- SmI2(H2O)n Reduction of Electron Rich Enamines by Proton-Coupled Electron Transfer
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Samarium diiodide in the presence of water and THF (SmI2(H2O)n) has in recent years become a versatile and useful reagent, mainly for reducing carbonyl-type substrates. This work reports the reduction of several enamines by SmI2(H2O)n. Mechanistic experiments implicate a concerted proton-coupled electron transfer (PCET) pathway, based on various pieces of evidence against initial outer-sphere electron transfer, proton transfer, or substrate coordination. A thermochemical analysis indicates that the C-H bond formed in the rate-determining step has a bond dissociation free energy (BDFE) of ~32 kcal mol-1. The O-H BDFE of the samarium aquo ion is estimated to be 26 kcal mol-1, which is among the weakest known X-H bonds of stable reagents. Thus, SmI2(H2O)n should be able to form very weak C-H bonds. The reduction of these highly electron rich substrates by SmI2(H2O)n shows that this reagent is a very strong hydrogen atom donor as well as an outer-sphere reductant.
- Kolmar, Scott S.,Mayer, James M.
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- A potassium magnesiate complex: Synthesis, structure and catalytic intermolecular hydroamination of styrenes
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A new heterobimetallic potassium magnesiate complex KMg[N(SiMe3)2]2Bn (Bn = PhCH2-) was synthesized by simply mixing magnesium amide and potassium benzyl in toluene. The TMEDA-ligated potassium magnesiate comple
- Guan, Bing-Tao,Liu, Yu-Feng,Zhai, Dan-Dan,Zhang, Xiang-Yu
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supporting information
(2022/01/19)
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- Ambient Moisture Accelerates Hydroamination Reactions of Vinylarenes with Alkali-Metal Amides under Air
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A straightforward alkali-metal-mediated hydroamination of styrenes using biorenewable 2-methyltetrahydrofuran as a solvent is reported. Refuting the conventional wisdom of the incompatibility of organolithium reagents with air and moisture, shown here is that the presence of moisture is key in favoring formation of the target phenethylamines over competing olefin polymerization products. The method is also compatible with sodium amides, with the latter showing excellent promise as highly efficient catalysts under inert atmosphere conditions.
- Bole, Leonie J.,Davin, Laia,García-álvarez, Joaquín,Hernán-Gómez, Alberto,Hevia, Eva,Kennedy, Alan,Mulks, Florian F.
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p. 19021 - 19026
(2020/09/01)
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- Aminopotassiation by Mixed Potassium/Lithium Amides: A Synthetic Path to Difficult to Access Phenethylamine Derivates
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Insights gained from a comparison of aminometalation reactions with lithium amides, potassium amides and mixed lithium/potassium amides are presented. A combination of structural characterization, DFT calculations and electrophile reactions of aminometalated intermediates has shown the advantages of using a mixed metal strategy. While potassium amides fail to add, the lithium amides are uncontrollable and eliminated, yet the mixed K/Li amides deliver the best of both systems. Aminopotassiation proceeds to form the alkylpotassium species which has enhanced stability over its lithium counterpart allowing for its isolation and thereby its further characterization.
- Brieger, Lukas,O'Shea, Donal F.,Opper, Ulrike,Otte, Felix,Seymen, Andreas,Strohmann, Carsten,Unkelbach, Christian,Vo?, Andreas
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p. 22500 - 22504
(2020/10/15)
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- Catalytic intermolecular hydroaminations of unactivated olefins with secondary alkyl amines
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The intermolecular hydroamination of unactivated alkenes with simple dialkyl amines remains an unsolved problem in organic synthesis. We report a catalytic protocol for efficient additions of cyclic and acyclic secondary alkyl amines to a wide range of alkyl olefins with complete anti-Markovnikov regioselectivity. In this process, carbon-nitrogen bond formation proceeds through a key aminium radical cation intermediate that is generated via electron transfer between an excited-state iridium photocatalyst and an amine substrate. These reactions are redox-neutral and completely atom-economical, exhibit broad functional group tolerance, and occur readily at room temperature under visible light irradiation. Certain tertiary amine products generated through this method are formally endergonic relative to their constituent olefin and amine starting materials and thus are not accessible via direct coupling with conventional ground-state catalysts.
