisms and the resistant S. aureus strains conclude that hydroxyl group at 2-position of ring B potentiates the antibacterial activity and overcomes the antibiotic resistance.
Mehton, Ramandeep K.,Meshram, Vineet,Saxena, Sanjai,Chhibber, Manmohan
p. 1236 - 1244
(2016/08/16)

Identification of indole inhibitors of human hematopoietic prostaglandin D2 synthase (hH-PGDS)
Abstract Human H-PGDS has shown promise as a potential target for anti-allergic and anti-inflammatory drugs. Here we describe the discovery of a novel class of indole inhibitors, identified through focused screening of 42,000 compounds and evaluated using a series of hit validation assays that included fluorescence polarization binding, 1D NMR, ITC and chromogenic enzymatic assays. Compounds with low nanomolar potency, favorable physico-chemical properties and inhibitory activity in human mast cells have been identified. In addition, our studies suggest that the active site of hH-PGDS can accommodate larger structural diversity than previously thought, such as the introduction of polar groups in the inner part of the binding pocket.
Edfeldt, Fredrik,Even?s, Johan,Lepist?, Matti,Ward, Alison,Petersen, Jens,Wissler, Lisa,Rohman, Mattias,Sivars, Ulf,Svensson, Karin,Perry, Matthew,Feierberg, Isabella,Zhou, Xiao-Hong,Hansson, Thomas,Narjes, Frank
p. 2496 - 2500
(2015/06/02)

Pd(II)-Catalyzed Direct Sulfonylation of Unactivated C(sp3)-H Bonds with Sodium Sulfinates
A Pd(II)-catalyzed sulfonylation of unactivated C(sp3)-H bonds with sodium arylsulfinates using an 8-aminoquinoline auxiliary is described. This reaction demonstrates excellent functional group tolerance with respect to both the caboxamide starting material and the sodium arylsulfinate coupling partner, affording a broad range of aryl alkyl sulfones. Moreover, the late-stage modification of complex molecules was achieved via this sulfonylation protocol.
Rao, Wei-Hao,Zhan, Bei-Bei,Chen, Kai,Ling, Peng-Xiang,Zhang, Zhuo-Zhuo,Shi, Bing-Feng
supporting information
p. 3552 - 3555
(2015/07/28)

Pd(II)-catalyzed chelation-assisted cross dehydrogenative coupling between unactivated C(sp3)H bonds in aliphatic amides and benzylic CH bonds in toluene derivatives
The chelation-assisted cross dehydrogenative coupling of C(sp3)H bonds is achieved by the Pd(II)-catalyzed reaction of aliphatic amides that contain a 5-chloro-8-aminoquinoline moiety as the directing group with toluene derivatives in the presence of heptafluoroisopropyl iodide. A variety of functional groups are tolerated.
Kubo, Teruhiko,Aihara, Yoshinori,Chatani, Naoto
supporting information
p. 1365 - 1367
(2015/11/24)

Design and synthesis of systemically active metabotropic glutamate subtype-2 and -3 (mGlu2/3) receptor positive allosteric modulators (PAMs): Pharmacological characterization and assessment in a rat model of cocaine dependence
As part of our ongoing small-molecule metabotropic glutamate (mGlu) receptor positive allosteric modulator (PAM) research, we performed structure-activity relationship (SAR) studies around a series of group II mGlu PAMs. Initial analogues exhibited weak activity as mGlu2 receptor PAMs and no activity at mGlu3. Compound optimization led to the identification of potent mGlu2/3 selective PAMs with no in vitro activity at mGlu1,4-8 or 45 other CNS receptors. In vitro pharmacological characterization of representative compound 44 indicated agonist-PAM activity toward mGlu2 and PAM activity at mGlu 3. The most potent mGlu2/3 PAMs were characterized in assays predictive of ADME/T and pharmacokinetic (PK) properties, allowing the discovery of systemically active mGlu2/3 PAMs. On the basis of its overall profile, compound 74 was selected for behavioral studies and was shown to dose-dependently decrease cocaine self-administration in rats after intraperitoneal administration. These mGlu2/3 receptor PAMs have significant potential as small molecule tools for investigating group II mGlu pharmacology.
Dhanya, Raveendra-Panickar,Sheffler, Douglas J.,Dahl, Russell,Davis, Melinda,Lee, Pooi San,Yang, Li,Nickols, Hilary Highfield,Cho, Hyekyung P.,Smith, Layton H.,D'Souza, Manoranjan S.,Conn, P. Jeffrey,Der-Avakian, Andre,Markou, Athina,Cosford, Nicholas D.P.
p. 4154 - 4172
(2014/06/09)

