Y. WANG
Table 4. The preparation of Michler’s base in five solvents at
0 °C
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Yield (%)
1
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IL
IL
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the reaction proceeds more easily in stronger polar solvents. The
calculations present that the reaction is endothermic, which indi-
cates a higher temperature can promote the reaction, but the
temperature should not exceed a certain range (Table 1). It must
be noted that the value of free energy (ΔG298) is approximately
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reaction equation, because the term of TS is commonly little,
which determines the value of enthalpy (ΔH298) is close to the
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more stable when polarity of solvent increases. Thus, the
reactants, intermediates, and products in ILs are more stable
compared with those in other organic solvents. This can be ratio-
nalized that the polarity of IL is the highest among all solvents
considered and ILs are formed from large organic cations and in-
organic anions, which can promote the stability of intermediates
which possess partial charges. Solvents play a crucial role in the
reaction by stabilizing ionic charges and providing an alternative
lower energy pathway by which the reaction may proceed.
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CONCLUSION
In summary, the ILs have been proved to be an effective cat-
alyst and solvent for the preparation of Michler’s base. In the
presence of IL, tetrachloromethane can be used as the one of
the raw materials for the preparation of Michler’s base. The
present method has many obvious advantages compared to
previous methods, such as environmentally more benign, the
ease of product isolation, the simplicity of methodology, the
high yield, the generality, and the convenience of preparing
the ILs using N,N-dimethylaniline which is also one of the
raw materials for the preparation of Michler’s base. Moreover,
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