RSC Advances
Paper
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C. Cop ´e ret, M. Chabanas, R. Petroff Saint-Arroman and
J. M. Basset, Angew. Chem., Int. Ed., 2003, 42, 156–181.
Z. Zarnegar and J. Safari, New J. Chem., 2016, 40, 7986–7995.
M. J. Climent, A. Corma and S. Iborra, Chem. Rev., 2010, 111,
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1072–1133.
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S. N. Maddila, S. Maddila, W. E. van Zyl and
S. B. Jonnalagadda, ChemistryOpen, 2016, 5, 38–42.
S. V. Bhaskaruni, S. Maddila, W. E. van Zyl and
S. B. Jonnalagadda, Catal. Today, 2017, 309, 276–281.
Fig. 9 (a) FE-SEM image and (b) reusability of hydrogel@Pd for the
model reaction.
8 S. Behrouz, M. N. S. Rad and M. A. Piltan, Ultrason.
Sonochem., 2018, 40, 517–526.
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W. Cui, J. Ji, Y.-F. Cai, H. Li and R. Ran, J. Mater. Chem. A,
015, 3, 17445–17458.
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0 T. Jiao, H. Guo, Q. Zhang, Q. Peng, Y. Tang, X. Yan and B. Li,
Sci. Rep., 2015, 5, 11873.
1 W. Wei, J. Li, X. Qi, Y. Zhong, G. Zuo, X. Pan, T. Su, J. Zhang
and W. Dong, Carbohydr. Polym., 2017, 177, 275–283.
2 J. Zhu, R. Li, W. Niu, Y. Wu and X. Gou, J. Power Sources,
ꢀ
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0 C for 2 h. Then, it was directly used for the next reaction
cycle without further purication.
Aer the synthesis of hydrogel@Pd, the amount of Pd NPs
was determined to be 21.57 wt% by ICP-OES analysis. Aer six
runs, the amount of Pd leached was determined to be
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012, 211, 33–39.
3 J. Li, C.-y. Liu and Y. Liu, J. Mater. Chem., 2012, 22, 8426–
430.
4 D.-H. Kim, S.-B. Lee and G.-T. Jeong, Bioresour. Technol.,
014, 161, 348–353.
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8.78 wt%, demonstrating the stability of the catalyst during the
reaction. In addition, aer a catalyst reuse period of six runs,
SEM analysis of the catalyst indicated no detectable changes in
the catalyst during the recovery steps (Fig. 9). Interestingly,
these results demonstrate the excellent reusability of this
catalyst.
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5 K. R. Reddy, K. Rajgopal, C. U. Maheswari and M. L. Kantam,
New J. Chem., 2006, 30, 1549–1552.
6 J. Luo, W. Zhong, Y. Zou, C. Xiong and W. Yang, J. Power
Sources, 2016, 319, 73–81.
7 L. Zhao, Q. Li, Y. Su, Q. Yue and B. Gao, Int. J. Hydrogen
Energy, 2017, 42, 6746–6756.
8 A. J. Carvalho, Handbook of Biopolymers and Biodegradable
Plastics: Properties, Processing and Applications, 2012, p.
Conclusions
In the present study, a hydrogel containing Pd nanoparticles as
a catalyst was successfully prepared and characterized using
various techniques. The hydrogel catalyst exhibited decent
reactivity and reusability in the Mizoroki–Heck reaction of aryl
halides with olens. The catalyst can be easily recovered by
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29.
9 T. A. Boynuegri and M. G u¨ r u¨ , Int. J. Hydrogen Energy, 2017,
2, 17869–17873.
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ltration and reused six times without signicant loss in its
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catalytic activity and performance. This polysaccharide hydro-
gel is easily swollen in water solvent. It also allows the reaction
to occur in greener solvents. Furthermore, the 3D structure of
the hydrogel provides more space for palladium immobiliza-
tion; therefore, the catalytic hydrogel results in a greater contact
surface for reactions. This novel heterogeneous nanocatalyst
can be widely applied to Pd-catalysed reactions.
0 C. Guan, T. Yao, J. Zhang, X. Zhang and J. Wu, Inorg. Chem.
Commun., 2017, 86, 26–30.
1 Z. Qiao, H. Zhang, S. Karakalos, S. Hwang, J. Xue, M. Chen,
D. Su and G. Wu, Appl. Catal., B, 2017, 219, 629–639.
2 N. Sahiner, H. Ozay, O. Ozay and N. Aktas, Appl. Catal., A,
2010, 385, 201–207.
3 S. D. Dindulkar, D. Jeong, H. Kim and S. Jung, Carbohydr.
Res., 2016, 430, 85–94.
Conflicts of interest
24 A. Khala-Nezhad and F. Panahi, ACS Sustainable Chem.
Eng., 2014, 2, 1177–1186.
There are no conicts to declare.
25 H. L. Parker, J. Sherwood, A. J. Hunt and J. H. Clark, ACS
Sustainable Chem. Eng., 2014, 2, 1739–1742.
2
6 J. Safari, S. Gandomi-Ravandi and S. Ashiri, New J. Chem.,
Acknowledgements
2016, 40, 512–520.
The authors thank the Lorestan University Research Council for 27 M. Parsamanesh and A. D. Tehrani, Carbohydr. Polym., 2016,
the support of this work.
136, 1323–1331.
28 K. Sangseethong, N. Termvejsayanon and K. Sriroth,
Carbohydr. Polym., 2010, 82, 446–453.
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32884 | RSC Adv., 2018, 8, 32877–32885
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