10.1002/hlca.202000179
Helvetica Chimica Acta
ꢀꢁꢂꢃꢁꢄꢅꢆꢇꢀ
FQGꢀ
FRGꢀ
FSGꢀ
ꢁ?ꢀ ꢂ?ꢀ ꢃ-**ꢄ,=ꢀ @ꢁ7,ꢄ+'ꢅꢀ ,3ꢅ*"ꢄ0ꢀ .-*ꢄ0'8ꢄ2'-,ꢀ 5'2&ꢀ ꢄ,ꢀ ',&-+-%","-31*7ꢀ
ꢎ3ꢅ*"ꢄ0ꢀꢏ-*ꢄ0'8ꢄ2'-,ꢀꢄ2ꢀꢊ"+."0ꢄ230"1ꢀ3.ꢀ2-ꢀLJJꢀꢔA=ꢀꢉ#ꢃꢎꢋ#ꢃꢊꢁꢅꢋ#ꢃꢏꢐꢑ#ꢃꢌꢍꢈꢐ=ꢀ
%')=ꢀKLQSJBKLQSQ?ꢀ
ꢆ0-ꢄ!","!ꢀꢇꢂꢈꢀ*',"?ꢀꢉ?ꢀꢊ&"-07A=ꢀꢀꢁ"ꢂ#ꢃꢄꢅ #ꢃꢆꢃꢈꢉꢊꢋ=ꢀ%'=ꢀMPQKBMPRO?ꢀ
ꢋ?ꢀꢌ?ꢀ 5ꢄ,%=ꢀꢁ?ꢀꢍ?ꢀ '**=ꢀ@ꢎ"5ꢀꢇ$$"ꢅ2ꢀ',ꢀꢁ7,ꢄ+'ꢅꢀꢏ-*ꢄ0'8ꢄ2'-,A=ꢀꢀꢁ"ꢂ#ꢃꢄꢅ #ꢃꢇꢅꢈꢈ#ꢃ
ꢈꢉꢋꢊ=ꢀ%,=ꢀKKJBKKL?ꢀ
FLNGꢀ ꢑ?ꢀ ꢂ2"4ꢄ,ꢄ2-=ꢀ ꢑ?ꢀ ꢋꢄ1ꢄ,-=ꢀ ꢁ?ꢀ ꢕ?ꢀ ꢔ3ꢆ'ꢅ)'=ꢀ ꢗ?ꢀ ꢈꢄ-=ꢀ ꢖ?ꢀ ꢇ12"ꢆꢄ,ꢀ -$"0=ꢀ ꢑ?ꢀ
ꢐ",8'*!('ꢄ,=ꢀ ?ꢀꢔꢄ0-3'=ꢀꢁ?ꢀꢂ'0'=ꢀꢐ?ꢀꢋ-0!-4ꢄ=ꢀꢐ?ꢀꢗ3*')-4=ꢀꢑ?ꢀꢕ"1ꢅ&)"=ꢀꢐ?ꢀꢖ"**'=ꢀ
ꢍ?ꢀꢖ"1ꢄ%"=ꢀꢘ?ꢀꢘ3ꢄ0'=ꢀꢖ?ꢀꢇ+1*"7=ꢀ@ꢘ.",ꢀꢄ,!ꢀꢋ*-1"!ꢀꢈꢄ!'ꢅꢄ*1>ꢀꢖ-ꢅꢄ*ꢀꢑ"-+"207ꢀ
ꢄ0-3,!ꢀꢝ,.ꢄ'0"!ꢀꢇ*"ꢅ20-,1ꢀꢑ-4"0,1ꢀꢐꢄ%'ꢅBꢍ,%*"ꢀꢂ.',,',%ꢀꢁ7,ꢄ+'ꢅꢀꢎ3ꢅ*"ꢄ0ꢀ
ꢏ-*ꢄ0'8ꢄ2'-,ꢀꢏ"0$-0+ꢄ,ꢅ"A=ꢀꢉ#ꢃꢎꢋ#ꢃꢊꢁꢅꢋ#ꢃꢏꢐꢑ#ꢃꢌꢍꢌꢍ=ꢀ%(&=ꢀKPORQBKPOSS?ꢀ
FLOGꢀ ꢌ?ꢀꢂꢄ'2-=ꢀꢎ?ꢀꢊ0ꢄ..=ꢀꢕ?ꢀꢃ?ꢀꢓ-!"=ꢀ@ꢉ2"0ꢄ2'4"ꢀꢍ11"+ꢆ*7ꢀ-$ꢀꢏ-*7ꢅ7ꢅ*'ꢅꢀꢂꢄ230ꢄ2"!ꢀ
