14 A. Osuka, R. P. Zhang, K. Maruyama, I. Yamazaki and Y.
excitation. This is partly because of higher excitation energy at
400 nm, which results in the second excited singlet state of
porphyrins.50,51
Nishimura, Bull. Chem. Soc. Jpn., 1992, 65, 2807.
15 A. Osuka, R. P. Zhang, K. Maruyama, T. Ohno and K. Nozaki,
Bull. Chem. Soc. Jpn., 1993, 66, 3773.
In summary, ultrafast absorption changes could be observed
particularly in the porphyrin–viologen complex 5f where the
porphyrin and the viologen units are separated by a relatively
short trimethylene chain. The rate of electron transfer can be
controlled by the length of the alkyl chain spacers. However,
porphyrin–viologen complexes are not applicable as a thin
film component of ultrafast parallel data processing by guided
wave mode geometry upon fs laser excitation because the
porphyrin unit is gradually deteriorated by repeated laser
shots. More stable photoresponsive materials with similar ultra-
fast photoresponses as observed in our porphyrin–viologen
complexes have to be found. One promising candidate may
be complexes between phthalocyanine and viologen, which is
under investigation.
16 A. Osuka, S. Nakajima, K. Maruyama, N. Mataga, T. Asahi,
I. Yamazaki, Y. Nishimura, T. Ohno and K. Nozaki, J. Am. Chem.
Soc., 1993, 115, 4577.
17 T. Asahi, M. Ohkohchi, R. Matsusaka, N. Mataga, R. P. Zhang,
A. Osuka and K. Maruyama, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1993, 115, 5665.
18 A. Osuka, H. Yamada, K. Maruyama, N. Mataga, T. Asahi,
M. Ohkouchi, T. Okada, I. Yamazaki and Y. Nishimura, J. Am.
Chem. Soc., 1993, 115, 9439.
19 M. Ohkohchi, A. Takahashi, N. Mataga, T. Okada, A. Osuka,
H. Yamada and K. Maruyama, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1993, 115, 12137.
20 D. Gosztola, H. Yamada and M. R. Wasielewski, J. Am. Chem. Soc.,
1995, 117, 2041.
21 A. Osuka, S. Nakajima, T. Okada, S. Taniguchi, K. Nozaki,
T. Ohno, I. Yamazaki, Y. Nishimura and N. Mataga, Angew. Chem.,
Int. Ed. Engl., 1996, 35, 92.
22 T. Arimura, S. Ide, Y. Suga, T. Nishioka, S. Murata, M. Tachiya,
T. Nagamura and H. Inoue, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2001, 123, 10744.
23 T. Nagamura and K. Sakai, J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun., 1986,
810.
24 T. Nagamura and K. Sakai, J. Chem. Soc., Faraday Trans. 1, 1988,
84, 3529.
Experimental
Details on the preparation of porphyrins 3a–3h and on
porphyrin–viologen complexes 5f–5h as well as on transient
absorption measurements are given in the Supplementary data.†
25 T. Nagamura, K. Sakai and T. Ogawa, J. Chem. Soc., Chem.
Commun., 1988, 1035.
26 T. Nagamura and K. Sakai, Ber. Bunsen-Ges. Phys. Chem., 1989, 93,
1432.
27 T. Nagamura and K. Sakai, Thin Solid Films, 1989, 179, 375.
28 T. Nagamura and S. Muta, J. Photopolym. Sci. Technol., 1991, 4, 55.
29 T. Nagamura and Y. Isoda, J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun., 1991,
72.
30 T. Nagamura, Polym. Int., 1992, 27, 125.
31 T. Nagamura, S. Muta and K. Sakai, J. Photopolym. Sci. Technol.,
1992, 5, 561.
32 T. Nagamura, Mol. Cryst. Liq. Cryst., 1993, 224, 75.
33 T. Nagamura, H. Sakaguchi, S. Muta and T. Ito, Appl. Phys. Lett.,
1993, 63, 2762.
34 T. Nagamura, H. Sakaguchi, T. Ito and S. Muta, Mol. Cryst. Liq.
Cryst., 1994, 247, 39.
Acknowledgements
The authors would like to acknowledge Professor A. Osuka of
Kyoto University for the information about synthetic pro-
cedures at the initial stage of the present work. They also
greatly appreciate Professor A. Mori of Kyushu University
and Dr T. Arimura of National Institute of Advanced
Industrial Science and Technology for NMR measurements,
and Professor Y. Tanaka of Shizuoka University for mass
spectroscopic measurements.
35 T. Nagamura, H. Sakaguchi and S. Muta, Proc. SPIE-Int. Soc. Opt.
Eng., 1995, 2514, 241.
36 T. Nagamura, Pure Appl. Chem., 1996, 68, 1449.
37 H. Inoue, H. Sakaguchi and T. Nagamura, Appl. Phys. Lett., 1998,
73, 10.
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