- Musacchio, Andrew J.,Lainhart, Brendan C.,Zhang, Xin,Naguib, Saeed G.,Sherwood, Trevor C.,Knowles, Robert R.
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p. 727 - 730
(2017/02/26)
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- Mechanistic Studies on the Catalytic Oxidative Amination of Alkenes by Rhodium(I) Complexes with Hemilabile Phosphines
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Cationic rhodium(I) complexes with P,O-functionalised arylphosphine ligands are efficient catalysts for the regioselective anti-Markovnikov oxidative amination of styrene with piperidine. The mechanism of the catalytic reaction has been investigated by spectroscopic means under stoichiometric and catalytic conditions. In the presence of piperidine, the catalyst precursor [Rh{κ2-P,O-Ph2P(CH2)3OEt}2]+ (5) gave the piperidine complex [Rh{κ1-P-Ph2P(CH2)3OEt}2(HNC5H10)2]+ (8) that was transformed into the neutral amido-piperidine species [Rh{κ1-P-Ph2P(CH2)3OEt}2(NC5H10)(HNC5H10)] (9) under thermal conditions. NMR studies performed in the presence of styrene under catalytic conditions showed that 9 is a key species in the catalytic oxidative amination of styrene. Related cyclooctadiene-containing catalyst precursors [Rh(cod){κ1-P-Ph2P(CH2)3OEt}n]+ (n=1, 2) also gave 9 under the same conditions. The proposed catalytic cycle has been established by a series of DFT calculations including the transition states of the key steps that have been identified and characterised. These studies have shown that, after elimination of the enamine, regeneration of catalytic active species takes place by direct transfer of the proton of a piperidine ligand to the alkyl group resulting from the insertion of styrene into the Rh-H bond and formation of ethylbenzene. Against the expectations, the formation of a dihydride intermediate by NH oxidative addition is a highly energy-demanding process. Catalyst 5 has also been applied for the oxidative amination of substituted vinylarenes with several secondary cyclic and acyclic amines.
- Jimenez, M. Victoria,Bartolome, M. Isabel,Perez-Torrente, Jesus J.,Gomez, Daniel,Modrego, F. Javier,Oro, Luis A.
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p. 263 - 276
(2013/03/14)
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- Heavier alkaline earth catalysts for the intermolecular hydroamination of vinylarenes, dienes, and alkynes
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The heavier group 2 complexes [M{N(SiMe3)2} 2]2(1, M = Ca; 2, M = Sr) and [M{CH(SiMe3) 2}2(THF)2] (3, M = Ca; 4, M = Sr) are shown to be effective precatalysts for the intermolecular hydroamination of vinyl arenes and dienes under mild conditions. Initial studies revealed that the amide precatalysts, 1 and 2, while compromised in terms of absolute activity by a tendency toward transaminative behavior, offer greater stability toward polymerization/oligomerization side reactions. In every case the strontium species, 2 and 4, were found to outperform their calcium congeners. Reactions of piperidine with para-substituted styrenes are indicative of rate-determining alkene insertion in the catalytic cycle while the ease of addition of secondary cyclic amines was found to be dependent on ring size and reasoned to be a consequence of varying amine nucleophilicity. Hydroamination of conjugated dienes yielded isomeric products via η3-allyl intermediates and their relative distributions were explained through stereoelectronic considerations. The ability to carry out the hydroamination of internal alkynes was found to be dramatically dependent upon the identity of the alkyne substituents while reactions employing terminal alkynes resulted in the precipitation of insoluble and unreactive group 2 acetylides. The rate law for styrene hydroamination with piperidine catalyzed by [Sr{N(SiMe3) 2}2]2 was deduced to be first order in [amine] and [alkene] and second order in [catalyst], while large kinetic isotope effects and group 2 element-dependent ΔS? values implicated the formation of an amine-assisted rate-determining alkene insertion transition state in which there is a considerable entropic advantage associated with use of the larger strontium center.
- Brinkmann, Christine,Barrett, Anthony G. M.,Hill, Michael S.,Procopiou, Panayiotis A.
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supporting information; experimental part
p. 2193 - 2207
(2012/03/10)
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