"2"0-ꢅ7ꢅ*"1ꢀ$0-+ꢀꢐ-,-+"0'ꢅꢀꢓ3'*!',%ꢀꢓ*-ꢅ)1A=ꢀꢉ#ꢃꢎꢋ#ꢃꢊꢁꢅꢋ#ꢃꢏꢐꢑ#ꢃꢌꢍꢈꢉ=ꢀ%(%=ꢀ
OONNBOOON?ꢀ
ꢋ?ꢀ ꢌ?ꢀ 5ꢄ,%=ꢀ ꢁ?ꢀ ꢍ?ꢀ '**=ꢀ @ꢏ&",-+",-*-%'ꢅꢄ*ꢀ ꢐ-!"*ꢀ $-0ꢀ 2&"ꢀ ꢎ"5ꢀ ꢇ$$"ꢅ2ꢀ ',ꢀ
ꢁ7,ꢄ+'ꢅꢀꢏ-*ꢄ0'8ꢄ2'-,A=ꢀꢀꢁ"ꢂ#ꢃꢄꢅ #ꢃꢇꢅꢈꢈ#ꢃꢈꢉꢋꢊ=ꢀ%-=ꢀKJKKBKJKN?ꢀ
FKJGꢀ ꢊ?ꢀ ꢐꢄ*7=ꢀ ꢑ?ꢀ ꢊ?ꢀ ꢁ"ꢆ"*-3ꢅ&',ꢄ=ꢀ ꢒ?ꢀ ꢂ?ꢀ ꢓꢄ(ꢄ(=ꢀ ꢔ?Bꢎ?ꢀ 3=ꢀ ꢋ?Bꢑ?ꢀ ꢕ--=ꢀ ꢐ?ꢀ ꢖ?ꢀ ꢐꢄ)C
ꢕ30)ꢄ31)ꢄ1=ꢀꢕ?ꢀꢈ?ꢀꢂ'0'%'0'=ꢀꢏ?ꢀꢋ?ꢀꢍ?ꢀꢒꢄ,ꢀꢁ"0ꢀꢃ"*=ꢀꢕ?ꢀ "08$"*!=ꢀꢈ?ꢀꢕ?ꢀꢊ"+)',=ꢀꢈ?ꢀꢑ?ꢀ
ꢑ0'$$',=ꢀ@ꢁ7,ꢄ+'ꢅꢀ,3ꢅ*"ꢄ0ꢀ.-*ꢄ0'8ꢄ2'-,ꢀꢄ2ꢀ&'%&ꢀ+ꢄ%,"2'ꢅꢀ$'"*!1A=ꢀꢉ#ꢃꢊꢁꢅꢋ#ꢃꢀꢁ"ꢂ#ꢃ
ꢌꢍꢍꢎ=ꢀ%&,=ꢀJOLLKK?ꢀ
FKKGꢀ ꢋ?ꢀ ꢗ1ꢄꢅꢅ-=ꢀ ꢇ?ꢀ ꢈ'88ꢄ2-=ꢀ ꢐ?Bꢍ?ꢀ ꢒ'0-**"ꢄ3!=ꢀ ?ꢀ ꢔꢄ0-3'=ꢀ ꢍ?ꢀ ꢈ-ꢅ)",ꢆꢄ3"0=ꢀ ꢌ?ꢀ ꢖ"ꢀ
ꢐ-'%,"=ꢀꢁ?ꢀꢂ'0'=ꢀꢘ?ꢀꢘ3ꢄ0'=ꢀꢈ?ꢀꢑ?ꢀꢑ0'$$',=ꢀꢏ?ꢀꢊ-0!-=ꢀ@ꢏ0-."02'"1ꢀ-$ꢀ!','20-6'!"1ꢀ
$-0ꢀ 31"ꢀ ',ꢀ !7,ꢄ+'ꢅꢀ ,3ꢅ*"ꢄ0ꢀ .-*ꢄ0'8ꢄ2'-,ꢀ DꢁꢎꢏEA=ꢀꢀꢁ"ꢂ#ꢃ ꢊꢁꢅꢋ#ꢃ ꢊꢁꢅꢋ#ꢃ ꢀꢁ"ꢂ#ꢃ
ꢌꢍꢈꢍ=ꢀ%&=ꢀORNKBORNO?ꢀ
FLPGꢀ ꢐ?ꢀ ꢝ?ꢀ ꢖ3"1ꢅ&"0=ꢀ ꢕ?ꢀ ꢃ?ꢀ ꢓ-!"=ꢀ @ꢋꢄ2ꢄ*72'ꢅꢀ ꢂ7,2&"1'1ꢀ -$ꢀ ꢎBꢝ,.0-2"ꢅ2"!ꢀ
ꢏ'."0ꢄ8',"1=ꢀꢐ-0.&-*',"1=ꢀꢄ,!ꢀꢊ&'-+-0.&-*',"1ꢀ$0-+ꢀꢍ*!"&7!"1ꢀꢄ,!ꢀꢂ,ꢍꢏꢀ
