P.A. Channar et al. / Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy 94 (2017) 499–513
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Table 3
Binding energy profiles of
a-amylase,
a-BuChE and
a-glucosidase with 5a-5 j inhibitors. H-bonded residues are indicated in bold.
Ligands
a-amylase
a-BuChE Maltase-glycoamylase
Binding
Energy
Binding residues
Binding
Energy
Binding residues
Binding
Energy
Binding residues
(kcal/mol)
(kcal/mol)
(kcal/mol)
5a
5b
ꢂ8.4
ꢂ9.2
Leu162, Thr163, Asp197, Ala198,
Lys200, His201, Glu233, Ile235
Trp58, Trp59, Tyr62, Gln63,
ꢂ7.9
Phe227, Asn228, Pro303, Asp304, Glu404, ꢂ7.5
Asn212, Leu213, Tyr214, Glu446,
Ser448, Lys480, His497, Asn498
Asn212, Leu213, Tyr214, Gly215,
Ala216, Met241, Glu446, Ser448,
Leu477, Lys480, His497, Asn498
Asn212, Leu213, Gly215, Ala216,
Ala240, Met241, Glu446, Ile472,
Leu477, Lys480, His497, Asn498
Asn212, Leu213, Tyr214, Gly215,
Trp522, Thr523
ꢂ10.0
Asp70, Trp82, Gly115, Gly116, Glu197,
Pro285, Ala328, Phe329, Tyr332, Met437,
His438, Gly439, Tyr440
Asp70, Trp82, Gly115, Tyr128, Glu197,
Pro285, Ala328, Phe329, Tyr332, Trp430
ꢂ8.7
ꢂ8.4
ꢂ8.2
Gly104, Val107, Asp197, Asp300
5c
5d
5e
5f
ꢂ9.3
ꢂ8.6
ꢂ9.2
ꢂ8.6
ꢂ8.8
Trp59, Tyr62, Gln63, Tyr151,
Leu162, Asp197, His201, Glu233,
Ile235, His305
Trp58, Trp59, Tyr62, Leu162,
Asp197, His201, Glu233, Ile235,
His299, Asp300, His305
Trp59, Tyr62, Gln63, Tyr151,
Leu162, Leu165, Glu233, Ile235,
His305
Trp58, Trp59, Tyr62, Leu162,
Asp197, His201, Glu233, Ile235,
His299, Asp300, His305,
Trp58, Trp59, Tyr62, Gln63,
Gly104, Thr163, Leu165, Asp300,
His305
ꢂ8.9
ꢂ10.0
ꢂ8.2
ꢂ10.2
ꢂ8.6
Trp82, Gly116, Gly117, Glu197, Ser198,
Trp231, Leu286, Ala328, Phe329, Phe398,
His438
Glu446, Ile472, Leu477, His497, Asn498
Asn228, Pro230, Asp304, Leu307, Glu308, ꢂ7.6
Tyr396, Cys400, Pro401, Glu404, Trp522,
Thr523, Phe526, Pr0527
Asn207, Leu213, Tyr214, Gly215,
His538, Leu540, Trp552, Glu559,
Phe560, Phe563
Asn212, Leu213, Gly215, Met241,
Glu446, Ile472, Leu477, Lys480, His497,
Asn498
Asn212, Gly215, Ala216, Ala240,
Met241, Ile472,
Leu473, Leu477, Cys479, His497,
Asn498
Asp70, Trp82, Gly115, Gly116, Tyr128,
Glu197, Pro285, Ala328, Phe329, Tyr332
ꢂ7.7
5g
Asn228, Tyr396, Cys400, Pro401, Glu404,
Trp522,
ꢂ9.1
Thr523, Phe526, Pro527
5h
5i
ꢂ9.0
ꢂ8.8
ꢂ9.2
Trp58, Trp59, Tyr62, Gln63,
His101, Gly104, Thr163, Leu165,
Asp197, Asp300, His305
Trp59, Tyr62, Tyr151, leu162,
Asp197, Lys200, Ile235, Asp300
ꢂ10.4
ꢂ9.8
ꢂ9.5
Asp70, Trp82, Gly115, Tyr128, Glu197,
Pro285, Ala328, Phe329, Tyr332, His438
ꢂ8.2
ꢂ8.0
ꢂ8.9
Asn207, Leu213, Tyr214, Gly215,
His538, Leu540, Trp552, Phe560
Asp70, Trp82, Glu197, Pro285, Ala328,
Phe329, Tyr332, Met437, His438, Gly439
Asn207, Leu213, Tyr214, Gly215,
Gln217, His538, Leu540, Trp552,
Phe560
Leu213, Tyr214, Gly215, His538,
Leu540, Asn543, Asp549, Trp552,
Ser553, Glu559, Phe560
5j
Trp59, Tyr62, Gln63, Leu162,
Asp197, His201, Ile235, Glu233,
His305
Asp70, Trp82, Gly115, Tyr128, Glu197,
Pro285, Ala328, Phe329, Tyr332, His438
Addition of further ꢂꢂOH groups to the structural framework of
5c appears as a promising method to increase the number of
hydrogen bonded contacts with catalytic site residues and an
overall improvement of IC50 value.
