In summary, we have demonstrated how sulfonated hyper-
branched poly(arylene oxindole)s in combination with thiol
compounds, either added in the reaction mixture as a cocatalyst
or bound to the polymer by ion-pairing, act as efficient
catalysts for condensation of phenol with levulinic acid to
diphenolic acid. Further synthetic studies on fine-tuning the
position of thiol and sulfonic acid sites on the hyperbranched
poly(arylene oxindole)s are currently ongoing. In parallel,
attempts are being made to use the hyperbranched polymers
in continuous flow systems,19 as well as to include lignin-
derived phenols as a more sustainable feedstock for the
synthesis of renewable bisphenols.20 Findings from these
investigations will be reported in detail elsewhere.
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This work was performed in the framework of an IAP-PAI
network from BELSPO (Federal Agency), GOA and CECAT
from KU Leuven and the Flemish Government. S.V.d.V. and
J. G. acknowledge doctoral fellowships from FWO and IWT,
respectively. The authors are grateful to Dr Kristof
Houthoofd for the measurement of 31P MAS NMR spectra.
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This journal is The Royal Society of Chemistry 2012
Chem. Commun., 2012, 48, 3497–3499 3499