ꢈ"ꢄ%",21A=ꢀꢎꢘꢍꢅ!#ꢃꢊꢁꢅꢋ#ꢃꢙꢘꢈ#ꢃꢚꢕ#ꢃꢌꢍꢈꢑ=ꢀ)(=ꢀKJRRNBKJRRR?ꢀ
FLQGꢀ ꢋ?ꢀꢒ?ꢀꢊ?ꢀ ꢒ-=ꢀꢐ?ꢀꢝ?ꢀꢖ3"1ꢅ&"0=ꢀꢕ?ꢀꢃ?ꢀꢓ-!"=ꢀ@ꢂ,ꢍꢏꢀ0"ꢄ%",21ꢀ$-0ꢀ2&"ꢀ -,"B12".ꢀ
17,2&"1'1ꢀ-$ꢀ+"!'3+B0',%ꢀ1ꢄ230ꢄ2"!ꢀꢎB&"2"0-ꢅ7ꢅ*"1ꢀ$0-+ꢀꢄ*!"&7!"1A=ꢀꢓꢌꢈ#ꢃ
ꢊꢁꢅꢋ#ꢃꢌꢍꢈꢏ=ꢀ*=ꢀMKJBMKN?ꢀ
FKLGꢀ ꢔ?ꢀ ꢎ?ꢀ 3=ꢀ ꢋ?ꢀ ꢂ-,%=ꢀ ?ꢀ ?ꢀ ꢗ3=ꢀ ꢊ?ꢀ ꢐ?ꢀ ꢂ5ꢄ%"0=ꢀ ꢈ?ꢀ ꢑ?ꢀ ꢑ0'$$',=ꢀ@ '%&B$0"/3",ꢅ7ꢀ
!7,ꢄ+'ꢅꢀ ,3ꢅ*"ꢄ0ꢀ .-*ꢄ0'8ꢄ2'-,ꢀ 31',%ꢀ ꢆ'0ꢄ!'ꢅꢄ*1>ꢀ ꢍꢀ +3*2'$0"/3",ꢅ7ꢀ ꢇꢏꢈꢀ
*',"1&ꢄ."ꢀꢄ,ꢄ*71'1A=ꢀꢉ#ꢃꢊꢁꢅꢋ#ꢃꢀꢁ"ꢂ#ꢃꢌꢍꢍꢎ=ꢀ%&,=ꢀJOLMJL?ꢀ
FLRGꢀ ꢐ?ꢀꢝ?ꢀꢖ3"1ꢅ&"0=ꢀꢋ?ꢀꢒ?ꢀꢊ?ꢀꢒ-=ꢀꢕ?ꢀꢃ?ꢀꢓ-!"=ꢀ@ꢂ,ꢍꢏꢀꢈ"ꢄ%",21ꢀ$-0ꢀ2&"ꢀꢂ7,2&"1'1ꢀ-$ꢀ
ꢏ'."0ꢄ8',"1ꢀꢄ,!ꢀꢐ-0.&-*',"1A=ꢀꢛꢒꢍ#ꢃꢇꢅꢈꢈ#ꢃꢌꢍꢈꢏ=ꢀ%*=ꢀKLMPBKLMS?ꢀ
FLSGꢀ ꢕ?ꢀꢍ?ꢀꢋꢄ!'"36=ꢀꢁ?ꢀꢕ?ꢀꢓ3**"0=ꢀꢏ?ꢀꢁ?ꢀꢃ'*1-,=ꢀ@ꢒ"01ꢄ2'*"ꢀꢈ-32"ꢀ2-ꢀꢑꢅꢘꢈꢒꢐBꢂ3ꢆ12'232"!ꢀ
ꢊ0'/3',ꢄꢅ","ꢀ ꢁ"0'4ꢄ2'4"1>ꢀ ꢂ7,2&"1'1ꢀ -$ꢀ KJBꢏ&",7*20'/3',ꢄꢅ","A=ꢀ ꢛꢒꢍ#ꢃ ꢇꢅꢈꢈ#ꢃ
ꢌꢍꢍꢐ=ꢀ)=ꢀMSRMBMSRP?ꢀ
FKMGꢀ ꢑ?ꢀꢋꢄ1ꢄ,-=ꢀ ?ꢀꢔꢄ0-3'=ꢀꢘ?ꢀꢘ3ꢄ0'=ꢀ@ꢏ-*ꢄ0'8',%ꢀꢍ%",21>ꢀꢇ4-*32'-,ꢀꢄ,!ꢀꢘ32*--)ꢀ',ꢀ
