Applied Catalysis A: General p. 169 - 176 (2017)
Update date:2022-08-11
Topics:
Kumar, V. Vijay
Naresh
Deepa
Bhavani, P. Ganga
Nagaraju
Sudhakar
Chary
Venugopal
Tardio
Bhargava
Effect of W on 20 wt%Ni/TiO2catalyst is examined in the hydrogenation of levulinic acid (LA) to valeric acid at ambient H2pressure. The interaction between W and Ni had a significant influence on the hydrogenation activity and product selectivity. The H2-TPR (temperature programmed reduction) results emphasized a shift in Tmaxto very high temperatures due to W species which are in close proximity to Ni particles. The N2O decomposition measurements showed a decrease in N2O uptake with the increase in ‘W’ loadings due to a high ratio of Ni2+/Ni0species at higher tungsten content. X-ray photoelectron spectra (XPS) demonstrated a shift in binding energy to higher owing to a strong interaction between W and Ni particles by the presence of ionic Ni at the near surface region. The ionic Ni species seems to be involved in the conversion of γ-valerolactone (GVL) to valeric acid (VA). Pyridine adsorbed infrared (IR) spectra revealed an enormous increase in surface Br?nsted acidity originated from tungsten interacted Ni/TiO2are the sites responsible for ring opening of GVL to form VA.
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