Synthesis, characterization and biological evaluation of novel diesters of 4,4'-dihydroxy azoxy benzene with long chain carboxylic acids
Synthesis of novel symmetrical azoxy diesters have been prepared by the reaction of 4,4'-dihydroxyazoxy benzene with aliphatic acid halides of varying chain lengths. The synthesized compounds have been characterized by spectral and analytical data. These symmetrical azoxy diesters exhibit good antifungal activity against six fungal strains (Mucor species, Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus flavus, Alternaria solani, Fusarium solani and Aspergillus fumigatus) and antitumor activities while no significant antibacterial activity has been observed. These synthesized compounds are also potent free radical scavengers.
Shehzadi, Sumaira,Siddiqi, Humaira Masood,Qasim, Malik Muhammed,Fawad, Musfirah,Manan, Abdul,Khan, Naeema,Saleem, Samreen,Bashir, Farah,Mirza, Bushra
p. 462 - 472
(2014/08/05)

Synthesis and binding profile of haloperidol-based bivalent ligands targeting dopamine D2-like receptors
Homodimers of dopamine D2-like receptors are suggested to be of particular importance in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia and, thus, serve as promising targets for the discovery of atypical antipsychotics. This study describes the development of a series of novel bivalent molecules with a pharmacophore derived from the dopamine receptor antagonist haloperidol. These dimers were investigated in comparison to their monomeric analogues for their D2long, D2short, D3, and D4 receptor binding and the ability to bridge two neighboring receptor protomers. Radioligand binding studies provided diagnostic insights when Hill slopes close to two for the bivalent ligand 13 incorporating 22 spacer atoms and a comparative analysis with monovalent control ligands indicated a bivalent binding mode with a simultaneous occupancy of two neighboring binding sites.
Salama, Ismail,L?ber, Stefan,Hübner, Harald,Gmeiner, Peter
supporting information
p. 3753 - 3756
(2014/09/16)

Ligand-promoted alkylation of C(sp3)-H and C(sp2)-H bonds
9-Methylacridine was identified as a generally effective ligand to promote a Pd(II)-catalyzed C(sp3) - H and C(sp2) - H alkylation of simple amides with various alkyl iodides. This alkylation reaction was applied to the preparation of unnatural amino acids and geometrically controlled tri- and tetrasubstituted acrylic acids.
Zhu, Ru-Yi,He, Jian,Wang, Xiao-Chen,Yu, Jin-Quan
supporting information
p. 13194 - 13197
(2015/03/30)

Novel capsaicin analogues as potential anticancer agents: Synthesis, biological evaluation, and in silico approach
A novel class of benzo[d][1,3]dioxol-5-ylmethyl alkyl/aryl amide and ester analogues of capsaicin were designed, synthesized, and evaluated for their cytotoxic activity against human and murine cancer cell lines (B16F10, SK-MEL-28, NCI-H1299, NCI-H460, SK-BR-3, and MDA-MB-231) and human lung fibroblasts (MRC-5). Three compounds (5f, 6c, and 6e ) selectively inhibited the growth of aggressive cancer cells in the micromolar (mM) range. Furthermore, an exploratory data analysis pointed at the topological and electronic molecular properties as responsible for the discrimination process regarding the set of investigated compounds. The findings suggest that the applied designing strategy, besides providing more potent analogues, indicates the aryl amides and esters as well as the alkyl esters as interesting scaffolds to design and develop novel anticancer agents. 2014 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.
Damio, Mariana C. F. C. B.,Pasqualoto, Kerly F. M.,Ferreira, Adilson K.,Teixeira, Sarah F.,Azevedo, Ricardo A.,Barbuto, Jos A. M.,Palace-Berl, Fanny,Franchi-Junior, Gilberto C.,Nowill, Alexre E.,Tavares, Maurcio T.,Parise-Filho, Roberto
p. 885 - 895
(2015/02/19)