ꢌ0""ꢀꢈꢄ!'ꢅꢄ*ꢀꢁ"4"*-.+",2ꢀ$-0ꢀꢁꢎꢏA=ꢀꢅ ꢌꢍꢄꢅꢂꢃꢌꢍꢈꢎ=ꢀ+=ꢀKSOBLJR?ꢀ
FKNGꢀ ꢔ?ꢀꢎ?ꢀ 3=ꢀ ?ꢀ ?ꢀꢗ3=ꢀꢊ?ꢀꢐ?ꢀꢂ5ꢄ%"0=ꢀꢈ?ꢀꢑ?ꢀꢑ0'$$',=ꢀ@ꢁ7,ꢄ+'ꢅꢀꢎ3ꢅ*"ꢄ0ꢀꢏ-*ꢄ0'8ꢄ2'-,ꢀ
5'2&ꢀꢓ'0ꢄ!'ꢅꢄ*1A=ꢀꢉ#ꢃꢎꢋ#ꢃꢊꢁꢅꢋ#ꢃꢏꢐꢑ#ꢃꢌꢍꢍꢏ=ꢀ%&*=ꢀKJRNNBKJRNO?ꢀ
FKOGꢀ ꢋ?ꢀꢂ-,%=ꢀꢔ?ꢀꢎ?ꢀ 3=ꢀꢋ?ꢀꢑ?ꢀꢕ--=ꢀꢊ?ꢀꢐ?ꢀꢂ5ꢄ%"0=ꢀꢈ?ꢀꢑ?ꢀꢑ0'$$',=ꢀ@ꢊꢘꢊꢍꢏꢘꢖ>ꢀꢍꢀꢓ'0ꢄ!'ꢅꢄ*ꢀ
ꢏ-*ꢄ0'8',%ꢀꢍ%",2ꢀ$-0ꢀꢁ7,ꢄ+'ꢅꢀꢎ3ꢅ*"ꢄ0ꢀꢏ-*ꢄ0'8ꢄ2'-,ꢀꢇ6."0'+",21ꢀ',ꢀꢍ/3"-31ꢀ
ꢐ"!'ꢄA=ꢀꢉ#ꢃꢎꢋ#ꢃꢊꢁꢅꢋ#ꢃꢏꢐꢑ#ꢃꢌꢍꢍꢋ=ꢀ%&,=ꢀKKMROBKKMSJ?ꢀ
FMJGꢀ ꢍ?ꢀꢑ?ꢀꢍ,!"01-,=ꢀꢁ?ꢀꢘ?ꢀꢓꢄ0*-5=ꢀ@ꢁ"ꢅꢄ*',BL=QB!'-*ꢀꢄ,!ꢀꢁ"ꢅꢄ*',BL=QB!'-,"A=ꢀꢉ#ꢃꢎꢋ#ꢃ
ꢊꢁꢅꢋ#ꢃꢏꢐꢑ#ꢃꢈꢉꢑꢑ=ꢀ++=ꢀOKPOBOKPP?ꢀ
FMKGꢀ ꢌ?ꢀ ꢐ",2',)Bꢒ'%'"0=ꢀ @ꢘ.2'+'8',%ꢀ ,'20-6'!"ꢀ ꢆ'0ꢄ!'ꢅꢄ*1ꢀ $-0ꢀ ꢋ0-11Bꢇ$$"ꢅ2ꢀ ꢐꢍꢂB
ꢁꢎꢏ>ꢀ2&"ꢀ0-*"ꢀ-$ꢀ%B2",1-01Aꢀ!'12ꢄ,ꢅ"A=ꢀꢀꢁ"ꢂ#ꢃꢊꢁꢅꢋ#ꢃꢊꢁꢅꢋ#ꢃꢀꢁ"ꢂ#ꢃꢌꢍꢌꢍ=ꢀ&&=ꢀ
MPNMBMPOL?ꢀ
FKPGꢀ ꢍ?ꢀꢕ?ꢀꢈ-11','=ꢀꢋ?ꢀꢐ?ꢀꢃ'!!'$'"*!=ꢀꢍ?ꢀꢙꢄ%!-3,=ꢀꢐ?ꢀꢖ"**'=ꢀꢐ?ꢀꢂꢅ&5ꢄ085ꢚ*!"0=ꢀꢋ?ꢀ
ꢋ-.#0"2=ꢀꢍ?ꢀꢖ"1ꢄ%"=ꢀꢖ?ꢀꢇ+1*"7=ꢀ@ꢁ7,ꢄ+'ꢅꢀꢎ3ꢅ*"ꢄ0ꢀꢏ-*ꢄ0'8ꢄ2'-,ꢀꢇ,&ꢄ,ꢅ"!ꢀꢎꢐꢈꢀ
