Chintareddy et al.
JOCArticle
(such as fragment coupling3 and chiral building block
construction),4 and it has been the subject of intensive
investigation for the past three decades.2 Moreover, the
Mukaiyama reaction has significant advantages over the
classical aldol reaction,5 such as mild reaction conditions,
nonreversibility, good yields of aldol products, and lower
production of dehydrated side products.6 Initially, stoichio-
metric amounts of Lewis acids were used to promote
Mukaiyama transformations, but it is now more common
to employ catalytic loadings of these promoters whose role is
believed to be the activation of the electrophilic carbonyl
carbon substrate. Among the considerable number of such
catalysts are Me3SiOTf,7 Me3SiI,8 Me3SiCl/SnC12,9 Ph3CCl/
SnC12,10 Ph3CC1O4,11 trityl salts;12 various rhodium com-
plexes;13 trivalent lanthanum,14a Ln(OTf)3 (Ln=Yb,14b Gd,
Lu),14c and scandium14e triflates; Yb[C(SO2C8F17)3]3 and
Sc[C(SO2C8F17)3]3;14f iron,15a,b ruthenium,15c palladium15c,d
and bis[(bis1,3-trimethylsilyl)cyclopentadienyl]ytterbium(III)
chloride16a complexes; and [Et3Si(toluene)]B(C6F5)4,16b
[Cp2Zr(O-t-Bu)THF[BPh4],16c BiCl3-NaI,16d Sc(OTf)3-
water,16e (PfOBu2SnOSnBu2OPf)2,16f Bi(OTf)3,16g Bi(OTf)3/
ionic liquids,16h Cp2Zr(OTf)3,16i complexes of Ti(IV),6b,17a
1,3-dihalotetraalkyldistannoxane,17c [Mo2(OAc)4]/O2,17d Ln-
Br3,17e scandium trisdodecanesulfonate,17f B-[3,5-bis(tri-
fluoromethyl)phenyl]oxazaborolidine,17g SmI2,18a MgI2
3
(OEt2)n,18b polymer-supported Sc(OTf)3,18c,d titanium sili-
cates,18e,f montmorillonite K10,18g SmCl3,18h FeCl2,18i zinc
triflate,18j Sc(OTf)3 in PEG,18k,l a dinuclear titanium-
(IV) complex of p-tert-butylthiacalix[4]arene,18m aluminum
bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)amides,18n sulfated-metal oxi-
des,18o Sc(OTf)3/amphiphilic calix[6]arene complex,18p
InCl3,18q sulfated-ZrO2,18r MCM-41,18s diphenyltin sul-
fide/silver perchlorate,18t BF3 OEt2,18u Sn-MCM-48,18v me-
3
soporous-Mn2+ catalyst,18w CuF 3PPh3 2EtOH/(EtO)3-
3
3
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