Chemical and microbial semi-synthesis of tetrahydroprotoberberines as inhibitors on tissue factor procoagulant activity
To discover new inhibitors on tissue factor procoagulant activity, 21 tetrahydroprotoberberines were screened on the model of human THP-1 cells stimulated by lipopolysaccharide. Among these tetrahydroprotoberberines, several unique compounds were synthesized through microbial transformation: compound 6 (l-corydalmine) was obtained through regio-selective demethylation by Streptomyces griseus ATCC 13273, whereas compounds 4a, 4b, 5h, and 5i were microbial glycosylation products by Gliocladium deliquescens NRRL1086. The bioassay results showed that compounds 3 (tetrahydroberberine), 10 (tetrahydroberberrubine), and 5f (cinnamyl ester of 5) and 5i (glycosidic product of 5), exhibited the most potential effects, with IC50 values of 8.35, 6.75, 3.75, and 8.79 nM, respectively. The preliminary structure and activity relationship analysis revealed that the 2,3-methylenedioxy group of the A ring was essential for the strong inhibitory effects, and the R configuration of the chiral center C-14 showed higher activity than S-form products. The formation of fatty acid or aromatic acid esters of compound 5, except the cinnamyl esters, would weaken its effects. It is also interesting to note that the glycosylation of tetrahydroprotoberberines will maintain and even enhance the inhibitory effects. Because of the importance of glycochemistry in new drug discovery and development, this deserves further exploration and may provide some guide on the semi-synthesis of tetrahydroprotoberberines as tissue factor pathway inhibitors. Our findings also provide some potential leading compounds for tissue factor-related diseases, such as cancer and cardiovascular diseases.
Ge, Hai-Xia,Zhang, Jian,Chen, Ling,Kou, Jun-Ping,Yu, Bo-Yang
p. 62 - 69
(2013/02/22)

NOVEL UREA DERIVATIVES AS TEC KINASE INHIBITORS AND USES THEREOF
Provided are urea compounds of formula (I) as Tec kinase inhibitors, in particular ITK (interleukin-2 inducible tyrosine kinase) inhibitors. Also provided herein are processes for preparing compounds described herein, intermediates used in their synthesis, pharmaceutical compositions thereof, and methods for treating or preventing diseases, conditions and/or disorders mediated by ITK.
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Page/Page column 37; 38

(2013/03/26)

Bioresponsive deciduous-charge amphiphiles for liposomal delivery of DNA and siRNA
Purpose: Biolabile cationic lipids were developed for efficient intracellular delivery of DNA and siRNA. Methods: The compounds have been designed starting from the membrane lipid DOPC in a way they may loose their cationic charge when exposed to an acidic and/or enzymatic stimulus, such as those met during the journey of a lipoplex in biological media. Results: They demonstrated remarkable efficiency to deliver DNA in various cell lines (BHK-21, Calu-3, NCI-H292, and A549), with no significant cytotoxicity. Furthermore, two of the compounds (carbonate-based DOPC derivatives) revealed able to deliver small interfering RNA in U87Luc and A549Luc cancer cells and to mediate a selective 70-80% knockdown of the stably transfected luciferase gene. Conclusions: The results show that the described bioresponsive cationic lipids have high DNA and siARN delivery activity which is encouraging in view of delivering a therapeutic nucleic acid to pulmonary tissues in vivo.
Pierrat, Philippe,Kereselidze, Dimitri,Wehrung, Patrick,Zuber, Guy,Pons, Francoise,Lebeau, Luc
p. 1362 - 1379
(2013/06/27)

Catalytic asymmetric reductive acyl cross-coupling: Synthesis of enantioenriched acyclic α,α-disubstituted ketones
The first enantioselective Ni-catalyzed reductive acyl cross-coupling has been developed. Treatment of acid chlorides and racemic secondary benzyl chlorides with a NiII/bis(oxazoline) catalyst in the presence of Mn0 as a stoichiometric reductant generates acyclic α,α-disubstituted ketones in good yields and high enantioselectivity without requiring stoichiometric chiral auxiliaries or pregeneration of organometallic reagents. The mild, base-free reaction conditions are tolerant of a variety of functional groups on both coupling partners.
Cherney, Alan H.,Kadunce, Nathaniel T.,Reisman, Sarah E.
supporting information
p. 7442 - 7445
(2013/06/27)

Bromination of enamines from tertiary amides using the petasis reagent: A convenient one-pot regioselective route to bromomethyl ketones
An original one-pot synthesis of bromomethyl ketones is achived using the Petasis reagent (dimethyltitanocene) as a key for enamine generation. Several amides were used to test the limits of the procedure by changing either the alkyl chain R or the amino portion of the starting materials. The enamines generated in situ were allowed to react with bromine at low temperature followed by hydrolysis to yield bromomethyl ketones in excellent yields (85 to 95%). Mechanistic details and optimum conditions for the reaction are briefly discussed. The present approach offers several advantages such as regioselectivity in enamine formation, good yields, mild reaction conditions, and ease of experimentation.
Kobeissi, Marwan,Cherry, Khalil,Jomaa, Wissam
supporting information
p. 2955 - 2965
(2013/09/02)