ꢂ."ꢅ20-1ꢅ-.7ꢀ $-0ꢀ ꢏ&ꢄ0+ꢄꢅ"32'ꢅꢄ*ꢀ ꢌ-0+3*ꢄ2'-,1A=ꢀ ꢉ#ꢃ ꢎꢋ#ꢃ ꢊꢁꢅꢋ#ꢃ ꢏꢐꢑ#ꢃꢌꢍꢈꢏ=ꢀ
%'*=ꢀLMLNBLMMN?ꢀ
FMLGꢀ ꢂ?ꢀꢒꢄ*"0ꢄ=ꢀꢓ?ꢀꢓ-!"=ꢀ@ꢂ20ꢄ2"%'"1ꢀ$-0ꢀ2&"ꢀꢂ7,2&"1'1ꢀ-$ꢀꢗꢄ0!12'ꢅ)1ꢀꢄ,!ꢀꢍꢆꢄꢅ'ꢀ$-0ꢀ
ꢎꢄ,-+"20"ꢀ ꢁ'12ꢄ,ꢅ"ꢀ ꢐ"ꢄ130"+",21ꢀ ꢆ7ꢀ ꢏ3*1"!ꢀ ꢇꢏꢈA=ꢀ ꢐꢔꢅꢑꢜꢔꢅꢂꢃ ꢌꢍꢈꢏ=ꢀ %-=ꢀ
LJLLQBLJLOP?ꢀ
FKQGꢀ ꢍ?ꢀ ?ꢀꢖ',!",=ꢀꢂ?ꢀꢖꢄ,%"=ꢀꢃ?ꢀꢊ?ꢀꢌ0ꢄ,)1=ꢀꢛ?ꢀꢍ)ꢆ"7=ꢀꢇ?ꢀꢂ."ꢅ)"0=ꢀꢓ?ꢀꢕ?ꢀꢒꢄ,ꢀꢈ-113+=ꢀ
?ꢀ ꢘ1ꢅ&)',ꢄ2=ꢀ @ꢎ"30-2-6',ꢀ ꢉꢉꢀ ꢓ-3,!ꢀ 2-ꢀ ꢍꢅ"27*ꢅ&-*',"ꢀ ꢈ"ꢅ".2-01ꢀ ',ꢀ ꢎꢄ2'4"ꢀ
ꢐ"+ꢆ0ꢄ,"1ꢀꢂ23!'"!ꢀꢆ7ꢀꢁ7,ꢄ+'ꢅꢀꢎ3ꢅ*"ꢄ0ꢀꢏ-*ꢄ0'8ꢄ2'-,ꢀꢎꢐꢈA=ꢀꢉ#ꢃꢎꢋ#ꢃꢊꢁꢅꢋ#ꢃ
ꢏꢐꢑ#ꢃꢌꢍꢈꢈ=ꢀ%''=ꢀKSLPPBKSLPS?ꢀ
FMMGꢀ ꢂ?ꢀ ꢓ-2&"=ꢀ ꢕ?ꢀ ꢎ-5ꢄ%=ꢀ ꢒ?ꢀ ꢔ*'+ꢄ4' '31=ꢀ ꢐ?ꢀ -$$+ꢄ,,=ꢀ ꢊ?ꢀ ꢉ?ꢀ ꢊ0-'21)ꢄ7ꢄ=ꢀ ꢇ?ꢀ ꢒ?ꢀ
ꢍ+-1-4=ꢀ ꢒ?ꢀ ꢐ?ꢀ ꢊ-0+71&"4=ꢀ ꢉ?ꢀ ꢔ'0'*73)=ꢀ ꢍ?ꢀ ꢊꢄ0ꢄ2ꢄ7)-=ꢀ ꢍ?ꢀ ꢔ38&"*"4=ꢀ ꢁ?ꢀ
ꢏꢄ0)&-+",)-=ꢀ ꢇ?ꢀ ꢓꢄ%07ꢄ,1)ꢄ7ꢄ=ꢀ ꢊ?ꢀ ꢑ32+ꢄ,,=ꢀ ꢑ?ꢀ ꢓ3,2)-51)7=ꢀ @ꢎ-4"*ꢀ
ꢓ'0ꢄ!'ꢅꢄ*1ꢀ$-0ꢀꢁ'0"ꢅ2ꢀꢇ6ꢅ'2ꢄ2'-,ꢀ '%&$'"*!ꢀꢁ7,ꢄ+'ꢅꢀꢎ3ꢅ*"ꢄ0ꢀꢏ-*ꢄ0'8ꢄ2'-,A=ꢀꢉ#ꢃ
ꢀꢁ"ꢂ#ꢃꢊꢁꢅꢋ#ꢃꢊꢃꢌꢍꢈꢎ=ꢀ%&&=ꢀKKNLLBKKNML?ꢀ