resulted in high electrostatic potential that attracted the tested
compounds inside and down the gorge. Cation- interactions with
catalytic His438 near the bottom of the deep gorge were
prominently noticed and ligands actively formed -alkyl contacts
p
p
with Ala328 in the neighborhood of catalytic Glu325.
3.3.2. Molecular docking study for BuChE
In total, 7 least energy scoring triazole derivatives were
accommodated in the active gorge of BuChE, lined by aromatic
residues Tyr332, Ala328, Trp82, Tyr128, Gly116, Phe329, Gly115
and Pro285, featuring acidic residue Asp70 at the entrance
and Glu197 located at the bottom of gorge (Fig. 3). Potency of 3
hits (5b, 5d and 5 h) was confirmed by both lower IC50 values and
least docking scores. Exyanaion hole residues (Gly116, Gly117
and Ala199) stabilize the transition state of bound enzyme and
absence of interactions with these residues resulted in slightly
higher binding energy score for 5i. On contrary, interaction with
highly conserved NꢂꢂH dipole derived from the side chain of
Gly116 with 5f is accountable for excellent energy score of
ꢂ10.2 kcal/mol. Three poorly scored ligands (5a, 5e and 5 g) were
surrounded by Asn228, Glu404, Trp522 and Thr523 residues and
gathered inside a different pocket in the immediate vicinity of the
active site.
3.3.3. Molecular docking study for human NMGAM
All the binding modes for 5a–5 j hits were explored using
AutoDock Vina. The docked structures exhibited excellent binding
energies in the range of ꢂ7.5 to ꢂ9.1 Kcal/mol. Binding energy
scores of all the docked complexes for NMSAM are enlisted in
Table 1. Based on docking calculations, the synthesized com-
pounds 5 g, 5i, 5c, 5e and 5d showed better inhibition of human
maltase-glucoamylase as compared to standard drug acarbose
which is in a good agreement with the results of
a-glucosidase
assay. 5 g exhibited highest binding energy score of ꢂ9.1 Kcal/mol
and least IC50 value of 1.6Kcal/mol highlighting the significant
involvement of specially arranged negatively charged halo groups
in interacting with positively charged residues of NMGAM pocket
as given in Fig. 4. The synthesized compounds occupied two
closely adjacent sites within NMGAM surface as shown in Fig. 3.
Accommodation of top ranked potent compounds (5 g and 5c)
inside the same groove depicts the importance of basic
interacting residues Asn212, His497, Asn498 in establishing
contacts with NMGAM. Amino acids spanning the region
Asn212- Gly215 were actively interacting key residues in all
docked complexes (Table 1). The docking analysis revealed that
the van der Waals, electrostatic, and desolvation energies played
significant roles in binding. Hydrophobic interactions were
mainly donated by Asn212, Leu213, Tyr214, Gly215, Glu446,
Leu477, His497 and Asn498 with 6, 9, 7, 9, 5, 5, 6 and 6
compounds, respectively.
Asp70 and Tyr332 residues of peripheral anionic site facilitated
the entry of ligands in the active site gorge of enzyme [87].
Residues of the midgorge aromatic recognition region called
anionic site (Trp82, Tyr128 and Phe329) actively contributed in
binding to quaternary ammonium groups of the incoming ligands
via cation-
p interactions, thus providing a proper orientation to
the compounds inside the gorge. Interactions with aliphatic
residues (Leu286 and Pro285) maintained the hollow shape of
acyl pocket for stable binding of ligands within the groove of
BuChE. Asp197 adjoined to the catalytic triad residue (Ser198)