Green Chemistry p. 1368 - 1376 (2016)
Update date:2022-08-11
Topics:
Chang, Chun-Chih
Je Cho, Hong
Yu, Jingye
Gorte, Ray J.
Gulbinski, Jason
Dauenhauer, Paul
Fan, Wei
Lewis acid zeolites including Zr-, Sn-, and Ti-BEA were examined for tandem [4 + 2] Diels-Alder cycloaddition of 2,5-dimethylfuran (DMF) and ethylene to oxanorbornene with subsequent dehydration to produce biorenewable p-xylene. Zr-BEA (Si/Zr = 168) exhibited superior performance with improved recalcitrance to deactivation, which was attributed to its low activity for the hydrolysis of DMF to 2,5-hexanedione and subsequent condensation. Zr-BEA also achieved the highest selectivity to p-xylene of 90% at 99% conversion of DMF. For low catalyst loading within a three-phase reactor, the reaction rate to form p-xylene was linearly proportional to the number of Lewis acid sites, while high catalyst loading exhibited zero order dependence on Lewis acid sites. A maximum achievable reaction rate was shown to be consistent with a transition in rate-limiting reactions from dehydration of oxanorbornene, the Diels-Alder product, to the Diels-Alder cycloaddition of DMF and ethylene.
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