FKRGꢀ ꢒ?ꢀ ꢂ?ꢀ ꢓꢄ(ꢄ(=ꢀ ꢐ?ꢀ ꢖ?ꢀ ꢐꢄ)Bꢕ30)ꢄ31)ꢄ1=ꢀ ꢐ?ꢀ ꢓ"*",)7=ꢀ ꢕ?ꢀ "08$"*!=ꢀ ꢈ?ꢀ ꢑ?ꢀ ꢑ0'$$',=ꢀ
@ꢌ3,ꢅ2'-,ꢄ*ꢀ ꢄ,!ꢀ 1&3,2ꢀ 12ꢄ2"1ꢀ -$ꢀ ꢆꢄꢅ2"0'-0&-!-.1',ꢀ 0"1-*4"!ꢀ ꢆ7ꢀ LOJꢀ ꢑ 8ꢀ
!7,ꢄ+'ꢅꢀ,3ꢅ*"ꢄ0ꢀ.-*ꢄ0'8ꢄ2'-,B",&ꢄ,ꢅ"!ꢀ1-*'!B12ꢄ2"ꢀꢎꢐꢈA=ꢀꢀꢒꢐꢑ#ꢃꢓꢌꢈꢔ#ꢃꢎꢑꢌꢕ#ꢃ
ꢏꢑꢖ#ꢃꢗꢏꢎꢃꢌꢍꢍꢉ=ꢀ%$*=ꢀSLNNBSLNS?ꢀ
FMNGꢀ ꢋ?ꢀꢗ1ꢄꢅꢅ-=ꢀ ?ꢀꢔꢄ0-3'=ꢀꢑ?ꢀꢋꢄ1ꢄ,-=ꢀꢌ?ꢀꢖ"ꢀꢐ-'%,"=ꢀꢂ?ꢀꢋ-+ꢆ"1=ꢀꢍ?ꢀꢈ-ꢅ)",ꢆꢄ3"0=ꢀ
ꢐ?ꢀꢈ-1ꢄ7=ꢀꢃ?ꢀꢐꢄꢄ1=ꢀꢘ?ꢀꢘ3ꢄ0'=ꢀꢏ?ꢀꢊ-0!-=ꢀ@ꢁ','20-6'!"1ꢀ$-0ꢀꢂ-*'!ꢀꢂ2ꢄ2"ꢀꢁ7,ꢄ+'ꢅꢀ
ꢎ3ꢅ*"ꢄ0ꢀꢏ-*ꢄ0'8ꢄ2'-,A=ꢀꢎꢝꢝꢔ#ꢃ ꢌꢍꢘ#ꢃꢄꢅꢂꢐꢘ#ꢃꢌꢍꢈꢌ=ꢀ('=ꢀLOKBLPK?ꢀ
FMOGꢀ ꢜ?ꢀꢙ?ꢀꢎ'=ꢀꢇ?ꢀꢁꢄ4'1-=ꢀꢊ?ꢀꢒ?ꢀꢋꢄ,=ꢀꢇ?ꢀꢐꢄ0)&ꢄ1',=ꢀꢂ?ꢀꢔ?ꢀꢕꢄ5*ꢄ=ꢀꢊ?ꢀꢐ?ꢀꢂ5ꢄ%"0=ꢀꢈ?ꢀꢕ?ꢀ
ꢊ"+)',=ꢀ ꢕ?ꢀ "08$"*!=ꢀ ꢈ?ꢀ ꢑ?ꢀ ꢑ0'$$',=ꢀ @ '%&ꢀ ꢌ0"/3",ꢅ7ꢀ ꢁ7,ꢄ+'ꢅꢀ ꢎ3ꢅ*"ꢄ0ꢀ
ꢏ-*ꢄ0'8ꢄ2'-,A=ꢀꢎꢑꢑ#ꢃꢊꢁꢅꢋ#ꢃꢄꢅꢂ#ꢃꢌꢍꢈꢐ=ꢀ(*=ꢀKSMMBKSNK?ꢀ
FKSGꢀ ꢏ?ꢀ ꢋ?ꢀ ꢍ?ꢀ ꢒꢄ,ꢀ ꢁ"0ꢀ ꢃ"*=ꢀ ꢔ?ꢀ ꢎ?ꢀ 3=ꢀ ꢕ?ꢀ ꢖ"5ꢄ,!-51)'=ꢀ ꢈ?ꢀ ꢑ?ꢀ ꢑ0'$$',=ꢀ @ꢁ7,ꢄ+'ꢅꢀ
ꢎ3ꢅ*"ꢄ0ꢀꢏ-*ꢄ0'8ꢄ2'-,ꢀ-$ꢀꢍ+7*-'!-%",'ꢅꢀꢏ".2'!"ꢀꢎꢄ,-ꢅ0712ꢄ*1>ꢀꢑꢎꢎꢜꢜꢎꢗ=ꢀꢄꢀ
