Paper
Green Chemistry
8 Vegetable oils are commonly used for frying which typically
requires 150–190 °C. For a recent study on thermal stability
of vegetable oils, see: B. R. Alvarenga Jr., F. A. N. Xavier,
F. L. F. Soares and R. L. Carneiro, Food Anal. Methods, 2018,
11, 1969–1976.
9 For selected reviews on natural amphiphiles, see:
(a) P. Foley, A. K. Pour, E. S. Beach and J. B. Zimmerman,
Chem. Soc. Rev., 2012, 41, 1499–1518; (b) S. L. Guenic,
L. Chaveriat, V. Lequart, N. Joly and P. Martin, J. Surfactants
Deterg., 2019, 22, 5–21; (c) A. Bhadani, A. Kafle, T. Ogura,
M. Akamatsu, K. Sakai, H. Sakai and M. Abe, Curr. Opin.
Colloid Interface Sci., 2020, 45, 124–135.
Notes and references
1 For a general discussion on the yearly production of sol-
338537/solvents_global_market_trajectory_and_analytics#a-
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2 For selected reviews on green solvents, see: (a) C. Reichardt
and T. Welton, in Solvents and Solvent Effects in Organic
Chemistry, Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 2011;
(b) Y. Gu and F. Jerome, Chem. Soc. Rev., 2013, 42, 9550–9570;
(c) C. J. Clarke, W.-C. Tu, O. Levers, A. Brohl and J. P. Hallett,
Chem. Rev., 2018, 118, 747–800. See also: (d) A. Jordan, 10 For a review on the use of vegetable oils for extraction of
P. Stoy and H. F. Sneddon, Chem. Rev., 2021, 121, 1582–1622.
3 For a general discussion on solvent use in the industry, see:
(a) D. J. C. Constable, C. Jimenez-Gonzalez and
natural products, see: E. Yara-Varon, Y. Li, M. Balcells,
R. Canela-Garayoa, A.-S. Fabiano-Tixier and F. Chemat,
Molecules, 2017, 22, 1474.
R. K. Henderson, Org. Process Res. Dev., 2007, 11, 133–137; 11 For general overview of vegetable oils used in pharma-
(b) C. Jimenez-Gonzalez, C. S. Ponder, Q. B. Broxterman
and J. B. Manley, Org. Process Res. Dev., 2011, 15, 912–917;
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4 For a comprehensive review on so-called “solvent-free” syn-
thesis, see: Solvent-free Organic Synthesis, ed. K. Tanaka and
G. Kaupp, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, 2nd edn, 2009.
ceutical industry, see: Martindale, The Complete Drug
Reference, ed. S. C. Sweetman, Pharmaceutical Press, 36th
edn, 2009, see page 1914.
12 Recently palm oil has been used for Biginelli reaction:
(a) P. Noppawan, S. Sangon, N. Supanchaiyamat and
A. J. Hunt, Green Chem., 2021, 23, 5766–5774 See also:
(b) F. Ishizuka, M. H. Stenzel and P. B. Zetterlund, J. Polym.
Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem., 2018, 56, 831–839.
5 For selected reviews on application of water in organic syn-
thesis, see: (a) P. E. Savage, Chem. Rev., 1999, 99, 603–622; 13 For an overview of the most popular reactions used in med-
(b) P. E. Savage, J. Supercrit. Fluids, 2009, 47, 407–414;
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(e) B. H. Lipshutz, J. Org. Chem., 2017, 82, 2806–2816; 14 For an overview of the methods of high-throughput screen-
(f) T. Kitanosono, K. Masuda, P. Xu and S. Kobayashi,
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6 For selected recent works on applications of green solvents,
ing used in organic synthesis, see: E. S. Isbrandt,
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see: (a) A. Gevorgyan, K. H. Hopmann and A. Bayer, 15 For selected reviews on Suzuki–Miyaura cross-coupling
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7 The prices of water (2 L) in local stores ranges between
6.90–23.90 NOK, while vegetable oils, fish oil and butter (1 L)
can be purchased in 18.40–147.20 NOK (checked at 25.01.21).
Vegetable oils are also available through international chemi-
cal suppliers, for instance 1 L of sunflower seed oil from
Sigma Aldrich costs 545.00 NOK (CAS: 8001-21-6, 88921-1L-F).
While traditional nonrenewable and toxic solvents like THF
(ACS reagent, 360589-1L, 1 L, 609.00 NOK), toluene (ACS
reaction, see: (a) A. F. Littke, C. Dai and G. C. Fu, J. Am.
Chem. Soc., 2000, 122, 4020–4028; (b) R. A. Altman and
S. L. Buchwald, Nat. Protoc., 2007, 2, 3115–3121;
(c) V. O. Iaroshenko, A. Gevorgyan, S. Mkrtchyan,
K. Arakelyan, T. Grigoryan, J. Yedoyan, A. Villinger and
P. Langer, J. Org. Chem., 2015, 80, 2103–2119;
(d) R. R. Thakore, B. S. Takale, F. Gallou, J. Reilly and
B. H. Lipshutz, ACS Catal., 2019, 9, 11647–11657;
(e) Y.-I. Jo, C.-Y. Lee and C.-H. Cheon, J. Org. Chem., 2020,
85, 12770–12776; (f) H.-N. Choi, H.-S. Yang, J.-H. Chae,
T.-L. Choi and I.-H. Lee, Macromolecules, 2020, 53, 5497–
5503.
reagent, 179418-1L, 1 L, 419.00 NOK), DMF (ACS reagent, 17 Triacetin and tributyrin in small quantities are present in
319937-1L, 1 L 645.00 NOK) and heptane (ReagentPlus, vegetable oils and butter.
H2198-1L, 1 L 613.00 NOK) have comparable prices or are 18 For selected reviews on Hiyama cross-coupling reaction,
more expensive at Sigma Aldrich (checked at 17.07.21).
see: (a) Y. Nakao and T. Hiyama, Chem. Soc. Rev., 2011, 40,
Green Chem.
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