Synthesis and biological evaluation of novel ferrocene-naphthoquinones as antiplasmodial agents
This work deals with the synthesis and evaluation of new compounds designed by combination of 1,4-naphthoquinone and ferrocene fragments in a 3-ferrocenylmethyl-2-hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone arrangement. A practical coupling reaction between 2-hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone and ferrocenemethanol derivatives has been developed. This procedure can be carried out "on-water", at moderate temperatures and without auxiliaries or catalysts, with moderate to high yields. The synthesized derivatives have shown significant in vitro antiplasmodial activity against chloroquine-sensitive and resistant Plasmodium falciparum strains and it has been shown that this activity is not related to the inhibition of biomineralization of ferriprotoporphyrin IX. Binding energy calculations and docking of these compounds to cytochrome b in comparison with atovaquone have been performed.
García-Barrantes, Pedro M.,Lamoureux, Guy V.,Pérez, Alice L.,García-Sánchez, Rory N.,Martínez, Antonio R.,San Feliciano, Arturo
p. 548 - 557
(2013/12/04)

β-Arylation of carboxamides via iron-catalyzed C(sp3)-H bond activation
A 2,2-disubstituted propionamide bearing an 8-aminoquinolinyl group as the amide moiety can be arylated at the β-methyl position with an organozinc reagent in the presence of an organic oxidant, a catalytic amount of an iron salt, and a biphosphine ligand at 50 C. Various features of selectivity and reactivity suggest the formation of an organometallic intermediate via rate-determining C-H bond cleavage rather than a free-radical-type reaction pathway.
Shang, Rui,Ilies, Laurean,Matsumoto, Arimasa,Nakamura, Eiichi
supporting information
p. 6030 - 6032,3
(2013/05/22)

Enantioselective synthesis of anti-β-hydroxy-α-amido esters by asymmetric transfer hydrogenation in emulsions
Herein, we present two methods for an asymmetric transfer hydrogenation through the dynamic kinetic resolution of α-amido-β-ketoesters. These procedures yield the corresponding anti-β-hydroxy-α-amido esters in good yields and with good diastereo- and enantioselectivities. First, the scope of the reduction of α-amido-β-ketoesters by using triethylammonium formate azeotrope is examined. Then, an emulsion technology with sodium formate is explored, which allows for broader substrate scope, faster reaction times, and lower catalyst loading. Furthermore, these reactions are operationally simple and can be set up in air.
Seashore-Ludlow, Brinton,Villo, Piret,Somfai, Peter
supporting information; experimental part
p. 7219 - 7223
(2012/07/13)

Synthesis, antimicrobial evaluation, and QSAR analysis of 2-isopropyl-5-methylcyclohexanol derivatives
A series of 2-isopropyl-5-methylcyclohexanol derivatives were synthesized and evaluated for their antibacterial activity against Gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus subtilis and Gram-negative Escherichia coli and in vitro antifungal activity against Candida albicans and Aspergillus niger. The results of antimicrobial activity demonstrated that the compounds 10, 20, and 21 were the most active ones among the synthesized compounds. The QSAR studies revealed the importance of dipole moment (μ), total energy (Te), and topological parameters (κ1 and κ3) in describing the antimicrobial activity of 2-isopropyl-5-methylcyclohexanol derivatives. Springer Science+Business Media, LLC 2011.
Singh, Manjeet,Kumar, Sunil,Kumar, Ashwani,Kumar, Pradeep,Narasimhan, Balasubramanian
experimental part
p. 511 - 522
(2012/08/07)

Non-hydrolysable analogues of inorganic pyrophosphate as inhibitors of hepatitis C virus RNA-dependent RNA-polymerase
Inorganic pyrophosphate (PPi) is the product of the polymerization reaction catalyzed by DNA-and RNA-polymerases. A number of novel non-hydrolsable PPi analogues was synthesized; some of them inhibited the polymerization reaction catalyzed by hepatitis C virus RNA-dependent RNA-polymerase (NS5B). A new pharmacophore based on a non-hydrolysable methylenediphosphonate backbone has been developed. The structure-activity relationship analysis of 12 bisphosphonates is presented and the structural features crucial for NS5B polymerase activity inhibition are stated. Pleiades Publishing, Ltd., 2012.
Yanvarev,Korovina,Usanov,Kochetkov
experimental part
p. 224 - 229
(2012/08/27)