ꢋ-0"ꢀꢂ"%+",2ꢀ-$ꢀ2&"ꢀꢗ"ꢄ12ꢀꢏ0'-,ꢀꢏ0-2"',ꢀꢂ3.MO.A=ꢀꢉ#ꢃꢎꢋ#ꢃꢊꢁꢅꢋ#ꢃꢏꢐꢑ#ꢃꢌꢍꢍꢋ=ꢀ
%&,=ꢀKJRNJBKJRNP?ꢀ
FLJGꢀ ꢋ?ꢀꢂꢄ34#"=ꢀꢐ?ꢀꢈ-1ꢄ7=ꢀꢑ?ꢀꢋꢄ1ꢄ,-=ꢀꢌ?ꢀꢍ311",ꢄꢅ=ꢀꢈ?ꢀꢊ?ꢀꢃ"ꢆ"0=ꢀꢘ?ꢀꢘ3ꢄ0'=ꢀꢏ?ꢀꢊ-0!-=ꢀ
FMPGꢀ ꢂ?ꢀ ꢂ2-**=ꢀ ꢍ?ꢀ ꢂꢅ&5"'%"0=ꢀ @ꢇꢄ17ꢂ.',=ꢀ ꢄꢀ ꢅ-+.0"&",1'4"ꢀ 1-$25ꢄ0"ꢀ .ꢄꢅ)ꢄ%"ꢀ $-0ꢀ
1."ꢅ20ꢄ*ꢀ1'+3*ꢄ2'-,ꢀꢄ,!ꢀꢄ,ꢄ*71'1ꢀ',ꢀꢇꢏꢈA=ꢀꢉ#ꢃ ꢌꢍꢘ#ꢃꢄꢅꢂꢐꢘ#ꢃꢌꢍꢍꢋ=ꢀ%+,=ꢀNLBOO?ꢀ
FMQGꢀ ꢔ?ꢀꢑ"-%&"%ꢄ,=ꢀꢕ?ꢀꢃ?ꢀꢓ-!"=ꢀ@ꢓ"1.-)"ꢀꢂ,ꢍꢏꢀꢈ"ꢄ%",21ꢀ$-0ꢀ2&"ꢀꢂ7,2&"1'1ꢀ-$ꢀꢋB
ꢂ3ꢆ12'232"!ꢀ ꢂ.'0-ꢅ7ꢅ*'ꢅꢀ ꢄ,!ꢀ ꢓ'ꢅ7ꢅ*'ꢅꢀ ꢂꢄ230ꢄ2"!ꢀ ꢎB "2"0-ꢅ7ꢅ*"1A=ꢀ ꢛꢒꢍ#ꢃ ꢇꢅꢈꢈ#ꢃ
ꢌꢍꢈꢑ=ꢀ%+=ꢀKSMNBKSMQ?ꢀ
@
'%&*7ꢀ ꢇ$$'ꢅ'",2=ꢀ ꢃꢄ2"0Bꢂ-*3ꢆ*"ꢀ ꢏ-*ꢄ0'8',%ꢀ ꢍ%",21ꢀ $-0ꢀ ꢁ7,ꢄ+'ꢅꢀ ꢎ3ꢅ*"ꢄ0ꢀ
ꢏ-*ꢄ0'8ꢄ2'-,ꢀ ꢄ2ꢀ '%&ꢀ ꢌ0"/3",ꢅ7A=ꢀꢎꢘꢍꢅ!#ꢃ ꢊꢁꢅꢋ#ꢃ ꢙꢘꢈ#ꢃ ꢚꢕ#ꢃ ꢌꢍꢈꢐ=ꢀ )&=ꢀ KJRORB
KJRPK?ꢀ
FLKGꢀ ꢗ?ꢀ ꢐꢄ213)'=ꢀ ꢊ?ꢀ ꢐꢄ*7=ꢀ ꢘ?ꢀ ꢘ3ꢄ0'=ꢀ ?ꢀ ꢔꢄ0-3'=ꢀ ꢌ?ꢀ ꢖ"ꢀ ꢐ-'%,"=ꢀ ꢇ?ꢀ ꢈ'88ꢄ2-=ꢀ ꢂ?ꢀ
ꢖ73ꢆ",-4ꢄ=ꢀꢕ?ꢀ "08$"*!=ꢀꢊ?ꢀꢏ0'1,"0=ꢀꢏ?ꢀꢊ-0!-=ꢀꢈ?ꢀꢑ?ꢀꢑ0'$$',=ꢀ@ꢁ7,ꢄ+'ꢅꢀꢎ3ꢅ*"ꢄ0ꢀ
