2
00
D. Petroutsos et al. / Aquatic Toxicology 85 (2007) 192–201
to partition in cell membranes and consequently be less toxic
compared to p-CP). Thus, T. marina may use glucosidation
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and malonylation reactions as a survival strategy against the
toxic effects of p-CP. Indeed, reduction in toxicity of xenobiotics
increasing solubility of their derivatives through phase II reac-
tions has been found to occur in some plant species (Coleman et
al., 1997). The secretion of p-CPG and p-CPGM from T. marina
cells into the environment may represent the ultimate strategy
by which T. marina gets rid of p-CP and perhaps other toxic
chlorophenol compounds. The fate of those two metabolites in
the marine environment remains an open issue at this point.
DCPG and DCPGM could be hydrolyzed and possibly release
free p-CP, as it is demonstrated in the present study. DCPG and
DCPGM could also be directly used as carbon and energy source
by heterotrophic microorganisms.
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+
light dependent, presumably due to formation of NADPH + H
by photosynthesis, the essential co-factor of P450 monooxyge-
nases. In the present study, the metabolism of p-CP by T. marina
was found to be mainly a photosynthesis-driven process.
5
. Conclusion
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In conclusion, the present study demonstrates that T.
marina, a marine prasinophyte, has the ability to metabo-
lize p-chlorophenol. The pathway of p-CP metabolism in
T. marina involves an initial conjugation of p-CP to glu-
cose to form p-chlorophenyl--d-glucopyranoside, followed by
acylation of the glucoconjugate to form p-chlorophenyl--d-
6-O-malonyl)-glucopyranoside, representing the first evidence
that this metabolic pathway occurs in microalgae in the presence
of chlorinated phenols.
(
Jennings, J.G., de Nys, R., Charlton, T.S., Duncan, M.W., Steinberg, P.D., 1996.
Phenolic compounds in the nearshore waters of Sydney, Australia. Mar.
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We thank warmly Dr. Daniel Brune (Department of Chem-
istry and Biochemistry, Arizona State University, Tempe, USA)
for his assistance in collecting and interpreting the mass spectra.
This work was a part of the research project “Iraklitos” and
was co-funded by the European Social Fund and Greek National
Resources. A research assistantship was provided to D. Petrout-
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