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Table 4 Reusability of the PNP–SBNPP catalyst in the Heck
reaction
Entry
Yield of product (%)
Recovery of PNP–SBNPP (%)
fresh
90
89
87
87
86
85
[99
99
1
2
3
4
5
98
97
97
96
Reaction conditions: PNP–SBNPP (0.07 g), Na2CO3 (5.0 mmol),
DMF (5 mL), bromobenzene (2.0 mmol) and ethyl acrylate
(2.4 mmol)
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Table 5 Reusability of the PNP–SBNPP catalyst in the Suzuki
reaction of bromobenzene and phenyl boronic acid
Entry
Yield of product (%)
Recovery of PNP–SBNPP (%)
fresh
91
90
90
89
88
87
87
[99
99
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1
2
3
4
5
6
99
98
97
97
96
Reaction conditions: PNP–SBNPP (0.06 g), Na2CO3 (5.0 mmol),
EtOH (5 mL), bromobenzene (2.0 mmol) and ethyl acrylate
(2.4 mmol)
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In conclusion, this work shows that palladium nanoparti-
cles can be stabilized efficiently by silica-bonded N-pro-
pylpiperazine substrate. These materials can be prepared by
simple operation from commercially available and rela-
tively cheap starting materials. The XRD, TEM, SEM, and
size analyzer confirmed the palladium nanoparticles are
immobilized on SBNPP substrate. PNP-SBNPP efficiently
catalyzed the Heck and Suzuki reactions of both aryl bro-
mides and chlorides with good to high yields. This catalyst
could also be recovered and reused for several times
without noticeable loss of reactivity.
Acknowledgments We are thankful to Persian Gulf University
Research Council for partial support of this work, Dr Alan T. L. Lee
and Dr Mohammad Reza Shamsaddini for helpful comments, and
University of Manchester for running SEM and TEM.
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