ꢏ-*ꢄ0'8ꢄ2'-,ꢀ5'2&ꢀꢄꢀꢈ'%'!ꢀꢓ'0ꢄ!'ꢅꢄ*A=ꢀꢎꢘꢍꢅ!#ꢃꢊꢁꢅꢋ#ꢃꢙꢘꢈ#ꢃꢚꢕ#ꢃꢌꢍꢍꢉ=ꢀ(,=ꢀNSSPB
OJJJ?ꢀ
FMRGꢀ ꢕ?ꢀꢓ?ꢀꢕ-,"1=ꢀꢁ?ꢀꢈ?ꢀꢁ-!!1=ꢀ@ꢇ,87+"1ꢀ',ꢀ-0%ꢄ,'ꢅꢀ17,2&"1'1?ꢀMQ?ꢀꢏ0".ꢄ0ꢄ2'-,ꢀꢄ,!ꢀ
ꢅ&ꢄ0ꢄꢅ2"0'8ꢄ2'-,ꢀ-$ꢀ.-2",2'ꢄ*ꢀ!"ꢅꢄ*',!'-,"ꢀ13ꢆ120ꢄ2"1ꢀ-$ꢀ&-01"ꢀ*'4"0ꢀꢄ*ꢅ-&-*ꢀ
!"&7!0-%",ꢄ1"A=ꢀꢊꢌꢘ#ꢃꢉ#ꢃꢊꢁꢅꢋ#ꢃꢈꢉꢎꢊ=ꢀ*)=ꢀLMSQBLNJN?ꢀ
FLLGꢀ ꢁ?ꢀꢕ?ꢀꢔ3ꢆ'ꢅ)'=ꢀꢑ?ꢀꢋꢄ1ꢄ,-=ꢀꢐ?ꢀꢂꢅ&5ꢄ085ꢚ*!"0=ꢀꢂ?ꢀꢍꢆ"*=ꢀꢋ?ꢀꢂꢄ34#"=ꢀꢔ?ꢀꢑꢄ,"1ꢄ,=ꢀ
ꢐ?ꢀꢗ3*')-4=ꢀꢍ?ꢀꢕ?ꢀꢈ-11','=ꢀꢑ?ꢀꢕ"1ꢅ&)"=ꢀꢋ?ꢀꢋ-.#0"2=ꢀꢍ?ꢀꢖ"1ꢄ%"=ꢀꢏ?ꢀꢊ-0!-=ꢀꢘ?ꢀꢘ3ꢄ0'=ꢀ
ꢖ?ꢀꢇ+1*"7=ꢀ@ꢈꢄ2'-,ꢄ*ꢀ!"1'%,ꢀ-$ꢀ!','20-6'!"ꢀꢆ'0ꢄ!'ꢅꢄ*1ꢀ$-0ꢀ"$$'ꢅ'",2ꢀꢅ0-11B"$$"ꢅ2ꢀ
!7,ꢄ+'ꢅꢀ,3ꢅ*"ꢄ0ꢀ.-*ꢄ0'8ꢄ2'-,A=ꢀꢊꢁꢅꢋ#ꢃꢏꢑꢖ#ꢃꢌꢍꢈꢋ=ꢀ+=ꢀOOJBOOR?ꢀ
ꢀ
ꢀ
FLMGꢀ ꢍ?ꢀ ꢙꢄ%!-3,=ꢀ ꢑ?ꢀ ꢋꢄ1ꢄ,-=ꢀ ꢘ?ꢀ ꢘ3ꢄ0'=ꢀ ꢐ?ꢀ ꢂꢅ&5ꢄ085ꢚ*!"0=ꢀ ꢍ?ꢀ ꢕ?ꢀ ꢈ-11','=ꢀ ꢌ?ꢀ
ꢍ311",ꢄꢅ=ꢀꢐ?ꢀꢗ3*')-4=ꢀꢑ?ꢀꢕ"1ꢅ&)"=ꢀꢋ?ꢀꢋ-.#0"2=ꢀꢍ?ꢀꢖ"1ꢄ%"=ꢀꢏ?ꢀꢊ-0!-=ꢀꢖ?ꢀꢇ+1*"7=ꢀ
@ꢖꢄ0%"ꢀ ꢐ-*"ꢅ3*ꢄ0ꢀ ꢃ"'%&2ꢀ ꢎ'20-6'!"ꢀ ꢓ'0ꢄ!'ꢅꢄ*1ꢀ ꢏ0-4'!',%ꢀ ꢇ$$'ꢅ'",2ꢀ ꢁ7,ꢄ+'ꢅꢀ
KJꢀ
This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.